My Dictionary

in Politics and
Governance

NAME: RIAN ANDREA C. RAFAEL

TEACHER: NORLYN P. CALVO
SUBJECT: POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE
 Province since the riots. The administration
of justice is in the hands of the government-
appointed justices of the peace.

A Aerial- is the relating to or occurring in the

air or atmosphere and the aerial acrobatics
Administrative order-is a formal and legally of circus performers existing or growing in
binding agreement between you and your the air rather than in the ground or in water
creditors to pay back your debts over a aerial plants. Something that is found in or
period of time. Its describe the violation take place in the air. An electrical device
and actions to be taken and can be that sends or receive radio or television or
enforced in court or memorandum circular. signals.
A legal document issued by an
administrative agency such as the Appointing Power- Traces it’s origins back
Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) to British or common law .It is a legal
authority to make another person the
Authority – the power or right to give outright owner of the property left by a
orders, make decisions and enforce decedent. A donor gives the power of a
obedience. Person or organization having or done so that person may choose the
Power or control in a particular, typically beneficiaries of their trust or will. The
political or administrative, sphere. Power to president is responsible to implementing
influence or command thought opinion or and enforcing the Laws written by Congress
behavior and legitimate power that a and to that ends, and appoints the heads of
person possesess due to his rank and other the federal agencies, including the cabinet.
characteristics.
Agency- a government office or department
Allied-relating to countries that have joined which is to some extent. An independent
together to fight a common enemy the organization that deals with social problems
allied a register of voluntary agencies in the
Forces. This associated or related building Field of mental health.
and allied trades. Allied is connected with
countries or groups that join together to Annulment- an official announcement that
fight a war or work for a shared aim. something such as a law, agreement, or
marriage no longer exists, or the process of
Administration- the organization, making this announcement: Judges only
Control or management of a geographical grant marriage annulments in exceptional
area or of a specific aspect of government, circumstances. The discovery of the election
especially by a bureaucracy or group of fraud has led to the annulment of 50,000
experts. There has been a lack of effective votes.
administration in the Accretion or Natural Phenomena-outer
plate and trench (during the period of
discontinous subduction) is removed and
added the outer, this is the process of Barbarism- absence of culture and
growth and enlargement by a gradual build civilization,
up, and increase by external addition or
Extremely cruel and unpleasant behavior
accumulation (as by adhesion of external
they witnessed some appalling acts of
parts or particles).
barbarism during the war. Barbarism come
Act of Parliament- sometimes referred to from “barbaros”use among the early greeks
as primary legislation, are texts of law to all describe foreigners,including the
passed by the legislative body of a Romans.
jurisdiction. In most countries with a
Bioconservatism- a permanently of biology
parliamentary system of government, acts
and conservation is a stance of hesitancy
of parliament begin as a bill, which the
and steplism. Bioconservatism is a stance of
legislature votes on.
hesitancy and skepticism regarding radical
technological advances, especially those
that seek to modify or enhance the human
B condition.
Barangay System- also assiated with the
Bill of Rights- list of basic human right Greek empire where one Greek City. This is
guaranted in the law of a specific country. the basic political unit, the barangay serves
The Philippine Constitution is the Bill of as the primary planning and implementing
Rights. It establishes the relationship of the unit of government programs, basic
individual to the State and defines the services, projects and activities and as a
rights of the individual by limiting the lawful forum in which the collective views of the
powers of the State. It is one of the most people in the community may be
important political achievements of the crystallized and considered.
Filipinos.
Bureaucracy- a body of nonelected
Balance of Power- the idea of States government officials. An administrative
conciously or an unconsciously strive policy-making group. Bureaucracy refers to
towards an equal distribution of power to a body of non-elected governing officials as
avoid dominance by one, is a core concept well as to an administrative policy-making
for the study of international politics. This group. Historically, a bureaucracy was a
balance of power posture and policy of a government administration managed by
Nation of group of nation’s protecting itself departments staffed with non-elected
against another Nation or group. officials.
Bureaucratic Authority- power made Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino Jr.- (1932-1983)
legitimate by law. Bureaucratic authority is was a Filipino senator who became the
organized hierarchically, with responsibility most powerful political opposition leader
taken at the top and delegated with against Ferdinand Marcos.
decreasing discretion below.
Budgetary- is a matter or policy is Community- the central to the study of
concerned with the amount of money that politics because it shows different
is available to a country or organization, components of human society. A
and how it is to be spent. community is a social unit with
commonality such as place, norms, religion,
Balance of Power- known as one of the
values, customs, or identity.
oldest aspect of the Global politics. The
balance of power theory in international Communism- is an ideology which was
relations suggests that states may secure founded by Karl Marx. A political theory
their survival by preventing any one state derived from Karl Marx, advocating class
from gaining enough military power to war and leading to a society in which all
dominate all others. property is publicly owned and each person
works and is paid according to their abilities
C and needs.
