Volume 8, Issue 1, January – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Impact Analysis of Parking on Traffic Congestion in

Yeshwanthpur Central Business Area of
Bangalore City: A Review
Yashaswini K.G ¹, Nikhil T.R²
¹Post Graduate Student, ²Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru.

Abstract:- India's population is rapidly increasing every spots. One of the primary issues brought on by increased
year. With the fast expansion of metro cities throughout road traffic is parking. It is a result of the evolution of
the world, the rate of parking generation continues to rise transportation. The scarcity of parking spaces in
at an astonishing speed, causing serious parking issues in metropolitan areas has raised demand, particularly in
most metropolitan regions. Even though a shortage of regions like the Central Business District.
parking is not the main cause of traffic congestion, it is a
significant one. Drivers seeking free or low-cost on-street Different types of buildings have different parking
parking may choose to avoid off-street parking in order needs. Only a common parking place is required for
to save money and add to traffic congestion. Off-street residential plots of less than 300 square meters. A minimum
parking that is too far away from shopping or retail of one-fourth of the open land on a residential plot of 500 to
establishments may induce cars to circle in search of 1000 sq.m should be set aside for parking. For every 70
more convenient parking. Congestion and parking are square meters of office space, at least one parking place may
also linked since searching for a parking spot contributes be required. In a restaurant, one parking place is sufficient
to delays and prevents local circulation. One of the most for 10 seats, but theatres and movie halls require just one
serious challenges that urban planners and traffic parking space for 20 seats. As a result, various land use
engineers confront is parking, must be solved before any zones have varying parking needs.
measures to improve the situation can be devised, basic
information on the availability of parking spots, the Parking is a major issue in India's megacities and
extent of their use, and parking demand is required. Basic towns. Because of the large number of automobiles on the
statistics on the availability of parking spots, the extent road in India, parking has become a major issue, coupled
to which they are used, and parking demand are with pollution and bad road conditions. There are two types
required before any steps to improve the situation can be of parking systems: off-street and on-street parking. It is
established. Multi-level parking systems have long been a available on the street. On the one hand, off-street parking is
source of relief because they provide a variety of common in large shopping malls and theatres, as well as
advantages, including better space utilization, lower large offices that are used by employers, customers, and
maintenance and operational costs, lower construction other stakeholders; on the other hand, on-street parking is a
costs, a secure and environmentally friendly nature, traffic problem generator because it is directly implemented
driver comfort, and cost savings for builders by reducing by market stake holders, with single parking spaces, and
height or depth. They provide benefits such as safety, thus has a high demand, and is also known as public
space, time, and fuel savings, but they also necessitate a property. The problem can be solved by conducting an
more thorough and in-depth review of the parking accurate survey and managing traffic and pedestrians in a
requirements, available space, and traffic flow. methodical manner. Data on the availability of parking
spaces, the amount to which they are used, and parking
Keywords:- Metro cities, Central Business Area, Parking, surveys are required before any actions for upgrading
Traffic Congestion, Parking Demand, Multi –Level facilities are taken.
Parking,.
