Chapter

13
Principles of Metallurgy

In class 8 you have studied about certain properties of metals like,

malleability, ductility, sonarity etc. Metals play an important role in our
daily life. We use various metals for various purposes like gold and silver
as jewellary, copper, iron, alluminium for making conducting wires and
for making utensils etc. We use many house hold articles made up of metals
and their alloys at our home.
• Can you mention some articles that are made up of metals?
• Do metals exist in nature in the form same as that we use in our daily
life?
• Have you ever heard the words like ore, mineral and metallurgy?
• Do you know how these metals are obtained?
To understand these questions you need to know about metallurgy. In
this chapter we discuss various concepts related to metallurgy and the
process by which we are able to obtain the pure form of metal that we use
in our daily life.
“Metallurgy is the process of extraction of metals from their ores”.
Human history in terms of materials had the Bronze Age and Iron Age
pertaining to the metals they started to use the bronze (an alloy of copper
and tin) and iron. Now we have more than 75% metals among the elements
available.
Occurrence of the metals in nature
• How the metals are present in nature?
The earth’s crust is the major source of metals. Sea water also contains
some soluble salts such as sodium chloride and magnesium chloride etc.
286 X Class Principles of Metallurgy
Some metals like gold (Au), silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) are available in
nature in free state (native) as they are least reactive. Other metals mostly
are found in nature in the combined form due to their more reactivity. The
elements or compounds of the metals which occur in nature in the earth
crust are called minerals. At some places, minerals contain a very high
percentage of a particular metal and the metal can be profitably extracted
from it. The minerals from which the metals are extracted without
economical loss are called ores.
Aluminium, for example, is the most common metal in the Earth’s
crust, occurring in most of minerals. However, it isn’t economically
feasible to extract it from most of these minerals. Instead, the usual ore
from which it is profitable to extract it is bauxite – which contains from
50 – 70 % of aluminium oxide .

Think and discuss

• Do you agree with the statement “All ores are minerals but all
minerals need not be ores?” Why?

Activity 1
Look at the following ores.
Identify the metal present in each ore.

Table - 1

ORE Formula metal ORE Formula metal

Bauxite (Al2O3 2H2O) Al Zincite (ZnO) Zn
Copper Iron Pyrites (CuFeS2) Cu Rock salt (NaCl) Na
Zinc Blende (ZnS) Zn Cinnabar (HgS) Hg
Magnesite (MgCO3) Mg Magnetite (Fe3O4) Fe
Epsom salt (MgSO4 7H2O) Mg Galena (PbS) Pb
Horn Silver (AgCl) Ag Gypsum (CaSO4 2H2O) Ca
Pyrolusite (MnO2) Mn Lime stone (CaCO3) Ca

Haematite (Fe2O3) Fe Carnallite (KCl MgCl2 6H2O) Mg

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 Now try to classify them as shown in the table.
Table - 2
I
Oxides Sulphides Chlorides Carbonates Sulphates

• What metals can we get from the ores mentioned in the Table – 1?
• Can you arrange these metals in the order of their reactivity?
• What do you notice in Table – 2?
You will notice that the ores of many metals are oxides and sulphides.
This is why oxygen - sulphur (16th group) group is called chalcogen family
(chalco = ore; genus = produce)
The metals like K, Na, Ca, Mg and Al are so reactive that they are
never found in nature in free state.
The metals like Zn, Fe, Pb etc., are moderately reactive. They are found
in the earth crust mainly as oxides, sulphides and carbonates.
Metals like Au, Ag are least reactive and they are found even in free
state in nature.
Based on reactivity we can arrange metal in descending order of their
reactivity as shown below:
K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al Zn, Fe, Pb, Cu Ag, Au
––––––––––––––– ––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––
High reactivity Moderate reactivity Low reactivity
• Can you think how do we get these metals from their ores?
• Does the reactivity of a metal and form of its ore (oxides, sulphides,
chlorides, carbonates sulphates) has any relation with process of
extraction?
• How are metals extracted from mineral ores?
• What methods are to be used?
Let us find.
Extraction of metals from the ores:
The extraction of a metal from its ore involves mainly three stages.
They are:
I) Concentration or Dressing
II) Extraction of crude metal
III)Refining or purification of the metal.
288 X Class Principles of Metallurgy
 Ore Hand picking
by Washing
Concentration of ore
Froth flotation
Magnetic Separation
Extraction of crude
metal from the ore

