5/8/22, 7:18 AM rom vs.

ram

Memory

MEMORY

Internal storage areas in the computer The term memory identifies data storage that comes in the form of

chips, and the word storage is used for memory that exists on tapes or disks. Moreover, the term memory is
usually used as a shorthand for physical memory, which refers to the actual chips capable of holding data.
Some computers also use virtual memory, which expands physical memory onto a hard disk.
Every computer comes with a certain amount of physical memory, usually referred to as main memory or
RAM. You can think of main memory as an array of boxes, each of which can hold a single byte of information.
A computer that has 1 megabyte of memory, therefore, can hold about 1 million bytes (or characters) of
information.

Memory Manufacturers Corsair, Kingston, Rambus, Crucial, Samsung, PNY, Micron

Memory Terminology

Memory speed - measured in nanoseconds, this is the time to access data that is stored in memory
the lower the nanoseconds the faster the memory (2ns-80ns)

Parity - A simple error checking method use in memory correction

ECC-Error correction code use in memory correction for newer computers

Buffer vs. Unbuffer
Registered vs. Un Registered

Memory Banks - A socket where memory is installed Example 4 banks will have 8MB of memory each for a
total of 32MB

There are several different types of memory:

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240-pin DIMM----------------------------- DDR3 SDRAM

288-pin DIMM--------------------------------DDR4/5 SDRAM

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ROM or Read Only Memory, Computers almost always contain a small amount of read-only memory that
holds instructions for starting up the computer. Unlike RAM, ROM cannot be written to. It is non-volatile which
means once you turn off the computer the information is still there.

PROM, short for programmable read-only memory A PROM is a memory chip on which data can be written
only once. Once a program has been written onto a PROM, it remains there forever. Unlike RAM, PROM's
retain their contents when the computer is turned off. The difference between a PROM and a ROM (read-only
memory) is that a PROM is manufactured as blank memory, whereas a ROM is programmed during the
manufacturing process. To write data onto a PROM chip, you need a special device called a PROM
programmer or PROM burner. The process of programming a PROM is sometimes called burning the PROM.

EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory) is a special type of PROM that can be erased by
exposing it to ultraviolet light. Once it is erased, it can be reprogrammed. An EEPROM is similar to a PROM,
but requires only electricity to be erased.

EEPROM- Acronym for electrically erasable programmable read-only memory. Pronounced double-ee-prom or
e-e-prom, an EEPROM is a special type of PROM that can be erased by exposing it to an electrical charge.
Like other types of PROM, EEPROM retains its contents even when the power is turned off. Also like other
types of ROM, EEPROM is not as fast as RAM. EEPROM is similar to flash memory (sometimes called flash
EEPROM). The principal difference is that EEPROM requires data to be written or erased one byte at a time
whereas flash memory allows data to be written or erased in blocks. This makes flash memory faster.

RAM (Random Access Memory) is a temporary (Volatile) storage area utilized by the CPU. Before a
program can be ran the program is loaded into the memory which allows the CPU direct access to the
program.

2 Types of RAM

SRAM Short for static random access memory, and pronounced ess-ram. SRAM is a type of memory that is
faster and more reliable than the more common DRAM (dynamic RAM). The term static is derived from the
fact that it doesn't need to be refreshed like dynamic RAM.
SRAM is often used only as a memory cache usually found in the CPU (L1, L2 and L3 Cache)

DRAM stands for dynamic random access memory, a type of memory used in most personal computers.

Types of DRAM Packages and DRAM Memory

LAPTOP MEMORY

(72, 144, 200, 204, 260) SO-DIMM

SO-DIMM Short for Small Outline DIMM, a small version of a DIMM used commonly in notebook computers.
72 supports 32bit and 144 and 200 SO-DIMM pins supports a full 64-bit transfer.

(144, 172) Micro-DIMM

Micro-DIMM Short for Micro Dual Inline Memory Module, a competing memory used on laptops, mostly
supports 144 and 172 pins.

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SIMM Acronym for single in-line memory module, a small circuit board that can hold a group of memory chips.
Typically, SIMM's holds up 8 (on Macintoshes) or 9 (on PCs) RAM chips. On PCs, the ninth chip is often used
for parity error checking. Unlike memory chips, SIMM's is measured in bytes rather than bits. SIMM's is easier
to install than individual memory chips. A SIMM is either 30 or 72 pins.