Conservatism- is a cultural social and
Cultural Conservatism- is a describe as the political philosophy that seeks to promote
protection not cultural. Cultural and to preserve traditional social institution
conservatism is described as the protection and practices. Conservatism is a cultural,
of the cultural heritage of a nation state, or social, and political philosophy that seeks to
of a culture not defined by state promote and to preserve traditional social
boundaries. institutions and practices.
Commander in Chief- nagsilbing Checks and balance- checks and balances,
commander in chief ng sandatang lakas ng principle of government under which
pilipinas or Armed forces of the Philippines. separate branches are empowered to
One of the most important roles for the prevent actions by other branches and are
President of the United States is that of induced to share power. Checks and
Commander in Chief. Acting in this capacity, balances are applied primarily in
the President finds themselves ultimately constitutional governments.
responsible for the safety and security of
the United States and its citizens. Corazon C. Aquino- Served as commander
in chief of the Armed Forces of the
Charismatic Authority- leaders must be Philippines. The icon of Philippine
Exceptional personal or emotional appeal to Democracy. Maria Corazon “Cory”
followers. It involves a type of organization Sumulong Cojuangco-Aquino CCLH was a
or a type of leadership in which authority Filipina politician who served as the 11th
derives from the charisma of the leader. president of the Philippines from 1986 to
This stands in contrast to two other types of 1992.
authority: legal authority and traditional Cession- the Philippines was added by sparn
authority. to United States for the measly amount of
the 20 million.It was signed of treaty of specific subject, commodity, or area of
Paris on December 10,1898. activity.
Constitutional law- is a body of law which Discovery and Occupation- the need for
defines the role, powers, and structure of discovery without any occupation of
different entities within a state, namely, the unknown territories according to
executive, the parliament or legislature, and international law. Authorized settlers to
the judiciary; as well as the basic rights of acquire land on a large scale through
citizens and, in federal countries such as the various forms of dispossession of
United States and Canada, the relationship indigenous peoples and violation of their
between the central government and state, rights and livelihoods.
provincial, or territorial governments.
Domino Theory- Domino Theory was a Cold
war policy that suggest a communist
government in one nation. The domino
D theory is a geopolitical theory which posits
that increases or decreases in democracy in
Diplomacy- comprises spoken or written one country tend to spread to neighboring
communication by representatives of states countries in a domino effect.
intended to influence events in the Deviance- the sociology of deviance
international system. Diplomacy is the main explores the actions and/or behaviors that
instrument of foreign policy which violate social norms across formally enacted
represents the broader goals and strategies rules as well as informal violations of social
that guide a state’s interactions with the norms.
rest of the world.
Datu- Raha. Datu is a title which denotes
Democracy- is a form of government in the rulers (variously described in historical
which the people have the authority to accounts as chiefs, sovereign princes, and
deliberate and decide legislation, or to monarchs) of numerous indigenous peoples
choose governing officials to do so. throughout the Philippine archipelago.
Democratic Country- a system of Dictatorship- is a form of government
government in which people have the which is characterized by a leader or a
power to part in decision making. group of leaders which holds governmental
Democracies are nations where civil powers with few to no limitations on them.
liberties and fundamental political The leader of a dictatorship is called a
freedoms are not only respected but also dictator.
reinforced by a political culture conducive
to the thriving of democratic principles. Dynasty- is a sequence of rulers from the
same family, usually in the context of a
Department- a division of a large monarchical system, but sometimes also
organization such as a government, appearing in republics.
university, business, or shop, dealing with a
 sustained campaign of civil resistance
E against regime violence and electoral fraud.

Economy- An economy is an area of the Economic governance- refers to the system

production, distribution and trade, as well of institutions and procedures established
as consumption of goods and services. In to achieve Union objectives in the economic
general, it is defined as a social domain that field, namely the coordination of economic
emphasize the practices, discourses, and policies to promote economic and social
material expressions associated with the progress.
production, use, and management of scarce Election- An election is a formal group
resources’. decision-making process by which a
Estoppel- is the equality of state whether is population chooses an individual or
super power or a word state. Estoppel is a multiple individuals to hold public office.
judicial device in common law legal systems Executive agreement- An executive
whereby a court may prevent or “estop” a agreement is an agreement between the
person from making assertions or from heads of government of two or more
going back on his or her word; the person nations that has not been ratified by the
being sanctioned is “estopped”. Estoppel legislature as treaties are ratified
may prevent someone from bringing a
particular claim. Empire- An empire is a “political unit” made
up of several territories and peoples,
Executive Branch- they executes the law. “usually created by conquest, and divided
The executive branch consists of the between a dominant center and
President, his or her advisors and various subordinate peripheries”. The center of the
departments and agencies. This branch is empire exercises political control over the
responsible for enforcing the laws of the peripheries.
land. The following are executive branch
organizations and agencies: Executive Office Employment- is a relationship between two
of the President (White House) parties regulating the provision of paid
labour services. Usually based on a
Executive Order- an executive order is a contract, one party, the employer, which
directive by the president of the United might be a corporation, a not-for-profit
States that manages operations of the organization, a co-operative, or any other
federal government. entity, pays the other, the employee, in
Edsa Revolution- The People Power return for carrying out assigned work.