Metals of high Metals of medium Metals of low

reactivity reactivity reactivity

Sulphide ore

Halides Oxides Carbonate Sulphide Roasting

ore ore

Oxides
Electrolysis of Calcination Roasting
molten ore
Reduction
Metal Oxide ofmetal Metal
(eg: Na, Mg, Al, etc.,)

Chemical Reduction Reduction of metal Refining

(eg:Ag)
Auto Reduction
Displacement method Refining of metal
(eg. Cu, Zn, etc.,) Distillation
Electrolytic reduction
Poling
Liquation
Electrolytic refining

I. Concentration or Dressing of the ore

Ores that are mined from the earth are usually contaminated with large
amount of impurities such as soil and sand etc.
Concentration or Dressing means, simply getting rid of as much of
the unwanted rocky material as possible from the ore. The impurities like
clay are called gangue. Here, we should get as for as possible pure or
more concentrated ore.
Enrichment (concentration) of the ore: Various physical methods are
used to enrich the ore. In many cases, it is possible to separate the metal
compound from unwanted rocky material by physical means. An example
for this is froth flotation.
The physical methods adopted in dressing of the ore (or) enriching of
the ore depends upon difference between physical properties of ore and
gangue.
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 Table-3

Name of the Process

method

Hand picking If the ore particles and the impurities are different in
one of the properties like colour, size etc., Using that
property the ore particles are handpicked separating
them from other impurities.
Washing Ore particles are crushed and kept on a slopy surface.
They are washed with controlled flow of water. Less
densive impurities are carried away by water flow,
leaving the more densive ore particles behind.
Froth floatation This method is mainly useful for sulphide ores which
have no wetting property whereas the impurities get
wetted. The ore with impurities is finely powdered and
kept in water taken in a flotation cell. Air under pressure
is blown to produce froth in water. Froth so produced,
takes the ore particles to the surface whereas impurities
settle at the bottom. Froth is separated and washed to
get ore particles.(see fig.1)
Magnetic separation If the ore or impurity, one of them is magnetic substance
and the other non-magnetic substance they are separated
using electromagnets. (see Fig.2)

Froth bubbles
carrying sulphide Powdered ore
ore particles Compressed
Air
Magnetic
wheel
Sulphide ore Non
particles Magnetic
wheel
Water Moving belt
containing
pine oil
Gangue Non Magnetic ore Magnetic ore
fig-2: Magnetic separation
fig-1: Froth floatation process for the
concentration of sulphide ores

There are some other methods also for dressing which you will learn at higher classes.

290 X Class Principles of Metallurgy

 Reactivity of Metals Table-4

Metals Action of Reaction with Reaction with Reaction with dilute Reaction with
Oxygen cold water steam strong Acids chlorine on heating

Form Na2O, K2O

K K to Mg displace
in limited supply of All metals react with
H2 from cold
O2 but form K to Fe displace Chlorine on heating toform
water with
peroxides in excess H2 with steam K to Pb displace H2 their respective Chlorides
Na decreasing
of O2 without decreasing from dilute strong but with decreasing
reactivity
reactivity. acids with decreasing reactivity from top to

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{K violently but
{K very violently reactivity. bottom. This is understood
Burn with Mg very slowly}
Ca but Fe very {K-explosively, from the heat evolved
decreasing vigour when the metal reacts with
slowly} Mg-very vigorously,
Mg to form oxides one mole of Chlorine gas
Fe-steadily,
CaO, MgO, to form Chloride.
Al Pb-very slowly}
Al2O3, ZnO,
Zn Fe2O3 From Al to Au do
not displace H2
Fe from cold water