Congestion, accidents, pollution, and disruption to
I. INTRODUCTION firefighting operations are some of the negative
consequences of parking. Parking consumes a significant
India's ever-increasing population has caused plenty amount of street space, reducing road capacity. As a result,
of issues. Car parking is one of the most difficult challenges speed will be lowered, but trip duration and delay would
we face on a daily basis. Apart from the issue of space for rise. The vehicle's operating costs rise, resulting in a
moving automobiles on the road, there is also the issue of significant economic loss for the community. They also
space for parked vehicles, which is complicated by the fact pollute the environment by causing noise and pollutants by
that that most private vehicles are parked for the majority of stopping and starting automobiles when parking and
their time. While residential projects continue to include unparking. They also have an aesthetic impact on structures
dedicated parking, the true issue is often with business because vehicles parked in every available place give the
spaces, which may be solved by using more open parking impression that the building is rising from a plinth of

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Volume 8, Issue 1, January – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
automobiles. Data on the availability of parking spaces, the  Ashish Pandey, Akshay Gulghane (2020)
level of their use, and parking demand are required before This research makes an effort to understand the
any efforts to improve circumstances may be taken. It is also parking needs of the Indian market. The demand for parking
necessary to calculate parking fees. All of this information is is increasing every day, and there is a lack of effective
supposed to be provided through parking surveys. Because understanding and management, resulting in an increase in
the length of time spent parking varies depending on the on-street parking challenges. There is a need to develop the
vehicle, numerous statistics are utilized to determine the most appropriate approach that can be used to regulate and
parking requirement. improve the existing parking situation. Increasing off- street
parking options is not feasible everywhere, as land is a
Multi-level parking systems have long been a source valuable resource that should not be wasted. To satisfy the
of comfort since they offer a variety of benefits, including expectations, the focus has been on bringing forward the
better space utilization, cheaper maintenance and fine evaluation of parking rules, parking demands, and
operational costs, lower building costs (due to rethinking the present parking scenario in cities, particularly
prefabrication), and a more secure and environmentally in their CBD regions. There are a few solutions that can be
friendly environment. -environmentally friendly (the proposed to solve the parking issues. The adoption of a
subterranean installation frees up outside area for zone-based parking system across the city, which
landscaping), convenient for vehicles, and cost-effective for discourages the usage of private automobiles in the city's
builders by reducing height or depth. central business areas. This can be accomplished by
improving regional public transportation, distinguishing
II. CRITICAL REVIEW ON IMPACT OF parking based on vehicle categories, and imposing heavy
PARKING TRAFFIC CONGESTION IN fines on parking violators and encroachers. It is also
CENTERAL BUSINESS AREA recognized that, despite the lack of space, parking may be
handled to some extent, but sufficient public education must
 Naitik Gandhi, Jayesh Juremalani (2019) be provided. As a result, the three E's (Engineering,
This research is LOOK IN on- street parking problem Education, and Enforcement) must be addressed. If on-street
in Godhar city in the state of Gujarat.Parking surveys have parking must be controlled, minimal charges should be
been conducted to gather information on parking availability collected so that appropriate maintenance of the parking
and demand, as well as their impact on the current situation. places may be done by an independent authority. This would
For parking demand, a fixed period sampling survey not only improve administration, but it would also
approach is utilized, and a parking space inventory survey is discourage the use of motorized transport. [3]
conducted for parking supply in the research region.
According to the analysis, peak demand and the parking  Pinky Rome, Sayantani Mukherjee (2013)
index are about 1.5 times higher than availability, signaling This research concentrates on car parking issues in
an alarming stage in the parking crisis. The need for parking Kolkata and analyzed that a motorist always considers a free
has been met by developing off-street parking facilities for and pleasant parking spot to be an incentive to utilize
on-street parking users, allowing them to park their vehicles personal automobiles This has led in an increase in private
securely while also benefiting the transportation system by automobile traffic and congestion issues as a result of a lack
enhancing carriage way width usage. The design of the of facilities and mismanagement of parking lots, and it is not
multi-level parking space was done using Park CAD(5.0) an unusual occurrence in big cities. The author considered
and in accordance with the SP- 12(2015) Guidelines for three study sites in the city of Kolkata. Due to a scarcity of
parking facilities in urban areas. The study results were parking, there is a lot of on-street parking and encroachment
concluded in reducing the congestion of on- street parking on the sidewalks. In many instances, on- street parking spots
and diverge the demand to off- street parking. [1] are poorly planned, false, or unlawful. The suggested
measures were developed by gathering macroscopic data on
 Ehsan Amini, Shankar B (2017) peak hour parking length. It is clear that the main reason is a
This research aims to discuss parking issues in the shortage of parking spots, illegally parking, and a lack of
central business district and makes recommendations for public awareness, which leads to parking and traffic
solutions and strategies to address the city of Sabzevar's congestion every day. Suggested methods include proper
main concerns about parking demand. The demand for management, entrance restrictions, effective pricing,
parking in Sabzevar's central business district is rising, yet multimodal integration, public awareness, and severe
the level of service provided is declining. To address the enforcement and penalization. [4]
parking problem in Sabzevar City's Central Business
District, methods such as integrated grid transportation and  Subhadip Biswas, Indrajith Gosh, Satish Chandra
public transportation service, fee reduction, and a multi- (2017)
level automobile parking system as an alternative to This study has shown a realistic parking scenario.
conventional parking will be designed and implemented. [2] Parking facilities contribute to an area's economic and
commercial growth. The study then illustrates the benefits of
road user safety by providing on-street parking and how it
decreases accident percentages on various types of roads, as
well as the implications of road capacity by demonstrating
how parking reduces road width and generates congestion.