Revolution, also known as the EDSA
Revolution or the February Revolution, was
a series of popular demonstrations in the
F
Philippines, mostly in Metro Manila, from Foreign Policy- general objectives that
February 22 to 25, 1986. There was a guide the activities and relationship of one
state in its interactions with other state.
Fiscal Conservation- is a political and single political system, dividing the powers
economics philosophy regarding between the two. Federalism in the modern
responsibility with an ideological basis in era was first adopted in the unions of states
capatalism. Fiscal conservatism is a political during the Old Swiss Confederacy.
and economic philosophy regarding fiscal
First Republic- First Philippine Republic,
policy and fiscal responsibility with an
also referred to by historians as the Malolos
ideological basis in capitalism,
Republic, was established in Malolos,
individualism, limited government, and
Bulacan during the Philippine Revolution
laissez-faire economics.
against the Spanish Empire (1896–1897)
Freedom of speech- is a principle that
Fourth Republic- On 1986, A provisional
supports the freedom of an individual or a
revolutionary government was set up in the
community to articulate their opinions and
Philippines following the People Power
ideas without fear of retaliation, censorship,
Revolution which ended on February 25.
or legal sanction.
The revolution removed President
Foreign Affairs- is an American magazine of Ferdinand Marcos, who ruled as a dictator,
international relations and U.S. foreign from office and installed Corazon Aquino as
policy published by the Council on Foreign the new president of the country.
Relations, a nonprofit, nonpartisan,
Fifth Republic- A transitional, Freedom
membership organization and think tank
Constitution was put into effect in the same
specializing in U.S. foreign policy and
year. When the 1987 Constitution was put
international affairs.
into full force and effect, the Fourth
Ferdinand Romualdez Marcos Jr.- President Republic was ended and the Fifth Republic
of the Republic of the Philippines. President inaugurated. Thus, President Aquino
Ferdinand Romualdez Marcos Jr. was voted became the first President of the Fifth
as the 17th President of the Republic of the Republic.
Philippines on 09 May 2022 and vows to be
G
a leader for every Filipino and stands
steadfast behind his vision of uniting the Government- groups of people with
nation and delivering a brighter future for authority to govern a country or state. A
the people. government is the system or group of
people governing an organized community,
Fidel V. Ramos- Fidel Ramos was President
generally a state.
of the Philippines from 1992 to 1998. Under
his leadership the Philippines experienced a Global Actors- is pertain to the state which
period of political stability and rapid was already discussed in the chapters.
economic growth and expansion. Global actors are those groups, institutions,
or both exercising public authority beyond
Federalism- is a mixed or compound mode
the state and that with the aim of
of government that combines a general
influencing broader socio-political
government with regional governments in a
transnational spaces.
Global Politics- it is one of the aspect in the General Assembly- is a pioneer in education
and career transformation, specializing in
Study of international politics which affects
today’s most in-demand skills.
the politics and economics of certain global
actors. Global politics, also known as world General election- A general election is a
politics,[1] names both the discipline that political voting election where generally all
studies the political and economic patterns or most members of a given political body
of the world and the field that is being are chosen. These are usually held for a
studied. nation, state, or territory’s primary
legislative body, and are different from by-
Governance- is the exercise of power
elections.
Authority by political leader for the well
being at their citizens or subject.
Governance is the process of interactions
H
through the laws, norms, power or Human Rights- Human rights are moral
language of an organized society over a principles or norms for certain standards of
social system. It is done by the government human behaviour and are regularly
of a state, by a market, or by a network. protected in municipal and international
Globalism- refers to various patterns of law.
meaning beyond the merely international. It History- is the study and the documentation
is used by political scientists, such as Joseph of the past. Events before the invention of
Nye, to describe “attempts to understand writing systems are considered prehistory.
all the interconnections of the modern “History” is an umbrella term comprising
world—and to highlight patterns that past events as well as the memory,
underlie them.” discovery, collection, organization,
Geopolitics- is the study of the effects of presentation, and interpretation of these
Earth’s geography on politics and events.
international relations. House of Representative-The House of
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo- served as Representatives of the Philippines is the
president lower house of Congress, the bicameral
legislature of the Philippines, with the
Of the Republic of the Philippines from Senate of the Philippines as the upper
2001 to 2009, the country’s second female house. The lower house is usually called
president. Congress, although the term collectively
G8- the Group of 8 is made up of Canada, refers to both houses.
France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the Hierarchy- a system or organization in
USA and the UK. The European Union is which people or groups are ranked one
represented by the President of the above the other according to status or
European Commission, and the President of authority.
the European Council.
Human Rights Act- The Human Rights Act that there is a level of persistence and
1998 is an Act of Parliament of the United continuity. Laws, rules, social conventions
Kingdom which received royal assent on 9 and norms are all examples of institutions.