30 pin SIMM (Usually FPM or EDO RAM)

FPM RAM Short for Fast Page Mode RAM, a type of Dynamic RAM (DRAM) that allows faster access to data
in the same row or page. Page-mode memory works by eliminating the need for a row address if data is
located in the row previously accessed. It is sometimes called page mode memory.

72 pin SIMM (EDO RAM)

EDO DRAM Short for Extended Data Output Dynamic Random Access Memory, a type of DRAM that is faster
than conventional DRAM. Unlike conventional DRAM which can only access one block of data at a time, EDO
RAM can start fetching the next block of memory at the same time that it sends the previous block to the CPU.

DIMM Short for dual in-line memory module, a small circuit board that holds memory chips. A single in-line
memory module (SIMM) has a 32-bit path to the memory chips whereas a DIMM has 64-bit path. Because the
Pentium processor requires a 64-bit path to memory, you need to install SIMM's two at a time. With DIMM's,
you can install memory one DIMM at a time. A DIMM contains 168 pins.

168 pin DIMM (SDRAM)

SDRAM Short for Synchronous DRAM, a new type of DRAM that can run at much higher clock speeds than
conventional memory. SDRAM actually synchronizes itself with the CPU's bus and is capable of running at
133 MHz, about three times faster than conventional FPM RAM, and about twice as fast EDO DRAM .
SDRAM is replacing EDO DRAM in many newer computers
SDRAM delivers data in high speed burst

184 pin DIMM (DDR-SDRAM)

DDR SDRAM Short for Double Data Rate-Synchronous DRAM, a type of SDRAM that supports data transfers
on both edges of each clock cycle, effectively doubling the memory chip's data throughput. DDR-SDRAM is
also called SDRAM II.

240 DIMM (DDR2-SDRAM)

DDR2-SDRAM Short for Double Data Rate Synchronous DRAM 2 is a type of DDR that supports
higher's speeds than it's predecessor DDR SDRAM
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240 DIMM (DDR3-SDRAM)

DDR3-SDRAM Short for Double Data Rate Synchronous DRAM 3 is the newest type of DDR that supports
the fastest speed of all the SDRAM memory

184 pin RIMM (RDRAM)

RIMM Rambus Inline Memory Module, The memory module used with RDRAM chips. It is similar to a DIMM
package but uses different pin settings. Rambus trademarked the term RIMM as an entire word. It is the term
used for a module using Rambus technology. It is sometimes incorrectly used as an acronym for Rambus
Inline Memory Module. A RIMM contains 184 or 232pins. Note must use all sockets in RIMM installation or
use C_RIMM to terminate banks

232 pin RIMM (RDRAM)

RDRAM Short for Rambus DRAM, a type of memory (DRAM) developed by Rambus, Inc.
In 1997, Intel announced that it would license the Rambus technology for use on its future motherboards, thus
making it the likely de facto standard for memory architectures.

CLICK HERE for a picture and more information on RIMM Installation

SIMM and DIMM Sockets

SDRAM Chart

  168 DIMM (SDRAM)

Module Module Chip Clock Cycles Per Bus Bus Transfer

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Standard Format Type Speed clock Speed Width Rate
(MHz) (Bytes) (MB/s)

PC66 SDR DIMM 10ns 66 1 66 8 533

PC100 SDR DIMM 8ns 100 1 100 8 800

PC133 SDR DIMM 7ns 133 1 133 8 1,066

DDR SDRAM Chart

184 DIMM (DDR-SDRAM)

Clock Bus Transfer

Module Module Chip Cycles Per Bus
Speed Width Rate
Standard Format Type clock Speed
(MHz) (Bytes) (MB/s)

PC1600 DDR DIMM DDR200 100 2 200 8 1,600

PC2100 DDR DIMM DDR266 133 2 266 8 2.133

PC2700 DDR DIMM DDR333 166 2 333 8 2,667

PC3200 DDR DIMM DDR400 200 2 400 8 3,200

PC4000 DDR DIMM DDR500 250 2 500 8 4,000

PC4300 DDR DIMM DDR533 266 2 533 8 4,266

DDR2 SDRAM Chart

240 DIMM (DDR2-SDRAM)

Clock Bus Transfer

Module Module Chip Cycles Per Bus
Speed Width Rate
Standard Format Type clock Speed
(MHz) (Bytes) (MB/s)