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Volume 8, Issue 1, January – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Measures such as removing angled parking from the CBD  B. Infant Malcolm (2018)
and replacing it with parallel parking, which causes fewer This research presents the findings of a traffic flow
accidents but takes up more space. It also includes a study on the effects of on-street parking. In Tiruppur, the
numerical analysis of whether street parking impacts speed research was conducted. Two research locations were
and the accident rates related with it. [5] chosen, both of which are located on busy roadways that
serve retail and commercial operations. The poll was
 Mahak Dawra, Sahil Kulshreshtha (2017) conducted on two weekdays and one weekend day those are
In this study they have analyzed the growth of Indian Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday. The survey took place
cities has been considerable in recent years, resulting in an from 9.00 a.m. to 10.15 a.m. on Tuesday, Thursday, and
increase in the level of living, which has led in an increase Saturday, and from 5.00 p.m. to 6.15 p.m. on Tuesday,
in the need for parking, particularly in commercial areas. Thursday, and Saturday, respectively. Traffic influx and
Increasing the number of parking spots isn't the only option, outflow statistics were obtained from video cameras. The
good management and system approaches may also be used survey was done three times for each route on various days,
to make the most use of the available resources. It proposes and the data of vehicles parked was collected manually. Data
a way of parking zone distribution to balance out demand on such as vehicle type and entry time were retrieved from
a broader scale. If correctly understood, the city has plenty video using the Manual Count Made Easy voice recognition
parkingplaces, however the difficulty occurs during peak software developed at IIT Madras. PTV-VISSIM is a multi-
hours in the commercial district. Drivers park illegally or model simulation software that is utilized in this research. It
incorrectly as a result of ineffective management. The study was used to build roadways and simulate traffic movement.
discusses zonal distribution, i.e. zones A, B, C, and D, As a result, the significance and feasibility of modelling
which are divided into three to four zones. A efficient public real-world field traffic have been demonstrated using
transportation network will be enforced in Zone A, with car gathered data. As a consequence, the parking study is
admittance prohibited. Parking can be discouraged by high completed by collecting data for two sites three times. Data
parking fees. Zone B includes locations with mixed transit collection through video capture is more accurate and takes
and vehicle characteristics. Parking is reasonably priced. less time. As a result, it reduces human error and time
Zone C has a lot of area and hence limited access to public consumption in data collection. This video clip is converted
transportation. Parking is free in order to encourage people to to a text file using MCME V2 (Manual Count Made
park here and then take public transportation. Parking Easy). The collected parking data is used in simulation. The
facilities and prices vary depending on zone and weather simplest way to justify this quandary is through simulation.
conditions. Finally, parking should be scattered across the It is the most modern method of finding a solution. [8]
city to reduce the pressure on the CBD regions, and the
objective should be to have private and public cars operate in  Y .Cao & Z. Z. Yang & Z. Y. Zuo (2016)
tandem to satisfy parking demands. [6] The purpose of this study was to find out whether
curb parking influenced people's lives. The consequences
 Prabhat Pandey, Akshit Lamba, Swati Agrawal (2021) for capacity and traffic, and to come up with some fair and
The purpose of this review is to understand the various practical traffic control methods. The issue of security is
architectures, algebra, and the fundamental portion of the being considered. Methods Four route segments with on-
staggered vehicle departs in India. The agreement with street parking were chosen. As the site of the inquiry there
various basic frameworks, as well as the type of decking are various components to traffic and they are all important.