November 1998, and came into force on 2
Inflation- refers to a general increase in the
October 2000. Its aim was to incorporate
prices of goods and services in an economy.
into UK law the rights contained in the
When the general price level rises, each
European Convention on Human Rights.
unit of currency buys fewer goods and
House of Chiefs- is a post-colonial services; consequently, inflation
assembly, either legislative or advisory, that corresponds to a reduction in the
is recognised by either a national or purchasing power of money.
regional government as consisting of and
Industry- an industry is a branch of an
providing a collective, public voice for an
economy that produces a closely-related set
ethnic group’s pre-colonial authorities.
of raw materials, goods, or services. For
House of Councillors- is the upper house of example, one might refer to the wood
the National Diet of Japan. The House of industry or to the insurance industry.
Representatives is the lower house. The
Imperialism- is the state policy, practice, or
House of Councillors is the successor to the
advocacy of extending power and
pre-war House of Peers.
dominion, especially by direct territorial
House of Assembly- is a name given to the acquisition or by gaining political and
legislature or lower house of a bicameral economic control of other areas, often
parliament. In some countries this may be through employing hard power, but also
at a subnational level. soft power.
Highway Department- this is a part of local Inauguration- is the process of swearing a
council that looks after the main roads. person into office and thus making that
person the incumbent. Such an
Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974- is
inauguration commonly occurs through a
an Act of the Parliament of the United
formal ceremony or special event, which
Kingdom that as of 2011 defines the
may also include an inaugural address by
fundamental structure and authority for the
the new official.
encouragement, regulation and
enforcement of workplace health, safety Internationalism- is a political principle that
and welfare within the United Kingdom. advocates greater political or economic
cooperation among states and nations. It is
I associated with other political movements
and ideologies, but can also reflect a
Institutions- are humanly devised doctrine, belief system, or movement in
structures of rules and norms that shape itself.
and constrain individual behavior. All Insurance- is a means of protection from
definitions of institutions generally entail financial loss in which, in exchange for a
fee, a party agrees to compensate another Justice - is one of the most important
party in the event of a certain loss, damage, moral and political concepts in the spheres
or injury. It is a form of risk management, of law and politics.
primarily used to hedge against the risk of a
Judge – public official vested with the
contingent or uncertain loss.
authority to hear, determine, and preside
Invasion- An invasion is a military offensive over legal matters brought in a court of law.
in which large numbers of combatants of
Judicial – of or relating to a judgment, the
one geopolitical entity aggressively enter
function of judging, the administration of
territory owned by another such entity,
justice, or the judiciary.
generally with the objective of either.
Judgement – is a court decision, spelled out
Idiotes- people who are unware or are only
in a court order, that adjudicates a dispute
party unware and uninformed of what is
between two parties by determining the
going on.
rights and obligations of each party.
Income Tax- is a tax on a person’s income,
Justice Department – serves to prevent
emoluments, profits arising from property,
terrorism and promote the Nation’s security
practice of profession, conduct of trade or
consistent with the rule of law.
business or on the pertinent items of gross
income specified in the Tax Code of 1997 Justice system - is more than a loosely
(Tax Code), as amended, less the connected set of independent institutions.
deductions if any, authorized for such types These institutions constitute a network of
of income, by the Tax Code. interdependent actors.
Journal Politics – is a leading general-
J interest journal of political science and the
oldest regional political science journal in
Judiciary – is the system of courts that the United States.
adjudicates legal disputes/disagreements
and interprets, defends, and applies the law
in legal cases. K
Juan Miguel Zubiri – is a veteran legislator, Keynesianism- Keynesian economics are
having served in both houses of Congress the various macroeconomic theories and
and posting perfect attendance in a models of how aggregate demand strongly
combined 15-year service—a real influences economic output and inflation. In
Trabahador ng Senado. the Keynesian view, aggregate demand
does not necessarily equal the productive
Jurisdiction – the power, right, or authority
capacity of the economy.
to interpret and apply the law.
King- head of all colonies under the
minesterio de ultimatar. King is the title
given to a male monarch in a variety of
contexts. The female equivalent is queen, sufficiently important that individuals with
which title is also given to the consort of a this role can be identified in records from
king. In the context of prehistory, antiquity the reigns of Kings John, Henry III, and the
and contemporary indigenous peoples, the first three Edwards.
title may refer to tribal kingship.
Knesset- the Israeli house of
Kingship- The dignity, rank or office of a representatives – is the legislative authority
king; the state of being a king. A monarchy. and the sole governmental body with the
The territory or dominion of a king; a power of legislation. It also has a
kingdom. constituent role in the creation of a
constitution for the State of Israel.
Kingdom – a country that ruled by queen or
a king. A politically organized community or
major territorial unit having a monarchical L
form of government headed by a king or
queen. Often capitalized. : the eternal Law- is a set of rules that are created and
kingship of God. are enforceable by social or governmental
institutions to regulate behavior, with its
King- to stop discussion of a proposal. To precise definition a matter of longstanding
cause the death of (a person, animal, or debate. It has been variously described as a
plant) : to end the life of (someone or science and as the art of justice.
something).
