INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

INTEGRAL CALCULUS
 Definition
• The method of substitution can be motivated by
examining the chain rule from the viewpoint of
integration.
• For this purpose, suppose that F is an integral of f
and that g is a differentiable function. The chain rule
implies that the derivative of F(g(x)) can be
expressed as

dé
dx ë
F g( ( ))
x ù
û = F ' g x g ( ( )) ( )
' x
 Definition
…which we can write in integral form as ....

ò F ' ( g ( x)) g ' ( x) dx = F ( g ( x)) +C

ò f ( g ( x)) g ' ( x) dx = F ( g ( x)) +C (1

ò f (u) du = F (u) +C (2
)
The process of evaluating an
integral of form (1) by converting it
into form (2) with the substitution

u=g x () and ()
du = g ' x dx

is called the process of

Integration by Substitution.
 Example

ò( )
50
x +1
2
2x dx Let u= x2 + 1

du = 2xdx

ò u 51
u du = + C
50

51

( x +1)
51
2

= +C 
51
 Easy to Recognize Substitutions

The easiest substitutions occur

ò sin ( x + 9) dx Let u= x + 9
du= dx

ò sin u du = -cosu +C

(
= -cos x + 9 +C ) 
 Example

ò( )
23
x -8 dx Let u = x - 8
du = dx

ò du
u 23
=
u 24
24
+C

( x - 8)
24

= +C 
24
 Easy to Recognize Substitutions

Another easy substitution occurs

ò cos5x dx Let u= 5x
du= 5dx

du
= dx
ò( ) 1 5
cosu · du = 1 ò cosu du
5 5
1
= sin u + C
5
1
( )
= sin 5x + C
5

 Example

ò sin5x dx Let u= 5x
du= 5dx

du
= dx
ò( ) 1
= ò sin u du
sin u · du 1 5
5 5

( )
1 1
= - cosu + C = - cos 5x + C 
5 5
 Example
dx
òæ ö
5
Let u = 1 x - 8
1
ç x - 8÷ 3
è3 ø 1
du = dx
3
ò = ò 3u du
3du -5

u 5 3du = dx
-4
u
= 3 ò u du = 3
-5
+C
-4
-4
3æ1 ö
= - ç x - 8÷ + C 
4è3 ø
 Example

ò 3x 1+ x ( )
25
2 3
dx Let u = 1+x3
du = 3x2dx

òu 25
du =
u 26
26
+C

(1+ x )
26
3

= +C 
26
 Example

ò 2xsin x dx
2
Let u = x2
du = 2xdx

ò sin u du = -cosu +C

= -cos x +C
2

 Example

ò 1+ 9x 2 dx
18x
Let u = 1+9x2
du = 18xdx
du
ò u
= lnu +C

(
= ln 1+ 9x +C
2
) 
 Example
dx
ò 1- 2x
let u = 1 – 2x

du = - 2dx

du 1 æ du ö
ò
1 1
- = dx ò ç- ÷
uè 2 ø
- du
1
- ln | u | +C
2 2 u 2

1
- ln |1- 2x | +C
2
 Example

ò( )
3- tan x sec 2 x dx Let u = 3 - tanx
du = - sec2xdx
ò -u du = - ò u du
- du = sec2xdx
u2
= - +C
2

( 3- tan x )
2

=- +C 
2
 Example

ò dx
e 3x
Let u = 3x

du du = 3dx
= òe ·
u
= ò e du
1 u
3 3 du
= dx
1 u 3
= e +C
3
1 3x
= e +C 
3
 Example
ò e x
( )
sin e x
dx Let u = ex
du = exdx
ò sin u du
= - cosu + C

= - cos(ex) + C
 Example
ò 2xe x 2 -5
dx Let u = x2 - 5
du = 2xdx
ò du
e u

e u +C
x 2 -5
e +C
 Example

ò -2xsin (
1- x 2
)dx Let u = 1 – x2
du = - 2xdx
= ò sin u du

= -cosu +C
(
= -cos 1- x +C 2
)
 Example

òx 3
x +1dx
4 Let u = x4 +1
du = 4x3dx
du
= x 3dx
du 4
ò u
4
3
3

( )
1
1u
ò
1 2 1 4
u du 2 +C x +1 2 + C
4 4 3 6
2
 Example

ò 2x 1+ x dx2 Let u= 1 + x2
du= 2xdx

= ò u du
1
= òu 2
du
3
2
( )
3
2
= u +C 2 = 1+ x 2 2
+C 
3 3
 Example

ò
4x
dx Let u= 2x2 + 1
2x 2 +1
du= 4xdx

ò
1
du
u
1
1 u2
- +C
òu 2
du 1
2

1 1

= 2u +C 2
( )
= 2 2x +1 + C
2
= 2 2x +1 +C
2
 Example

ò
1
sin x dx
x Let u= x
= ò 2sin u du
1
du = dx
2 x

(
= 2 -cosu +C ) 1
2du = dx
x
= -2cos x +C 
end of presentation