frame work, has been investigated. The steel-substantial After then, a variety of metrics, including traffic, were
composite option is a more cost-effective arrangement than examined and counted. Flow volume, speed, headway, and
RCC for the building of skyscraper staggered vehicle exit traffic conflict are only a few of the factors to consider. The
framework, according to the writing assessment. The split study's research area consists of four conventional road
level sort vehicle leaves have been considered while segments with on- street parking. Despite the modest
deciding on the math of vehicle leave structure. Over the number of research sites, similar investigations can still refer
other practical foundation, it also provides a powerful and to the general regularity found via theoretical and practical
efficient arrangement. The dominant worksheet was used to analysis. And it was concluded that curb parking has a
complete the plan portion of the steel-substantial composite substantial impact on traffic operation safety however, it
development, such as the deck chunk and brace. When may be enhanced by employing traffic safety management
considering composite construction, the analysis techniques. [9]
demonstrates that multilevel car park development is cost
effective. Another result is that when a braced frame is used  Lambang Basri Said, Ilham Syafey (2021)
instead of a moment resistant frame, the weight is reduced The purpose of this research is to investigate
by 3.7 percent. The decrease in deflection may also be seen. congestion and parking spots in order to build a behavioral
The load- bearing behaviour of the moment frame via model of congestion, parking, and traffic performance, as
element bending results in a substantial column and girder well as to produce scenarios for forecasting congestion
end moment, which necessitates the use of a bigger section. reduction in Makassar, Indonesia. The study was divided
The connection cost will be impacted by the higher design into three sections, which included the use of surveys to
end moment. [7] collect data on parking and congestion levels, as well as the
public's perceptions in constructing a relating model for the
link between parking and congestion. Furthermore, a

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Volume 8, Issue 1, January – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
resolution scenario and projection model for lowering when there is on-street parking and when there is no on-
congestion from 2020 to 2050 were developed. street parking. The great majority of traffic through
JL.Kapasan is quite disrupted, as seen by the primarily C
The findings revealed that severe congestion situations, quality of service. It means that movement within the traffic
which impair city transport services, happened as a result of flow is clearly restricted. The highest parking volume and
crossroads, T junctions, U-turns, parking, and complicated accumulation was 47 vehicles, while the lowest was only 7
events. In addition, the relating model revealed the vehicles.[12]
assessment level and shown that fixing parking difficulties
had a greater influence on reducing congestion. As a result,  Ogundare,Babatope Andrew, Ogunbodede, Emman F
focus group discussions offer short, medium, and long-term (Ph.D) (2014)
remedies. Furthermore, estimates over the next 30 years The study covered an empirical method to examine
indicate significant improvement when parking difficulties traffic congestion and parking difficulties in the study region
and traffic management are incorporated in congestion of Akure, Nigeria. Twelve congestion locations were
reduction initiatives [10] selected by field observation, and primary source data was
utilised to determine the distance travelled within the
 Dr. Kirti Mohan Sharma, Parmesh Prjapati and Mridul research region, periods when traffic hold-ups occur, and
Jain (2017) time wasted due to traffic hold-up in a journey. Parking
The study focuses on issues in the context of Kota issues in Akure's Central Business District were identified as
city. It is a developing city and the third largest city in a key cause of traffic congestion in the research. As a result,
Rajasthan. It is also part of the smart city initiative. The city the report suggests that traffic flow along important
has several companies and coaching centers that contribute metropolitan highways should be monitored and managed
to its economy. As a result, there is an increase in population on a regular basis. Parking is also required not just in the
and the amount of automobiles in this city has resulted in CBD but also in other designated land use zones.[13]
traffic congestion and parking issues. Our public space has
not risen thus far, yet the population of this city is in the
seven digits. Especially in the packed marketplaces,  Owais Ahmed Shaikh, Magandeep (2018)
excellent parking spaces for 2 and 4 wheeled cars in the Parking issues in Srinagar's core business centre can
main region of our city are essential, and the government is have a direct impact on the region's economic development.