Legitimacy- is the right and acceptance of
Kingmaker- a person who has great power an
and influence in the choice of a ruler,
candidate for public office, business leader, Authority, usually a governing law or a
or the like. regime. Whereas authority denotes a
specific position in an established
Knighthood- A knighthood is a title that is government, the term legitimacy denotes a
given to a man by a British king or queen for system of government—wherein
his achievements or his service to his government denotes “sphere of influence”.
country. A man who has been given a
knighthood can put ‘ Sir’ in front of his Legislative Branch- is responsible for
name instead of ‘ Mr’. making enabling laws to make sure the
spirit of the constitution is upheld in the
Kangaroo Court- an unofficial court held by country and, at times, amend or change the
a group of people in order to try someone constitution itself. In order to craft laws, the
regarded, especially without good evidence, legislative body comes out with two main
as guilty of a crime or misdemeanor. documents: bills and resolutions.
King’s Messenger- They were termed Legation- as used in International law refers
‘Nuncii’ or ‘Cursores’, depending on to the act or practice of sending a diplomat
whether they travelled by horse or foot, to another country. It is a diplomatic
and were well paid. Their role was mission in a foreign country ranking below
an embassy. It could also refer to a body of Memorandum- A memorandum is a written
diplomats sent to a foreign country and message that is typically used in a
headed by an envoy extraordinary or a professional setting. Commonly abbreviated
minister plenipotentiary. “memo,” these messages are usually brief
and are designed to be easily and quickly
Labour Force- The labour force, or currently
understood. Memos can thus communicate
active population, comprises all persons
important information efficiently in order to
who fulfil the requirements for inclusion
make dynamic and effective changes.
among the employed.
Martial law- Martial law is the imposition of
Local government- is a generic term for the
direct military control of normal civil
lowest tiers of public administration within
functions or suspension of civil law by a
a particular sovereign state. This particular
government, especially in response to an
usage of the word government refers
emergency where civil forces are
specifically to a level of administration that
overwhelmed, or in an occupied territory.
is both geographically-localised and has
limited powers. Monarchy- A monarchy is a form of
government in which a person, the
Labor-is any productive activity, usually in
monarch, is head of state for life or until
exchange for money or other value.
abdication. The political legitimacy and
Leadership- both as a research area and as authority of the monarch may vary from
a practical skill, encompasses the ability of restricted and largely symbolic, to fully
an individual, group or organization to autocratic, and can expand across the
“lead”, influence or guide other individuals, domains of the executive, legislative, and
teams, or entire organizations. The word judicial.
“leadership” often gets viewed as a
Marxism- is a left-wing to far-left method of
contested term.
socioeconomic analysis that uses a
League of Nation- The League of Nations materialist interpretation of historical
was the first worldwide intergovernmental development, better known as historical
organisation whose principal mission was to materialism, to understand class relations
maintain world peace. It was founded on 10 and social conflict and a dialectical
January 1920 by the Paris Peace Conference perspective to view social transformation.
that ended the First World War.
Municipality- A municipality is usually a
Leftism- Left-wing politics describes the single administrative division having
range of political ideologies that support corporate status and powers of self-
and seek to achieve social equality and government or jurisdiction as granted by
egalitarianism, often in opposition to social national and regional laws to which it is
hierarchy. subordinate. The term municipality may
also mean the governing body of a given
M municipality.
Ministry of defense- A ministry of defence Nation- A nation is a community of people
or defense, also known as a department of formed on the basis of a combination of
defence or defense, is an often-used name shared features such as language, history,
for the part of a government responsible for ethnicity, culture and/or society. A nation is
matters of defence, found in states where thus the collective identity of a group of
the government is divided into ministries or people understood as defined by those
departments. features.
Ministry- Ministry or department are National Socialism- The term “National
designations used by first-level executive Socialism” arose out of attempts to create a
bodies in the machinery of governments nationalist redefinition of socialism, as an
that manage a specific sector of public alternative to both Marxist international
administration. socialism and free-market capitalism.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs- is in charge of NAZI- The Nazi Party, officially the National
the country’s foreign relations, as well as Socialist German Workers’ Party, was a far-
handling matters related to overseas right political party in Germany active
Korean nationals. It was established on 17 between 1920 and 1945 that created and
July 1948. supported the ideology of Nazism.
Majority leader- The Majority Leader is Nomination- is part of the process of
elected in a party caucus of the majority selecting a candidate for either election to a
ruling party. His primary function, aside public office, or the bestowing of an honor
from being the spokesman of the majority or award. A collection of nominees
party, is to direct the deliberations on the narrowed from the full list of candidates is a
floor. In the present set-up of the House, short list.
the Majority Leader is concurrently the
NATO- The North Atlantic Treaty
Chairman of the Committee on Rules.
