From the graphs of y = sin x and y = cos x in Figures 3.18 and 3.

19, re-
spectively, we observe that sin(−x) = − sin x and cos(−x) = cos x for any real
number x. In other words, the graphs of y = cos(−x) and y = cos x are the same,
while the graph of y = sin(−x) is the same as that of y = − sin x.
In general, if a function f satisfies the property that f (−x) = f (x) for all x
in its domain, we say that such function is even. On the other hand, we say that
a function f is odd if f (−x) = −f (x) for all x in its domain. For example, the
functions x2 and cos x are even, while the functions x3 − 3x and sin x are odd.

3.3.2. Graphs of y = a sin bx and y = a cos bx

PY
Using a table of values from 0 to 2π, we can sketch the graph of y = 3 sin x, and
compare it to the graph of y = sin x. See Figure 3.20 wherein the solid curve
belongs to y = 3 sin x, while the dashed curve to y = sin x. For instance, if x = π2 ,
then y = 1 when y = sin x, and y = 3 when y = 3 sin x. The period, x-intercepts,
and domains are the same for both graphs, while they differ in the range. The

O
range of y = 3 sin x is [−3, 3].
C
E D

Figure 3.20
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In general, the graphs of y = a sin x and y = a cos x with a > 0 have the same
shape as the graphs of y = sin x and y = cos x, respectively. If a < 0, there is a
reflection across the x-axis.
D

In the graphs of y = a sin x and y = a cos x, the number |a| is called

Now, in Table 3.21, we consider the values of y = sin 2x on [0, 2π].

147
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electronic or mechanical including photocopying – without written permission from the DepEd Central Office. First Edition, 2016.
 π π π π 2π 3π 5π
x 0 6 4 3 2 3 4 6
π
√ √ √ √
3 3 3 3
y 0 2
1 2
0 − 2
−1 − 2
0
0 0.87 1 0.87 0 −0.87 −1 −0.87 0

7π 5π 4π 3π 5π 7π 11π
x 6 4 3 2 3 4 6
2π
√ √ √ √
3 3 3
y 2
1 2
0 − 2
−1 − 23 0
0.87 1 0.87 0 −0.87 −1 −0.87 0
Table 3.21

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C
Figure 3.22
E D

Figure 3.22 shows the graphs of y = sin 2x (solid curve) and y = sin x (dashed
curve) over the interval [0, 2π]. Notice that, for sin 2x to generate periodic values
similar to [0, 2π] for y = sin x, we just need values of x from 0 to π. We then
EP

expect the values of sin 2x to repeat every π units thereafter. The period of
y = sin 2x is π.

2π
If b 6= 0, then both y = sin bx and y = cos bx have period given by .
D

|b|
If 0 < |b| < 1, the graphs are stretched horizontally, and if |b| > 1, the
graphs are shrunk horizontally.

To sketch the graphs of y = a sin bx and y = a cos bx, a, b 6= 0, we may proceed

(1) Determine the amplitude |a|, and find the period 2π|b|
. To draw one cycle
of the graph (that is, one complete graph for one period), we just need to
complete the graph from 0 to 2π
|b|
.

148
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electronic or mechanical including photocopying – without written permission from the DepEd Central Office. First Edition, 2016.
 (2) Divide the interval into four equal parts, and get five division points: x1 = 0,
x2 , x3 , x4 , and x5 = 2π
|b|
, where x3 is the midpoint between x1 and x5 (that
1
is, 2 (x1 + x5 ) = x3 ), x2 is the midpoint between x1 and x3 , and x4 is the
midpoint between x3 and x5 .

(3) Evaluate the function at each of the five x-values identified in Step 2. The
points will correspond to the highest point, lowest point, and x-intercepts
of the graph.

(4) Plot the points found in Step 3, and join them with a smooth curve similar
to the graph of the basic sine curve.

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(5) Extend the graph to the right and to the left, as needed.

Example 3.3.1. Sketch the graph of one cycle of y = 2 sin 4x.

2π
Solution. (1) The period is 4
= π2 , and the amplitude is 2.

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(2) Dividing the interval [0, π2 ] into 4 equal parts, we get the following x-
coordinates: 0, π8 , π4 , 3π
8
, and π2 . C
(3) When x = 0, π4 , and π2 , we get y = 0. On the other hand, when x = π8 , we
have y = 2 (the amplitude), and y = −2 when x = 3π 8
.

(4) Draw a smooth curve by connecting the points. There is no need to proceed
D
to Step 5 because the problem only asks for one cycle.
E
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D

Example 3.3.2. Sketch the graph of y = −3 cos x2 .

2π
Solution. (1) The amplitude is | − 3| = 3, and the period is 1 = 4π.
2

(2) We divide the interval [0, 4π] into four equal parts, and we get the following
x-values: 0, π, 2π, 3π, and 4π.

149
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electronic or mechanical including photocopying – without written permission from the DepEd Central Office. First Edition, 2016.
 (3) We have y = 0 when x = π and 3π, y = −3 when x = 0 and 4π, and y = 3
when x = 2π.

(4) We trace the points in Step 3 by a smooth curve.

(5) We extend the pattern in Step 4 to the left and to the right.

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Example 3.3.3. Sketch the graph of two cycles of y = 21 sin − 2x


3
.

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Solution. Since the sine function is odd, the graph of y = 12 sin − 2x


3
is the same
1 2x
as that of y = − 2 sin 3 . C 2π
(1) The amplitude is 12 , and the period is 2 = 3π.
3
D
(2) Dividing the interval [0, 3π] into four equal parts, we get the x-coordinates
of the five important points:
E

0 + 3π 3π 0 + 3π
2 3π 3π
2
+ 3π 9π
= , = , = .
2 2 2 4 2 4
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3π
(3) We get y = 0 when x = 0, 2
, and 3π, y = − 21 when 3π
4
, and y = 1
2
when
9π
4
.

(4) We trace the points in Step 3 by a smooth curve.

(5) We extend the pattern in Step 4 by one more period to the right.

150
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electronic or mechanical including photocopying – without written permission from the DepEd Central Office. First Edition, 2016.