Pb Don’t burn, but

KCl, NaCl, CaCl2,
only form a surface
From Pb to Au MgCl2, Al2Cl3, ZnCl2,
Cu layer of oxide
donot displace H2
PbO, CuO, HgO Cu to Au do not FeCl3, PbCl2, CuCl2,
Hg from steam
displace H2 from HgCl2, AgCl, PtCl3
Ag Don’t burn or dilute strong acids and AuCl3 are formed
oxidise even on
Pt the surface

291
Au
 II Extraction of crude metal from the ore
Extraction of the metal from its ores depends on the reactivity of the
metal. To understand the order of reactivity of metals that are very familiar,
we study their chemical reactions with cold water, steam, dilute strong
acids and Cl2 and based on their vigorous activity order in these reactions
we frame out activity series. Arrangement of the metals in decreasing order
of their reactivity is known as activity series. (See table - 4)
Reduction of purified ore to the metal
The method used for a particular metal for the reduction of its ore to
the metal depends mainly on the position of the metal in the activity series.
A) Extraction of Metals at the top of the activity series
(K, Na, Ca, Mg and Al). Simple chemical reduction methods like
heating with C, CO etc to reduce the ores of these metals are not feasible.
The temperature required for the reduction is too high and more expensive.
To make the process economical, electrolysis methods are to be adopted.
Again the electrolysis of their aqueous solutions also is not feasible
because water in the solution would be discharged at the cathode in
preference to the metal ions.
The only method viable is to extract these metals by electrolysis of
their fused compounds. For example to extract Na from NaCl, fused NaCl
is electrolysed with steel cathode (-) and graphite anode (+). The metal
(Na) will be deposited at cathode and chloride liberated at the anode.
At Cathode 2Na+ + 2e– 2Na
At Anode 2Cl – Cl2 + 2e–
For the above electrolysis, a large quantity of electricity is required
to keep the ore in molten state. Suitable impurities are added to the ore to
decrease its melting point.
B) Extraction of metals in the middle of the activity series
(Zinc, iron, tin, lead and copper): The ores of these metals are generally
present as sulphides or carbonates in nature. Therefore prior to reduction
of ores of these metals, they must be converted into metal oxides.
Sulphide ores are converted into oxides by heating them strongly in
excess of air. This process is known as roasting. Generally the sulphide

292 X Class Principles of Metallurgy

ores are roasted to convert them into oxides before reducing them to
metal.

Eg: 2PbS + 3O2 2PbO + 2SO2

The metal oxides are then reduced to the corresponding metal by using
suitable reducing agent such as carbon
i) Reduction of metal oxides with carbon: The oxides are reduced
by coke in a closed furnace which gives the metal and carbon monoxide
(CO).
at 1400 oC
Eg: PbO + C ––––––––––> Pb + CO

ii) Reduction of oxide ores with CO.

in blast furnace
Eg: Fe2O3 + 3CO ––––––––––––> 2Fe + 3CO2

iii) Auto (self) reduction of sulphide ores: In the extraction of Cu

from its sulphide ore, the ore is subjected partial roasting in air to give its
oxide.

2Cu2S + 3O2 2Cu2O + 2SO2

When the supply of air is stopped and the temperature is raised. The
rest of the sulphide reacts with oxide and forms the metal and SO2.

2Cu2O + Cu2S 6Cu + 2SO2

iv)Reduction of ores (compounds) by more reactive metals.
Thermite process involves the reaction of metal oxides with
aluminium. When highly reactive metals such as sodium, calcium,
aluminium etc., are used as reducing agents, they displace metals of lower
reactivity from the compound. These displacement reactions are highly
exothermic. The amount of heat evolved is so large that the metals
produced are in molten state.