Organization, also called the North Atlantic
Minority leader- The Minority Leader is the Alliance, is an intergovernmental military
acknowledged spokesman of the minority alliance between 30 member states – 28
party in the House. But it does not European and two North American.
necessarily follow that he is also the leader
Negotiation -is a dialogue between two or
of the party because the minority party in
more people or parties to reach the desired
the House may be composed of one or
outcome regarding one or more issues of
more political groupings.
conflict. It is an interaction between entities
who aspire to agree on matters of mutual
N interest. The agreement can be beneficial
for all or some of the parties involved.
Neocolonialism- is the continuation or
reimposition of imperialist rule by a state Non-state actors- include organizations and
over another nominally independent state. individuals that are not affiliated with,
directed by, or funded through the
government. These include corporations, Office – is a right to exercise a public
private financial institutions, and NGOs, as function or employment, and to take the
well as paramilitary and armed resistance fees and emoluments belonging to it.
groups.
Official – is someone who holds an office in
Notice of Motion- A notice of motion is a an organization or government and
written application to the Court. This participates in the exercise of authority.
document requests the Court to issue a
Opposition – comprises one or more
ruling or order on a legal matter. These
political parties or other organized groups
motions are the first step a party must take
that are opposed, primarily ideologically, to
before the Court can weigh in on a legal
the government.
matter. Their purpose is usually to resolve
procedural issues, provide mediation or Open society – allows the individual to
seek judicial direction in a case. change his role and to benefit from
corresponding changes in status.
Nationalism- Nationalism is an idea and
movement that holds that the nation Outer House – mostly hears civil cases
should be congruent with the state. As a when they first come to court. Normally a
movement, nationalism tends to promote single judge, called a Lord Ordinary,
the interests of a particular nation, presides over the case.
especially with the aim of gaining and
Organizational Politics – are informal,
maintaining the nation's sovereignty over
unofficial, and sometimes behind-the-
its homeland to create a nation-state.
scenes efforts to sell ideas, influence an
organization, increase power, or achieve
O other targeted objectives.

Order – the central to the study of politics

because it shows different components of P
human being.
Politics -The branch of social science that
Ordinance Power – is a law that is studies politics and government is referred
promulgated by the President of India only to as political science. The activities
when the Indian parliament is not in associated with the governance of a country
session. or other area, especially the debate or
conflict among individuals or parties having
Ordinance – an authoritative decree or
or hoping to achieve power.
direction.
Political power- ability to do something or
Occupation – a person’s usual or principal
act in a particular way, especially as a
work or business, especially as a means of
faculty or quality.”the power of speech”. Is
earning a living.
the ability of politicians, leaders, and others
to influence policy in a government,
thereby controlling what decisions people out of 27. The proposal is supported by
and countries make. member states representing at least 65% of
the total EU population.
Political science- is the scientific study of
politics. It is a social science dealing with Queen Mother- The title “queen mother”
systems of governance and power, and the evolved to distinguish a queen dowager
analysis of political activities, political from all other queens when she is also the
thought, political behavior, and associated mother of the reigning sovereign. Thus,
constitutions and laws. upon the death of her husband, King
George V, Queen Mary became queen
Politikos- politicians or government
mother, retaining the status throughout the
Polites- citizens reigns of her sons,

Polis- city state Edward VIII and George VI.

Property and domain- the right of the state Queen- a female sovereign or monarch. The
to manage its people and territories under wife or consort of a king. A woman, or
the jurisdiction of the state. something personified as a woman, that is
foremost or preeminent in any respect: a
Propaganda- Propaganda is communication
movie queen; a beauty queen; Athens, the
that is primarily used to influence or
queen of the Aegean. Slang: Usually
persuade an audience to further an agenda,
Disparaging and Offensive.
which may not be objective and may be
selectively presenting facts to encourage a Queen’s Mother-The title “queen
particular synthesis or perception, or using mother” evolved to distinguish a queen
loaded language to produce an emotional dowager from all other queens when she is
rather than a rational response to the also the mother of the reigning sovereign.
information that is being presented. Thus, upon the death of her husband, King
George V, Queen Mary became queen
Prescription- presoibing a state such as the
mother, retaining the status throughout the
prescription of the united nation.
reigns of her sons, Edward VIII and George
People- people who stay in states.People VI.
means “the entire body of persons who
Quota System- a policy of limiting the
constitute a community or other group by
number of minority group members in a
virtue of a common culture, history, etc
business firm, school, etc. any hiring or
admissions policy requiring that a specified
Q number or percentage of minority group
members be hired or admitted.
Qualified Majority Vote- A qualified
majority is reached if two conditions are Query- query is a question or a request for
simultaneously met: 55% of member states information expressed in a formal manner.
vote in favour – in practice this means 15 In computer science, a query is essentially
the same thing, the only difference is the
answer or retrieved information comes the government, typically due to perceived
from a database. oppression or political incompetence.
Quell- to keep under control. Put an end to Religious conservatism- Religious
(a rebellion or other disorder), typically by conservatives typically oppose abortion,
the use of force. LGBT behavior (or, in certain cases,
identity), drug use, and sexual activity
Quorate-having a sufficient number of
outside of marriage. In some cases,
officers or members present to transact
conservative values are grounded in
business : having a quorum. A quorate
religious beliefs, and conservatives seek to
meeting. Not enough members to form a
increase the role of religion in public life.
quorate group.
