NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Introduction to Power Plant

Prepared by:
Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan
Instructor I
 Midterm Topics
1.1 Introduction to Power Plant
1.2 Review of Thermodynamic Principle
1.3 Vapor Power Cycle
2.1 Steam Power Plant
a. Steam Boiler
b. Steam Turbine/Engine
c. Steam Condenser
d. Feedwater Pump
e. Draft System
2.2 Variable Load Problem
3.0 Diesel Electric Power Plants
4.0 Gas Turbine Power Plants

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

 Learning Objective
Upon completion of this lesson, the students are able to:
1. Define what is a Power Plant,
2. Enumerate different sources of energy,
3. Familiarized with the basic concepts of Power Plant,
4. Classify different types of power plants and define their
functions,
5. Review the vapor power cycles, and
6. Solve problems related to vapor power cycles

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

 Introduction to Power Plant
 Power Plants are used for electric power generation. Electric
power plays an important role in the growth of the industry. A
country’s development is measured by the power generation
industry and its power demand. The standard of living in a
country is normally related to the consumption of electricity in
that country.
 Power Plant may be defined as a machine or assembly of
equipment that generates and delivers a flow of mechanical or
electrical energy. The main equipment for the generation of
electric power is a generator. When coupling it to a prime
mover runs the generator, the electricity is generated. The type
of prime move determines the type of power plant.

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

 Types of Energy
There are various types of energy, which include the following:
1. Nuclear Energy produces heat by fission on nuclei, which is generated
by heat engines. Nuclear energy is the world’s largest source of
emission-free energy. There are two processes in Nuclear energy fission
and fusion. In fission, the nuclei of uranium or plutonium atoms are split
with the release of energy. In fusion, energy is released when small
nuclei combine or fuse. The fission process is used in all present nuclear
power plants, because fusion cannot be controlled.
2. Thermal Energy is associated with the random motion of atoms in an
object. The kinetic and potential energy associated with this random
microscopic motion is called thermal energy.
3. Chemical Energy is a form of energy that comes from chemical
reactions, in which the chemical reaction is a process of oxidation.
Potential energy is released when a chemical reaction occurs, which is
called chemical energy.

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

 Types of Energy
4. Radiant Energy exists in a range of wavelengths that extends from radio
waves that may be thousands of meters long to gamma rays with
wavelengths as short as a million-millionth (10–12) of a meter. Radiant
energy is converted to chemical energy by the process of
photosynthesis.
5. Mechanical Energy is the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy.
a. Potential Energy exists whenever an object which has mass has a
position within a force field.
b. Kinetic Energy is the energy of motion. An object in motion, whether
it be vertical or horizontal motion, has kinetic energy.
6. Electrical Energy is the power an atom's charged particles have to
cause an action or move an object. The movement of electrons from
one atom to another is what results in electrical energy.

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

 Sources of Energy
1. Renewable Energy is continuously produced in nature, and it will not
get exhausted eventually in the future.
a. Solar Energy
b. Wind Energy
c. Geothermal Energy
d. Tidal Energy
e. Biomass Energy
2. Non-renewable Energy will get exhausted eventually in the future.
a. Solid, Liquid and Gaseous fuels
b. Hydraulic Energy

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

 Classification of Power Plant
Power plants are broadly classified into two types:
1. Conventional Sources of Energy (Non renewable Energy)
a. Steam Power Plant
b. Hydroelectric Power Plant
c. Diesel Power Plant
d. Gas Turbine Power Plant
e. Nuclear Power Plant

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

Classification of Power Plant

Steam Power Plant

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

Classification of Power Plant

Hydroelectric Power Plant

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

Classification of Power Plant

Diesel Power Plant

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

Classification of Power Plant

Gas Turbine Power Plant

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

Classification of Power Plant

Nuclear Power Plant

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

 Classification of Power Plant
Power plants are broadly classified into two types:
2. Non Conventional Sources of Energy (Renewable Energy)
a. Solar Power Plant
b. Wind Power Plant
c. Tidal & Wave Power Plant
d. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
e. Biomass Power Plant
f. Geothermal Power Plant

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

Classification of Power Plant

Solar Power Plant

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

Classification of Power Plant

Wind Power Plant

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

Classification of Power Plant

Tidal and Wave Power Plant

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

Classification of Power Plant

OTEC Power Plant

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

Classification of Power Plant

Biomass Power Plant

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

Classification of Power Plant

Geothermal Power Plant

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

 Review of Thermodynamics Principle
1. Cycle is a series of two or more processes in which the final state is the
same as the initial state.
2. Vapor Power Cycle is a power generating cycle that uses steam or
water vapor as the working substance. This cycle differs from an
internal combustion engine cycle because the combustion occurs in
the boiler, unlike that of an IC engine where combustion occurs inside
the working cylinders.
3. Pure Substance is a substance that has a fixed chemical composition
throughout.
4. Steam is defined as water vapor suspended in the air. It is produced by
heating water and carries large quantities of heat within itself.
5. Saturation Temperature is the temperature at which liquid start to boil or
the temperature at which vapors begin to condensate.
e.g. Water boils at 100°C at atmospheric condition (101.325 kPa)
Steam condenses at 311.06°C at 10 MPa