still unable to handle our traffic concerns and increase The negative impacts of illegal parking have consequences
parking spaces. The solution to the parking problem, and a that are harmful to economic growth. The area's main issues
healthy city environment should be are there primary include traffic congestion, high accident rates, and high fuel
concerns. At the city level, Kota requires a specific entity wastage each year. However, if all of the automobiles in the
known as the Traffic and Transportation Authority. There area were parked in legal lots, the region's economic and
are several answers, some of which are short-term in nature social growth would be boosted. It is unavoidable that
and others which are long-term in nature; but, they have providing appropriate parking spaces will lower traffic
work on a long-term strategy while also addressing any congestion and accident rates. As a result, the workforce
discomforts or difficulties that may arise. The study will be on time for work, annual fuel waste will be reduced,
concluded that authority should develop master plans for and firefighting operations will be made easier. The
inner, middle, and outer roadways to aid in the reduction of challenges caused by insufficient and illegal parking can
traffic congestion and accidents in key locations. By push the city to the point of economic disaster if not
encouraging the usage of bicycles in the city, we can travel addressed properly and efficiently. The growing disparity
more comfortably by bicycle. As a result, this approach between parking availability and demand should be
must be encouraged among coaching students in the city. addressed in a methodical manner. All of these elements
Our road maps, zebra crossings, parking lots, instructions, might contribute to the overall growth of the region. [14]
and road markers all need to be improved. [11]
 Herin K.J, Jisha Akkara (2019)
 Amrita Winaya (2020) This study focuses on on-street and off-street
The study intends to identify on-street parking in the choosing behavior and found that the data gathered for the
Jl.Kapasan retail district, the repercussions of parking on the study from various Central business area sub-areas was
road, and the degree of service or performance of roads calculated to provide a global perspective of parking
surrounding this shopping centre. The analysis behavior in Central Bussiness area, as well as advanced
methodologies employed are based on the Indonesian parking technologies and supply and management
Highway Capacity Manual 1997. Based on calculations and approaches including park and broadfacilities. The data
study, the capacity of Jl.Kapasan without road parking was utilized to estimate several log it models with varied utility
1468. Pcu/hour and 1276 pcu/hour with on-street parking. functions.To address the problem, dynamic pricing or
Some of the findings that may be drawn as a result of the customer segmentation, as well as consumer/provider
data collection and analysis are as follows: The largest constraints, have been recommended. The database was then
parking space need is 598 square metres, and the lowest is used to create a correlation matrix using the SPSS
80.5 square metres, based on the calculation of parking programme. These projected models aid a designer in
space unit. The analysis of the road capacity revealed that creating a model that is appropriate for parking decision
there is a 192 pcu/hour difference in the capacity of the road behaviour. Parking consumes a significant amount of street

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Volume 8, Issue 1, January – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
space, reducing road capacity. As a result, speed will be Car Parking System is ecologically friendly. Because the
lowered, but journey duration and delay would rise. The automotive engines are shut off during the autonomous
vehicle's operating costs rise, resulting in a significant parking operation, there is no pollution. The Auto Car
economic loss for the community. According to a parking Parking System is less expensive to maintain than standard
analysis of current traffic conditions on the road network, parking systems. Automobile Parking System provides
removing on- street parking is necessary for an effective automobile parking solutions that fit the most cars in the
transportation system. Careless parking and un-parking smallest amount of space. The Automatic Car Parking
results in accidents. They also pollute the environment since System increases the financial sustainability of commercial
cars stop and start when parking and un-parking, resulting in and residential complexes.[17]
noise and emissions. To limit vehicle parking, they have
take remedial measures. To monitor and regulate parking in  Rutul M. Diyora, Henis M. Dhameliya (2020)
the short term, a pay-and-park system are used during peak This study is focused on assessment of on- street
hours. Besides that, there's one additional Long-term parking in congestion areas of Vadodara city and analyzed
solutions was given is that within a 1-kilometer radius of the that, On-street parking is an issue in India's major cities,
CBD, off-street parking must be available.[15] particularly in the downtown region. Due to a lack of data
on on-street parking demand and the lack of a defined
 Mayuri Patel1, Sanjay Dave (2016) parking regulation, main roadways in the CBD area are
The study used descriptive and statistical models to operating as normal. As a result, a 12-hour parking
predict the anticipated reaction to two proposed parking inventory was conducted utilizing the license plate approach
policy alternatives for on-street parking in Surat, Gujarat, for two main urban streets in Vadodara's CBD region.