Real Audiencia- A Real Audiencia, or simply
Qualify- a quality or accomplishment that
an Audiencia, was an appellate court in
makes someone suitable for a particular job
Spain and its empire. The name of the
or activity.
institution literally translates as Royal
Quash- a motion to quash asks the judge Audience. The additional designation
for an order setting aside or nullifying an chancillería was applied to the appellate
action, such as “quashing” service of a courts in early modern Spain. Each
summons when the wrong person was audiencia had oidores.
served.
Rule of Law- it demands that people and ci
il society render habitual obidience to the
R law. The rule of law is the political
philosophy that all citizens and institutions
Rights of the State- there must be a legal within a country, state, or community are
affect binding in all state and recognized by accountable to the same laws, including
the international community. The rights or lawmakers and leaders.
powers retained by the regional
governments of a federal union under the Racial- elating to the major groupings into
provisions of a federal constitution. which humankind is sometimes divided on
the basis of physical characteristics or
Rational authority- is a form of leadership shared ancestry.
in which the authority of an organization or
a ruling regime is largely tied to legal Rebellion- Rebellion, uprising, or
rationality, legal legitimacy and insurrection is a refusal of obedience or
bureaucracy. order. It refers to the open resistance
against the orders of an established
Revolution- a revolution is a fundamental authority.
and relatively sudden change in political
power and political organization which Re-election- to elect for another term in
occurs when the population revolts against office
Republican- to support right-leaning Social- organisms including human, live
ideologies of conservatism, social collectively in interacting populations. This
conservatism, and economic libertarianism, interaction is considered social whether
among other -isms. Thus, Republicans they are aware of it or not, and whether the
broadly advocate for traditional values, a exchange is voluntary or not.
low degree of government interference,
Sovereign- is a title which can be applied to
and large support of the private sector.
the highest leader in various categories. The
word is borrowed from Old French
S souverain, which is ultimately derived from
the Latin superānus, meaning ‘above’.
Secretary of State- The Secretary of State,
appointed by the President with the advice Sovereign State- A sovereign state or
and consent of the Senate, is the sovereign country, is a political entity
President’s chief foreign affairs adviser. The represented by one central government
Secretary carries out the President’s foreign that has supreme legitimate authority over
policies through the State Department and territory.
the Foreign Service of the United States. State- a politically organized body of people
Sanctions- in law and legal definition, are usually occupying a definite territory.
penalties or other means of enforcement Especially : one that is sovereign. : the
used to provide incentives for obedience political organization of such a body of
with the law, or with rules and regulations. people. : a government or politically
Criminal sanctions can take the form of organized society having a particular
serious punishment, such as corporal or character. A police state.
capital punishment, incarceration, or severe Socioeconomics- is the social science that
fines. studies how economic activity affects and is
Secretary of Defense- The secretary of shaped by social processes. In general it
defense oversees the Defense Department analyzes how modern societies progress,
and acts as the principal defense stagnate, or regress because of their local
policymaker and adviser. or regional economy, or the global
economy.
Senate- an assembly or council usually
possessing high deliberative and legislative
functions: such as. : the second chamber in T
the bicameral legislature of a major political
Territory- a geographic area belonging to or
unit (such as a nation, state, or province).
under the jurisdiction of a governmental
Session- a formal meeting or series of authority. : an administrative subdivision of
meetings of an organization such as a a country.
legislature or a court of law.
Terrorism- Terrorism is the unlawful use of
force or violence against persons or
property to intimidate or coerce a Treaty- A treaty is a formal, legally binding
government or its citizens to further certain written agreement between actors in
political or social objectives. international law. It is usually made by and
between sovereign states, but can include
Third Republic in the Philippines- The Third
international organizations, individuals,
Republic of the Philippines was inaugurated
business entities, and other legal persons.
on July 4, 1946. It marked the culmination
of the peaceful campaign for Philippine Territorial Acquisition- is usually employed
Independence. He Third Republic also as meaning the establishment of
marked the recognition by the global sovereignty over a given piece of land.
community of nations, of the nationhood of
the Philippines
U
Totalitarianism- Totalitarianism is a form of
government and a political system that United Nation- The United Nations is an
prohibits all opposition parties, outlaws intergovernmental organization whose
individual and group opposition to the state stated purposes are to maintain
and its claims, and exercises an extremely international peace and security, develop
high if not complete degree of control and friendly relations among nations, achieve
regulation over public and private life. international cooperation, and be a centre
for harmonizing the actions of nations.
Two party System- A two-party system is a
political party system in which two major Union- A union is an organization formed by
political parties consistently dominate the workers who join together and use their
political landscape. strength to have a voice in their workplace.