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

 Review of Thermodynamics Principle
6. Subcooled Liquid is one that has a temperature lower than the
saturation temperature corresponding to the existing pressure.
e.g. Liquid water at 60°C and 101.325 kPa is a subcooled liquid.
From steam table, at 101.325 kPa = 100°C
7. Compressed Liquid is one that has a pressure higher than the saturation
pressure corresponding to the existing temperature.
e.g. Liquid water at 110 kPa and 100°C is compressed liquid.
From steam table, at 100°C = 101.325 kPa
8. Saturated Liquid is a liquid at the saturation (saturation temperature or
saturation pressure) which has a temperature equal to the boiling point
corresponding to the existing pressure. It is pure liquid(no vapor
content)
e.g. Liquid water at 233.90°C and 3 MPa
From steam table, tsat at 3MPa = 233.90°C

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

 Review of Thermodynamics Principle
9. Vapor is the name given to a gaseous phase that is in contact with the
liquid phase, or that is in the vicinity of a state where some of it might
be condensed.
10. Saturated Vapor is a vapor at the saturation conditions (saturation
temperature and saturation pressure). It is 100% vapor (no liquid or
moisture content)
e.g. Steam at 212.42°C and 2 MPa
11. Superheated Vapor is a vapor having a temperature higher than the
saturation temperature corresponding to the existing pressure.
e.g. Steam at 300°C and 5 MPa
From steam table, tsat at 5MPa = 263.99°C

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

 Review of Thermodynamics Principle
12. Degrees of Superheat (°SH) is the difference between the actual
temperature of superheated vapor and the saturation temperature
for the existing pressure.
°SH = actual superheated temperature – tsat at existing pressure
e.g. Determine the degrees of SH of superheated steam at 200°C and
101.325 kPa.
°SH = 200-100 = 100°C (tsat at 101.325 kPa = 100°C)
13. Degrees of Subcooled (°SB) is the difference between the saturation
temperature for the given pressure and the actual subcooled liquid
temp.
°SB = tsat at given Pressure – actual liquid temperature
e.g. Determine the degrees of SB of liquid water at 90°C and 101.325
kPa.
°SB = 100-90 = 10°C (tsat at 101.325 kPa = 100°C)

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

 Review of Thermodynamics Principle
14. Wet Vapor is the combination of saturated vapor and saturated
liquid.
15. Quality (x) is the percent by weight that is saturated vapor.
x = (mg/m) x 100; where m = mf + mg
16. Moisture (y) is the percent by weight that is saturated liquid.
y = mf/m x 100; where m = mf + mg
For saturated liquid: y=100%, x=0%
For saturated vapor: y=0%, x=100%
For wet vapor: 0 < x < 100 & 0 < y < 100
17. Latent Heat of Vaporization is the amount of heat added to/remove
from the substance in order to convert it from saturated
liquid/saturated vapor to saturated vapor/saturated liquid with the
temperature remaining constant.
e.g. hfg at 100°C = 2257.0 kJ/kg

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

 Review of Thermodynamics Principle
18. Critical Point is the point that represents the highest temperature at
which liquid and vapor can coexist in equilibrium.
19. Triple Point is the point where solid, liquid, and vapor are present.
20. Sensible Heat is the heat that causes a change in temperature
without a change in phase.
e.g. Heat is added in raising the temperature of steam from 100°C at
101.325 kPa to 150°C
21. Latent Heat is the heat that causes a change in phase without a
change in temperature
e.g. Heat added converting 1 kg of water at 100°C and 101.325kPa to
1 kg of steam at 100°C and 101.325 kPa

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

 Law of Thermodynamics
0 – Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics - If two thermodynamic systems are in
thermal equilibrium with a third system separately, then they are in
thermal equilibrium with each other.
1 – First Law of Thermodynamics - Energy can neither be created nor be
destroyed, it can only be transferred from one form to another.
2 – Second Law of Thermodynamics - The entropy of any isolated system
always increases.
Kelvin-Planck Statement (for heat engine) – it is impossible for any
device that operates on a cycle to receive heat from a single
reservoir and produce a net amount of work. In other words, no heat
engine can have a thermal efficiency of 100%.
Clausius Statement (for heat pump) – it is impossible to construct a
device that operates in a cycle and produces no effect other than
the transfer of heat from a lower temp. body to a higher temp. body.
3 – Third Law of Thermodynamics - the entropy of a system approaches a
constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero.

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

 Vapor Power Cycle

Rankine Cycle

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 Vapor Power Cycle

Reheat Cycle

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 Vapor Power Cycle

Regenerative Cycle (with 1 open feedwater heater)

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan

 Vapor Power Cycle

Reheat-Regenerative Cycle

Prepared by: Engr. Anthony Vic C. Agulan