850 oC
Eg: TiCl4 + 2Mg ––––––––––––>Ti + 2MgCl2

850 oC
TiCl4 + 4Na ––––––––––––> Ti + 4NaCl

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 The reaction of Iron (III) oxide (Fe2O3), with aluminium is used to
join railings of railway tracks or cracked machine parts. This reaction is
known as the thermite reaction.
2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe + Heat
2Al + Cr2O3 Al2O3 + 2Cr + Heat

fig-3(a) fig-3(b) fig-3(c)

C) Extraction of metals at the bottom of the activity series

(Ag, Hg etc)
Metals at the bottom of the activity series are often found in free
state. Their reactivity with other atoms is very low. The oxides of these
metals can be reduced to metals by heat alone and sometimes by
displacement from their aqueous solutions.
i) When cinnabar (HgS) whch is an ore of mercury, heated in air, it is
first converted into (HgO) then reduced to mercury on further heating.
Eg: 2HgS + 3O2 ––––> 2HgO + 2SO2 ––––> 2HgO –––> 2Hg + O2
Heat Heat Heat

ii) Displacement from aqueous solutions:

Eg: Ag2S + 4CN- 2[Ag(CN)2]- + S2-
2[Ag(CN)2]- (aq) + Zn(s) [Zn(CN)4]2- (aq) + 2Ag (s)
Here Ag2S is dissolved in say KCN solution to get dicyanoargentate
(I) ions. From these ions Ag is precipitated by treating with Zn dust powder.
III. Purification of the crude metal
The metal obtained by the reduction of the ore is usually contaminated
with impurities like unchanged ore, other metals present in the ore and
non metals from the anions in the ore.
For example, the (blister) copper obtained from its sulphide ore, a
compound of copper iron pyrites (CuFeS2), contains some copper sulphide,
iron and sulphur. It is purified by suitable methods including electrolysis.
The process of obtaining the pure metal from the impure metal is called
refining of the metal. Refining of the metal involves several types of
processes. Some refining methods are given below:
294 X Class Principles of Metallurgy
 a) Distillation (b) Poling (c) Liquation (d) Electrolysis etc.
The process that has to be adopted for purification of a given metal
depends on the nature of the metal and its impurities?
a) Distillation: This method is very useful for purification of low
boiling metals like zinc and mercury containing high boiling metals as
impurities. The extracted metal in the molten state is distilled to obtain
the pure metal as distillate.
b) Poling: The molten metal is stirred with logs (poles) of green wood.
The impurities are removed either as gases or they get oxidized and form
scum (slag) over the surface of the molten metal. Blister copper is purified
by this method. The reducing gases, evolved from the wood, prevent the
oxidation of copper.
c) Liquation: In this method a low melting metal like tin can be made
to flow on a slopy surface to separate it from high melting impurities.
d) Electrolytic refining: In this method, the impure metal is made
to act as anode. A strip of the same metal in pure form is used as cathode.
They are put in a suitable electrolytic bath containing soluble salt of the
same metal. The required metal gets deposited on the cathode in the pure
form. The metal, constituting the impurity, goes as the anode mud. The
reactions are:
Anode: M Mn+ + ne-
Cathode: Mn+ + ne- M
(M = pure metal )
Where n = 1,2,3, ...
We use this electrolytic method
to refine copper.
For this an impure copper is fig-4: Experimental setup for the electrolytic
taken as anode and pure copper strips refining of copper
are taken as cathode. The electrolyte
is an acidified solution of copper sulphate. As a result of electrolysis
copper in pure form is transferred from the anode to the cathode.
Anode: Cu Cu2+ + 2e-
Cathode: Cu2+ + 2e- Cu
The soluble impurities go into the solution, where as insoluble
impurities from the blister copper get deposited at the bottom of anode as
anode mud which contains antimony selenium, tellurium, silver, gold and
platinum; recovery of these elements may meet the cost of refining.
Zinc may also be refined this way.
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 Corrosion
The rusting of iron (iron oxide), tarnishing of silver (silver sulphide),
development of green coating on copper (copper carbonate) and bronze
are some of the examples of corrosion.
• Do you know why corrosion occurs?
Let us find
Activity 2
• Take three test tubes and place clean iron nails in each of them.
• Label these test tubes A,B and C. pour some water in test tube A and
cork it.
• Pour boiled distilled water in test tube B, add about 1 ml of oil and
cork it. The oil will float on water and prevent the air from dissolving
in the water.
• Put some anhydrous calcium chloride in test
tube C and cork it. Anhydrous calcium chloride
Air Air Dry
air
will absorb the moisture, if any, from the air.
Layer Leave these test tubes for a few days and then
of oil
observe (see figure).
Rusty
iron
nails
You will observe that iron nails rust in test
tube A, but they do not rust in test tubes B and C.
Water In the test tube A. The nails are exposed to both
Boiled Anhydrous
air and water. In the test tube B, the nails are
distilled water calcium chloride exposed to only water, and the nails in test tube
fig-5: Investigating the conditions
under which iron rusts C are exposed to dry air.
• What does this tell us about the conditions
under which iron articles rust?
In metallic corrosion, a metal is oxidised by loss of electrons generally
to oxygen and results in the formation of oxides. Corrosion of iron
(commonly known as rusting) occurs in presence of water and air.
The chemistry of corrosion is quite complex but it may be considered
essentially as an electrochemical phenomenon. During corrosion at a
particular spot on the surface of an object made of iron, oxidation takes
place and that spot behaves as anode. We can write the reaction as.
Anode: 2Fe(s) 2Fe2+ + 4e–
296 X Class Principles of Metallurgy
 Electrons released at this anodic spot move through the metal and go
to another spot on the metal and reduce oxygen at that spot in presence of
H+ (which is believed to be available from H2CO3 formed due to dissolution
of carbon dioxide from air into water in moist air condition of atmosphere.
Hydrogen ion in water may also be available due to dissolution of other
acidic oxides from the atmosphere). This spot behaves as cathode with the
reaction is.
Cathode: O2(g) + 4H+ (aq) + 4e- 2H2 O(l)
The overall reaction is: 2Fe(s)+O2(g)+4H (aq) 2Fe2+(aq)+2H2O(l)
+