Through their union, workers have the
Treaty of Paris- The Treaty of Paris ended ability to negotiate from a position of
the Spanish-American War, and forced strength with employers over wages,
Spain to cede the Philippines, Guam, and benefits, workplace health and safety, job
Puerto Rico to the United States. In return, training and other work-related issues.
the United States paid Spain $20 million for
the Philippines. Unconstitutional-  is not according or
consistent with the constitution of a body
Transnational- The meaning of politic (such as a nation). Not in accordance
TRANSNATIONAL is extending or going with a political constitution
beyond national boundaries.
United Kingdom- The United Kingdom,
Transparency- transparency is operating in made up of England, Scotland, Wales and
such a way that it is easy for others to see Northern Ireland, is an island nation in
what actions are performed. Transparency northwestern Europe. The Beatles – is
implies openness, communication, and home to the capital, London, a globally
accountability. influential centre of finance and culture.
United States of America- (U.S.A. or USA),
commonly known as the United States (U.S. V
or US) or informally America, is the most
populous country in North America. It Veto- A veto is a legal power to unilaterally
consists of 50 states, a federal district, five stop an official action. In the most typical
major unincorporated territories, nine case, a president or monarch vetoes a bill to
Minor Outlying Islands. It is the third-largest stop it from becoming law. In many
country by both land and total area. countries, veto powers are established in
the country's constitution.
Unemployment- is people above a specified
age not being in paid employment or self- Vice-President- the vice president has the
employment but currently available for sole power to break a tie vote in the Senate
work during the reference period. and formally presides over the receiving
Unemployment is measured by the and counting of electoral ballots cast in
unemployment rate, which is the number of presidential elections. An officer next in
people who are unemployed as a rank to a president and usually empowered
percentage of the labour force. to serve as president in that officer’s
absence or disability
Union Territory- is a type of administrative
division in the Republic of India. Unlike the Vote- Voting is a method by which a group,
states of India, which have their own such as a meeting or an electorate, can
governments, union territories are federal engage for the purpose of making a
territories governed, in part or in whole, by collective decision or expressing an opinion
the Union Government of India. usually following discussions, debates or
election campaigns.
Upper class- is the social class composed of
people who hold the highest social status, Violation- to break or act against
usually are the wealthiest members of class something, especially a law, agreement,
society, and wield the greatest political principle, or something that should be
power. treated with respect: They were charged
with violating federal law. It seems that the
Unelected- Incapable or unlikely of being troops deliberately violated the ceasefire
elected to political office, especially due to a agreement. The doctor has been accused of
lack of suitable qualities or policies. violating professional ethics.
Urban- built-up area or urban Voting Rights- is the right to vote in public,
agglomeration is a human settlement with a political elections and referendums. In
high population density and infrastructure some languages, and occasionally in English,
of built environment. Urban areas are the right to vote is called active suffrage, as
created through urbanization and are distinct from passive suffrage, which is the
categorized by urban morphology as cities, right to stand for election.
towns, conurbations or suburbs.
Voter- a person who votes or who has a principles of equal opportunity, equitable
legal right to vote, especially in an election distribution
Something changes Variation refers to the World War 1- World War I or the First
degree of dispersion, diversity, or inequality World War. This is called “Great War” or
in a distribution: the extent to which the “War to End All Wars”, was a global
observations of an attribute are similar to or conflict which lasted from 1914 to 1918,
different from one another. and is considered one of the deadliest
conflicts in history.
Vest- A right or an interest in property
“vests” when it is secured. This means that World War 2- World War II, also called
the beneficiary of the right or property Second World War, conflict that involved
interest is certain to receive a specific virtually every part of the world during the
amount, either now or in the future. years 1939–45
Vet- to examine a person or a document Waive- to refrain from pressing or enforcing
carefully to see if there has been, or could (something, such as a claim or rule)
be, a breach of security.
War on terror- The war on terror, officially
Voluntarism- is “any metaphysical or the Global War on Terrorism, is an ongoing
psychological system that assigns to the will international counterterrorism military
a more predominant role than that campaign initiated by the United States
attributed to the intellect”, or equivalently following the September 11 attacks.
“the doctrine that will is the basic factor,
World Trade Organization- The World
both in the universe and in human
Trade Organization is an intergovernmental
conduct”.
organization that regulates and facilitates
international trade. With effective
W cooperation in the United Nations System,
governments use the organization to
War- a state of hostility, conflict, or establish, revise, and enforce the rules that
antagonism. A struggle or competition govern international trade.
between opposing forces or for a particular
end. World bank- the World Bank Group is a
unique global partnership fighting poverty
Welfare- is the state of doing well especially worldwide through sustainable solutions
in respect to good fortune, happiness, well-
being, or prosperity. West Minister- Westminster is the bustling
government area near Buckingham Palace.
Welfare state- A welfare state is a form of Tourists head to Trafalgar Square’s
government in which the state protects and monuments and to see the changing of the
promotes the economic and social well- guards at Horse Guards Parade while
being of its citizens, based upon the politicians mingle in Whitehall’s pubs. At
the Houses of Parliament, by the River
Thames, the Big Ben bell rings out from its
iconic clock tower.