based on the "NUTP (National urban transportation policy ) According to the survey, demand outstripped supply,
2006" standards. The city centers feature a mixed land use resulting in low inventory turnover for the majority of the
structure, with little off-street parking and a large number of time. This study attempted to simulate the reaction of car
prospective shoppers. They have done a 12-hour on-street parkers utilizing on-street parking in the CBD region for a
parking inventory study using the License Plate technique, policy measure established within the guidelines of the
very little vehicle turnover was found on all six routes National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP 2014). The survey
examined in the CBD region. In peak demand, around half data was analyzed using a fuzzy approach, which
of all two-wheeler parking is illegally, resulting in an demonstrated that the driver's parking decision behaviour as
overflow of parked cars that lasts virtually the whole day. impacted by household income, frequency of trips, and
Time constraint policy (progressive parking fee policy) and parking time.[18]
space restraint policy (priority parking for emergency
vehicles such as ambulances, fire trucks, and disabled people,  Janak Parmar, Pritikana Das, Sanjay kumar M.Dave
among others) were offered as parking policy options. (2019)
Models were developed using data from a roadside field This study focuses on demand and characteristics in
questionnaire survey of city visitors. They came to the urban area, It explores previous studies that focused on
conclusion that the amount of time spent parking and the parking features and advancements in parking decision
amount of time it took to get there had a major impact on behaviour models, both at the aggregate and disaggregate
parking decisions. If the duration and travel time exceed the levels. The study also looked at a number of ways for
user's expectations, the user has the option to park off-street anticipating parking demand. For developing parking
or change modes of transportation. If there is no longer any demand forecasting models, a variety of approaches have
open parking, long-term parkers will move. Due to a shortage been used, including linear regression, least square
of supply against demand, parking spots in the study area regression, unit graph technique, logistic models, principal
are in short supply. This also illustrates people's preference component analysis, random utility and game theories,
for parking near their destination. Restriction Gaussian mixture model, and grey correlation analysis.
noncompliance was frequent in the study area[16] Parking issues are more critical in emerging nations, and
only a little amount of study has been done in this area thus
 Mr.Manish bhati, Dr.Sanjeev Gill (2018) far. As a result, at the planning and design stages, urban
This study is focused on various type of parking space transportation planners should properly grasp the interplay of
and discussed about multi-level parking system and parking factors. A lot of elements have a significant
analyzed that. Conventional parking is becoming unfeasible influence in affecting decision-making. The studies on
as land in metropolitan centres and other higher-order cities strategies that might be beneficial for effective resource
becomes scarce and expensive, and plots get smaller. The usage and have a favourable influence on the sustainable
multi-level vehicle parking system is the solution for the transportation concept have been evaluated. Parking policy
parking requirements since it maximizes automobile parking should be regarded an intrinsic aspect of transportation
capacity by utilizing vertical space rather of extending planning and administration, which is extraordinary. In
horizontally.In terms of technology, automated (lift-based) is general, car- restricted parking policies and advances in
the most popular choice, with over 70% of consumers public transportation play major roles in freezing or reducing
choosing it. According to the PARI Case Study, the Auto private automobile traffic in metropolitan areas. It was
Car Parking System reduces parking and retrieval time. concluded that expanding parking availability is not a viable
Saves time spent seeking for empty parking places as well solution to parking issues. Improvements in parking
as looking for a parked car. They concluded that the Auto performance and a focus on sustainability will assist

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ISSN No:-2456-2165
transportation planners in creating a long-term parking eco- maintaining old functionality. [21]
system. Finally, the primary effects of car sharing have been
briefly reviewed, with the potential to deliver enormous  Rafiat Oluwatosin Omisore And Joseph O. Oyedep
economic, social, and environmental advantages. All of (2019)
these studies, when taken together, provide readers with This study is focused on Evaluation of Off-Street
valuable information on the parking system as a whole.[19] Parking in Southeastern Nigeria's Central Business District.