The ferrous ions are further oxidised by atmospheric oxygen to ferric

ions which come out as rust in the form of hydrated ferric oxide
(Fe2O3.XH2O) and with further production of hydrogen ions.
Prevention of corrosion
Prevention of corrosion is of prime importance. It not only saves money
but also helps in preventing accidents such as a bridge collapse or failure
of a key component due to corrosion.
One of the simplest methods of preventing corrosion is to prevent the
surface of the metallic object to come in contact with atmosphere. This
can be done by covering the surface with paint or by some chemicals
(eg: bisphenol).
Another simple method is to cover the surface by other metals
(Sn, Zn etc) that are inert or react themselves with atmosphere to save the
object. This is generally done by electroplating.
An electrochemical method is to provide a sacrificial electrode of
another metal (like Mg, Zn etc) which corrodes itself but saves the object.

Do you know?

Alloying is a method of improving the properties of a metal. We can get desired

properties by this method. For example, iron is the most widely used metal. But it
is never used in its pure state. This is because pure iron is very soft and stretches
easily when hot. But, if it is mixed with a small amount of carbon, it becomes hard
and strong. When iron is mixed with nickel and chromium we get stainless steel
which will not rust. Pure gold, known as 24 carat gold, is very soft. It is, therefore,
not suitable for making jewellery. It is alloyed with either silver or copper to
make it hard. Generally in India 22carat gold is used for making ornaments. It
means that 22 parts of pure gold is alloyed with 2 parts of either silver or copper.
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 A few important processes used in metallurgy
Smelting: Smelting is a pyrochemical (pyre = heat) process, in which
the ore is mixed with flux and fuel and strongly heated. The heat is so strong
that the ore is reduced to even metal as in the case of iron (Fe), and the metal
is obtained in molten state. During smelting the impurities (gangue) in the
ore react with flux to form slag which is removed. For haematite (Fe2O3)ore,
coke is used as fuel and lime stone (CaCO3) is used as flux. The smelting is
carried out in a specially built furnace known as blast furnace.