DDR2 DDR2-
PC2-3200 200 2 400 8 3,200
DIMM 400

DDR2 DDR2-
PC2-4300 266 2 533 8 4,266
DIMM 533

DDR2 DDR2-
PC2-5400 333 2 667 8 5,333
DIMM 667

DDR2 DDR2-
PC2-6400 400 2 800 8 6,400
DIMM 800

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240 DIMM (DDR3-SDRAM)

Clock Bus Transfer

Module Module Chip Cycles Per Bus
Speed Width Rate
Standard Format Type clock Speed
(MHz) (Bytes) (MB/s)

DDR3 DDR3-
PC3-6400 400 2 800 8 6,400
DIMM 800

DDR3 DDR3-
PC3-8500 533 2 1,066 8 8,500
DIMM 1066

DDR3 DDR3-
PC3-10600 667 2 1,334 8 10,670
DIMM 1333

DDR3 DDR3-
PC3-12800 800 2 1,600 8 12,800
DIMM 1600

RDRAM Chart

232 RIMM (RDRAM)

Clock Bus Transfer

Module Module Chip Cycles Per Bus
Speed Width Rate
Standard Format Type clock Speed
(MHz) (Bytes) (MB/s)

RIMM 1200 RIMM-16 PC600 300 2 600 2 1,200

RIMM 1400 RIMM-16 PC700 350 2 700 2 1,400

RIMM 1600 RIMM-16 PC800 400 2 800 2 1,600

RIMM 2100 RIMM-16 PC1066 533 2 1,066 2 2,133

RIMM 2400 RIMM-16 PC1200 600 2 1,200 2 2,400

RIMM 3200 RIMM-32 PC800 400 2 800 2 3,200

RIMM 4200 RIMM-32 PC1066 533 2 1,066 2 4,266

RIMM 4800 RIMM-32 PC1200 600 2 1,200 2 4,800

RAM Desktop Installation

Note RAM Memory Sticks come in the following sizes

8MB, 16MB, 32MB, 64MB, 128MB, 256MB, 512MB, 1GB, 2GB, 4GB and 8GB

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SIMM – Single Inline Memory Module Installation (30 or 72 pin)

1. Place SIMM in a 45 degree angle, push it upright to lock with the corresponding notch on the sides
2. Must be installed in same pairs
3. Must populate first two slots of the SIMM sockets in order for it to work

DIMM – Dual Inline Memory Module Installation (168, 184 or 240 pin)

1. The first thing you do is open the plastic retaining clips on each side of slots you are going to use.
2. Align the cut-out on the module pin connector with the engaging pin on the slot
3. Holding the module upright press down both ends.
4. When the module is correctly seated, retaining clips should lock automatically.
5. DIMM’s can be installed as a single pair (unless it states Dual Channel then you must install it in pairs)

RIMM – Rambus Inline Memory Module Installation (184 or 232 pin)

1. The first thing you do is open the plastic retaining clips on each side of slots you are going to use.
2. Align the cut-out on the module pin connector with the engaging pin on the slot
3. Holding the module upright press down both ends.
4. When the module is correctly seated, retaining clips should lock automatically.
5. Must populate all RIMM slots available
3. If not unpopulated slots must use CRIMM’s (Continuity Rambus Inline Memory Module)

Memory Troubleshooting

MEMORY (when installing use a ground strap because of ESD)

ESD (low and high humidity)
Mixed Memory usually equals fried memory
Parity Errors or ECC Errors (Memory correction errors)
SIMMS must be installed in pairs
RIMMS must be all installed in all slots or CRIMM's must be needed in unvacated RIMM slots
General Protection Fault (memory overwrite)
Not enough memory (computer is slow)
NMI -Non Maskable Interrupt will cause BSOD (Blue Screen of Death)
Multiple beeps when booting up check that memory is properly installed and working
No Video (Reseat memory)
Memory speeds set in BIOS/CMOS Setup
Virtual Memory (Page fault)
Chip Creep - Thermal expansion and contraction

Special Thanks to Rambus, Cosair, PNY, Viking, American Megatrends, Centon, Samsung, Crucial and Micron

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