Parking rules and management methods have been shown to
 Ashish Pandey, Akshay Gulghane, Vattsal Shah, Dr. have a direct impact on land use, air quality, traffic
Bhalchandra Khode (2020) congestion, travel behaviour, and economic growth. Having
In this study they have gone through varies case study an efficient system for regulating off-street parking,
and analyzed the requirement for parking in India's CBD however, remains a serious difficulty in large urban cities in
areas has risen to unprecedented levels, and poor Nigeria's southwest. Parking surveys were done in this study
management has resulted in traffic congestion and other to assess the efficacy of employing both closed and open-
issues. Finding the most efficient strategies to tackle the ended questions. Three parking lots (CBP1, CBP2, and
current parking situation appears to be the pressing necessity CBP3) and four road lots (CBR1, CBR2, CBR3, and CBR4)
of the hour. Increasing the number of parking spots while were used for the five main components of Akure's Central
lowering parking fees isn't enough to meetthe demand. The Business District in Ondo State, Nigeria. The collected data
focus has been on a careful examination of parking rules, were analysed to determine the demand and supply of
parking demands, and revamping the present parking parking facilities in order to develop strategies for better and
scenario in cities, particularly in their CBD regions, to fulfil more efficient management of off-street parking in the study
the expectations. A transportation planner should be area, and their efficiency was calculated to be 42.5 percent,
concerned about issues related to parking system 69.52 percent, 74.88 percent, and 26.66 percent,
mismanagement. Every car owner chooses a decent parking respectively. When compared to Policy 7 of the Parking
spot that is conveniently accessible, inexpensive, and close Space Requirements in Parking Code Guidance 2012 of the
to the destination of the journey. It is critical to comprehend San Francisco Department of Transportation, the analysis
and facilitate the requirements of a good parking system. It demonstrates that CBP1 operated below the maximum
has also been noticed that present parking spots are capacity at parking indexes less than 50%, while CBP2 and
underused, hence there is no need to supply new parking CBP3 operatedbeyond the maximum capacity. The study
places in most circumstances. A good study and literature reveals insufficient parking signs and a lack of enforcement
are essential to comprehend the numerous factors in On- by city management as a result, better communication,
street parking studies and hence decide for various sorts of parking enforcement, operational efficiency, and parking
metrics. A variety of remedies are available, but they can signage provision should be implemented in the study
only be implemented with adequate management and region [22]
education of road users. [20]
 Mrs Priyanka. Kolhar (2012)
 Javaid Ahmad Tali, Mohammad Reza Emtehani, Dr. This study focuses on- street parking management
Krishna Murthy, Dr. H. N. Nagendra (2012) plan for Dharward city and analyze that the parking
The research focuses on the CBD area's future accumulation and supply survey in Dharwad was used to
threads. Bangalore was chosen as the research location. explore difficulties with present parking practises. WTP
Cities' Central Business Districts have been threatened by survey was done to determine potential users' willingness to
rapid expansion (CBD). This may be evident in people's pay the appropriate parking cost for the new services.
desire to relocate to the outskirts. A number of academics Specific parking management solutions (short, medium, and
have investigated the interplay inside municipal borders. long term) are reviewed, as well as how they might be
Studying the characteristics of a city's CBD is quite applied. It is estimated the expenses of planned parking
intriguing. From 1971 to 2001, an attempt was made to facilities, as well as the savings and improvements that can
examine developments in Bangalore's Central Business arise from better administration. Parking demand models are
District. According to the statistics, the CBD land use created using SPSS software. Short-term solutions with
pattern shows a tendency toward commercial usage, which congestion pricing are advised to handle parking problems
covers a larger share of the CBD, and this trend is projected immediately since operation and maintenance costs are
to continue in the coming years. Changes in land usage, substantially lower for on-street parking management than
population, land value, socio-economic profile, and future off-street parking management, and the internal rate of
hazards have all been studied. And it’s concluded that the return is higher in on-street parking management. However,
centre of a metropolitan city, such as Bangalore, would a long-term management strategy (supply of multi-level
become more concentrated as it becomes more valued parking) can be established depending on projected parking
owing to its position, functions, and accessibility. The demand in the studied regions. [23]
incorporation of society's growing needs into core sectors
must be mindful to certain existing functions and forms that  Joseph O. Oyedepo (2016)
have evolved through time. CBD must grow on its own, This research focuses on the performance of street
contending with the development of sub-centers in the parking in akure southwest Nigeria's Central Business
surrounding areas.To accomplish this, it must be more Districts, which are heavily populated areas with parking
adaptable in order to absorb new activities while challenges. Four parks in Nigeria's capital, Akure, were

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Volume 8, Issue 1, January – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
chosen for further study. Parking surveys were conducted number of remedies available, but they can only be
using both closed and open- ended questions to assess their implemented with adequate education and management of
parking index were 42.5 percent, 69.52 percent, road users.
74.88percent, and 26.66 percent, respectively. When
compared to Policy 7 of the Parking Space Requirements in REFERENCES
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