The reactions inside the furnace are:

2C(s) + O2 (g) ––––> 2CO(g)
Fuel

Skip
car Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) ––––> 2Fe(l) + 3CO2(g)
haematite
Charge
hoppers
CaCO3(s) ––––> CaO(s) + CO2 (g)
Limestone(flux) lime
∼200 oC

CaO(s) + SiO2(s) ––––> CaSiO3(l)

∼700 oC Waste
gases Lime silica(gangue) calcium silicate(slag)
Reduction
Alternating
layers of iron
ore and coke Roasting: Roasting is a pyrochemical process
Heat
∼1200 Co absorption in which the ore is heated in the presence of
zone
oxygen or air below its melting point. The products
Fusion Hot air (like metal oxide from sulphide ore) obtained in
zone
the process also are in solid state. Generally
∼2000 oC Combustion
zone reverberatory furnace is used for roasting.
Molten Molten iron 2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g) ––––> 2ZnO(s) + 2SO2(g)
slag
zinc blende

fig-6: Blast furance

Ore

Hearth

Fire
fig-7: Reverberatory box
furnace
298 X Class Principles of Metallurgy
 Calcination: Calcination is a pyrochemical process in which the
ore is heated in the absence of air. The ore gets generally decomposed in
the process.
Eg: MgCO3(s) MgO(s) + CO2(g)
CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Flux: Flux is a substance added to the ore to remove the gangue from
it by reacting with the gangue. If the impurity (gangue) is acidic substance
like SiO2, basic substance like CaO is used as flux and if the impurity is of
basic nature like FeO acidic flux like SiO2 is added to the gangue.
CaO(s) + SiO2(s) ––––> CaSiO3(l)
flux silica(gangue) calcium silicate(slag)

FeO(s) + SiO2(s) ––––> FeSiO3(l)

gangue flux calcium silicate(slag)

• What is the role of furnace in metallurgy?

• How they bear large amounts of heat?
• Do all furnaces have same structure?
Let us see:
Furnace: Furnace is the one which is used to carry out pyrochemical
processes in metallurgy. We have mainly three parts in a furnace known
as Hearth, Chimney and fire box.
Hearth is the place inside the furnace where the ore is kept for heating
purpose.
Chimney is the outlet through which flue (waste) gases go out of the
furnace.
Fire box is the part of the furnace where the fuel is kept for burning.
In Blast furnace both fire box and hearth are combined in big chamber
which accommodates both ore and fuel. Reverberatory furnace has both
fire box and hearth separated, but the vapours (flame) obtained due to the
burning of the fuel touch the ore in the hearth and heat it.
In furnaces like retort furnaces there is no direct contact between the
hearth or fire box and even the flames do not touch the ore.

Key words
Minerals, ores, froth flotation, Thermite process, distillation,
poling, liquation, electrolytic refining, smelting, roasting,
calcinations, blast furnace, reverberatory furnace.

