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Channel Equal Is at Ion

This document discusses channel equalization in telecommunications. Channel equalization aims to remove interference between symbols that occurs during data transmission over a communication channel. The document presents the problem of channel equalization mathematically using state space models. It then discusses using a decision feedback equalizer and moving horizon estimation approach with a finite alphabet to estimate transmitted data based on the received noisy signal. Examples are provided to illustrate the performance of these approaches.

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27 views18 pages

Channel Equal Is at Ion

This document discusses channel equalization in telecommunications. Channel equalization aims to remove interference between symbols that occurs during data transmission over a communication channel. The document presents the problem of channel equalization mathematically using state space models. It then discusses using a decision feedback equalizer and moving horizon estimation approach with a finite alphabet to estimate transmitted data based on the received noisy signal. Examples are provided to illustrate the performance of these approaches.

Uploaded by

ritu_ranjan15
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Channel Equalisation

Graham C. Goodwin Day 5: Lecture 4 17th September 2004

International Summer School Grenoble, France

Centre for Complex Dynamic Systems and Control

Introduction

In the previous lecture, we used the Channel Equalisation problem of Telecommunication as a motivating example. Here we further explore this application.

Centre for Complex Dynamic Systems and Control

The Problem
We transmit data (drawn for a finite alphabet say 1) over a communication channel. During transmission, the data is corrupted by (i) dispersion due to the channel (i.e., neighbouring symbols interfer) (ii) noise

Centre for Complex Dynamic Systems and Control

Removal of Inter-Symbol Interference in Digital Communications


vk uk Digital Data noise Received Data yk

Communications Channel

yk = g0uk d + g1uk d 1 + K + gl uk d l + k

Centre for Complex Dynamic Systems and Control

Express in State Space Form


u u k 1 xk = k 2 M uk l d xk +1 = Axk + Buk yk = Cxk + k

Centre for Complex Dynamic Systems and Control

0 K K 0 1 A= ; O 1 0 C = [0K 0 g0 K gl ] { 1 24 4 3
d 1 l +1

1 0 B= M M

Problem: Given {yk} what is {uk} ?


Centre for Complex Dynamic Systems and Control

Special feature of our case: uk Finite Set Use a Rolling Horizon constrained state estimator. Note: Closed Form solutions available as for the control problem particularly simple for N = 1.

Centre for Complex Dynamic Systems and Control

Special Case; N = 1, R 0
u constrained to (finite alphabet)
u N d | N = q {}

where
= g1 y N g1u N d 1| N 1 K gl u N d l| N 1 0

This optimal Receding Horizon solution is actually used extensively in practice. (Called Decision Feedback Equalizer)
Centre for Complex Dynamic Systems and Control

Diagrammatic Form
1/g0

N/L G(q)

Decision Feedback Equalizer

Recall that this circuit was introduced on: Day 1: Lecture 2. We now see that it is a special case of receding horizon finite alphabet estimation.
Centre for Complex Dynamic Systems and Control

Example 1
Here we recall the results presented in the second lecture on Day 1.

yk = uk 1.7uk 1 + 0.72uk 2 + nk

Centre for Complex Dynamic Systems and Control

uk , uk

10

15

20

25

Figure: Data uk (circle-solid line) and estimate uk (triangle-solid line) using 2 the DFE. Noise variance: = 0.1.
Centre for Complex Dynamic Systems and Control

uk , uk

10

15

20

25

Figure: Data uk (circle-solid line) and estimate uk (triangle-solid line) using 2 the DFE. Noise variance: = 0.2.
Centre for Complex Dynamic Systems and Control

uk , uk

10

15

20

25

Figure: Data uk (circle-solid line) and estimate uk (triangle-solid line) using the moving horizon two-step estimator. Noise variance: 2 = 0.2.
Centre for Complex Dynamic Systems and Control

8 Example 2

Consider an FIR channel described by

H (z ) = 1 + 2z 1 + 2z 2 .

(1)

Centre for Complex Dynamic Systems and Control

In order to illustrate the performance of the multistep optimal equaliser presented, we carry out simulations of this channel with an input consisting of 10000 independent and equiprobable binary digits drawn from the alphabet U = {1, 1}. The system is affected by Gaussian noise with different variances.

Centre for Complex Dynamic Systems and Control

The following detection architectures are used: direct quantisation of the channel output, decision feedback equalisation and moving horizon estimation, with parameters (L1 , L2 ) = (1, 2) and also with (L1 , L2 ) = (2, 3).

Centre for Complex Dynamic Systems and Control

10

Probability of Symbol Error

10

L1 = 2, L2 = 3 L1 = 1, L2 = 2 DFE Direct Quantization

10

4 6 8 10 Output Signal to Noise Ratio (dB)

12

14

Figure: Bit error rates of the communication systems simulated.

Centre for Complex Dynamic Systems and Control

9 Conclusions

In this lecture we have presented an approach that addresses estimation problems where the decision variables are constrained to belong to a nite alphabet.

Centre for Complex Dynamic Systems and Control

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