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 What we have learnt
• A metallic compound occurring in the earth crust along with impurities is called mineral.
• A mineral from which a metal can be extracted economically and conveniently is called ore.
• The impurity present in the ore is called gangue..
• The substance added to the ore to remove gangue from it is called flux.
• The extraction of metal from its ore involves mainly three stages: Concentration, Extraction of
crude metal, Refining of the metal.
• Physical methods adopted in dressing the ore are : hand picking, washing, froth flotation, Magnetic
separation etc.
• Activity series.
• The methods used for Extracting of Crude metal are Calcination, Roasting, Chemical reduction,
Auto reduction, Displacement method, Electrolytic reduction .
• Calcination is a process of heating the ore strongly in the absence of air or oxygen.
• During calcinations, carbonate is converted to its oxide.
• Roasting is a process of heating the ore strongly in a free supply of air or oxygen.
• Calcination and Roasting are carried out in a reverberatory furnace
• Purification methods
• Corrosion and prevention of corrosion.

Improve your learning

1. List three metals that are found in nature as Oxide ores.(AS1)
2. List three metals that are found in nature in uncombined form. (AS1)
3.Write a note on dressing of ore in metallurgy? (AS1)
4. What is an ore? On what basis a mineral is chosen as an ore? (AS1)
5. Write the names of any two ores of iron? (AS1)
6. How do metals occur in nature? Give examples to any two types of minerals. (AS1)
7. Write short notes on froth floatation process? (AS1)
8. When do we use magnetic separation method for concentration of an ore? Explain with an
example? (AS1)
9. Write short notes on each of the following : (AS1)
i)Roasting ii) Calcination iii) Smelting.
10. What is the difference between roasting and calcinations? Give one example for each? (AS1)
11. Define the terms i) gauge ii) slag. (AS1)
12. Magnesium is an active metal if it occurs as a chloride in nature, which method of reduction is
suitable for its extraction? (AS2)
13. Mention two methods which produce very pure metals? (AS2)
14. Which method do you suggest for extraction of high reactivity metals? Why? (AS2)
15. Suggest an experiment to prove that the presence of air and water are essential for corrosion.
Explain the procedure. (AS3)
300 X Class Principles of Metallurgy
16. Collect information about extraction of metals of low reactivity silver, platinum and gold and
prepare a report. (AS4)
17. Draw the diagram showing i) Froth floatation ii) Magnetic separation. (AS5)
18. Draw a neat diagram of Reverboratory furnace and label it neatly? (AS5)
19. What is activity series? How it helps in extraction of metals? (AS6)
20. What is thermite process? Mention its applications in daily life? (AS7)
21. Where do we use handpicking and washing methods in our daily life? Give examples. How do
you correlate these examples with enrichment of ore? (AS7)

ks
Fill in the blan
1. The method suitable to enrich the sulphide ores is………………………
2. Arranging metals in the decreasing order of their reactivity is called ………………
3. The method suitable for purification of low boiling metals is ……………………
4. Corrosion of iron occurs in the presence of ………….. and ……………..
5. The chemical process in which the ore is heated in the absence of air is called …

s
Multiple choice question

1. The impurity present in the ore is called as _________ [ ]

a) Gangue b) flux c) Slag d) Mineral
2. Which of the following is a carbonate ore? [ ]
a) Magnesite b) Bauxite c) Gypsum d) Galena
3. Which of the following is the correct formula of Gypsum [ ]
a) CuSO4. 2H2O b) CaSO4. ½ H2O c) CuSO4. 5H2O d) CaSO4. 2H2O
4. The oil used in the froth floatation process is __________ [ ]
a) kerosene oil b) pine oil c) coconut oil d) olive oil.
5. Froth floatation is method used for the purification of ______ore. [ ]
a) sulphide b) oxide c) carbonate d) nitrate
6. Galena is an ore of ———————— [ ]
a) Zn b) Pb c) Hg d) Al
7. The metal that occurs in the native form is __________ [ ]
a) Pb b) Au c) Fe d) Hg
8. The most abundant metal in the earth’s crust is —————— [ ]
a) Silver b)Aluminium c) zinc d) iron
9. The reducing agent in thermite process is ___________ [ ]
a) Al b) Mg c) Fe d) Si
10. The purpose of smelting an ore is to __________ it. [ ]
a) Oxidise b) Reduce c) Neutralise d) none of these

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