EE 4103 - Power

System Analysis II

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KU
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Prof. Dr. Naruttam K. Roy
Department of EEE, KUET
Introduction
• A large power system consists of a number of synchronous
machines operating in synchronism.

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• It is necessary that they should maintain perfect synchronism
under all steady-state conditions.

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• When the system is subjected to some form of disturbance,
there is a tendency for the system to develop force to bring it
to a normal or stable condition.
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Stability:
The stability of an interconnected power system is its ability

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to return to normal or stable operation after being subjected

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to some form of disturbance.

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Instability: EE
Instability means a condition denoting loss of synchronism
or falling out of step.
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 Importance any deviation from the nominal value (or from some selected thresholds based upon tolerance) of the AC input power characteristics

nominal value is stated

Small
Disturbance Causes of instability
Large

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triggered by some initial fault and then spread over the system due to combined effect of many reasons such as malfunctioning or improper operation of equipment, human faults, lack of appropriate information, etc

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We know that the power output of a machine is changed due to the
instantaneous or gradual change in load or any disturbance (occurrence

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of faults, loss of excitation in the field of a generator, switching action,
etc).
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These disturbances may cause the machine goes out of synchronism.
For the proper operation of a system, the stability study is required.

Dept. of EEE, KUET

Classification of Stability

Steady-state stability: prove more powerful or superior

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It refers to inherent stability that prevails without the aid of
automatic control devices, such as governors and voltage

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regulators.

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Dynamic stability:
Dynamic stability denoted artificial stability given to an
inherently unstable system by automatic control devices.

Dept. of EEE, KUET

 Classification of Stability…
Transient Stability

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The transient stability is the ability of a system to bring it to a stable

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condition after a large disturbance.

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The large disturbance can occur due to sudden changes in

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application or removal of large loads, line switching operations,
faults on the system, sudden outage of a line or loss of excitation.
a period when a power supply or other service is not available or when equipment is closed down

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Example

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Case 1: Stable case
Case 2 & 3: Unstable case

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 Stability Limit & Power Transfer Capability
Stability Limit:
There is a definite limit to the amount of power an ac generator is capable of
delivering and to the load which a synchronous motor can carry. Instability results

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from attempting to increase the mechanical input to a generator or the
mechanical load on a motor beyond this definite amount of power, called the

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stability limit.
Thus, the stability limit is the maximum power that can be transferred in a

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network between sources and loads without loss of synchronism.
Power Transfer Capability:
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The power transfer capability of a line is limited by the thermal loading limit and
the stability limit. Thermal loading limit is specified by the current carrying
capacity of the conductor and is available in the manufacturer’s data.
Dept. of EEE, KUET
 ET
Analysis of Power System

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Stability

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Dept. of EEE, KUET

Dynamics of a Synchronous Machine
The kinetic energy of the rotor of synchronous machine is
1
KE  J sm
2
 106 MJ
2

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where J = rotor moment of inertia in kg-m2

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 sm = synchronous speed in rad (mech)/s

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P
 s  ( ) sm = rotor speed in rad (elect)/s
2

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where P = number of machine poles

1 2
KE  {J ( ) 2  s 10 6 } s MJ 2
2 P where M  J ( ) 2  s  106
1 P
 M s MJ = moment of inertia in MJ-s/elect rad
2
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Dynamics of a Synchronous Machine
We know,
1 where G= machine rating (base) in MVA (3-phase)
KE  GH  M s MJ
2 H= inertia constant in MJ/MVA

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2GH
M
s

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GH
 MJ  s / elect rad
f
GH
 MJ  s / elect deg ree

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180 f

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M is also called the inertia constant.
Taking G as base, the inertia constant in pu is
H
M ( pu )  s 2 / elect rad
f
H
 s 2 / elect deg ree
180 f
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The Swing Equation
Te Pe Tm Pe

Pm Generator Pm Motor

Tm s s Te

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Fig.: Flow of mechanical and electrical powers in a synchronous machine

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The differential equation governing the rotor dynamics can be written as

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d 2 m
J  Tm  Te Nm where  m = angle in rad (mech)
dt 2
Tm = turbine torque in Nm (-ve for motor)
Te = electromagnetic torque developed
in Nm (-ve for motor)

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The Swing Equation
d 2 m
J sm 2
106  Pm  Pe MW Pm = mechanical power input
dt
2 2 d 2 e
 J ( ) s ( ) 2 106  Pm  Pe
P P dt Pe = electrical power output

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6 d  e
2
2 2
 { J ( )  s 10 } 2  Pm  Pe
P dt  e = angle in rad (elect)
d 2 e

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M  Pm  Pe (1)
dt 2

Power angle,    e  st s is the synchronous speed

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d 2 e d 2

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 2
dt 2 dt

From equation (1)

d 2
M 2  Pm  Pe MW M
GH
dt f
GH d 2
  Pm  Pe ( 2)
f dt 2
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 The Swing Equation…

In per unit,

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H d 2
 Pm  Pe pu (3)
f dt

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2

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Equation (2) or (3) is called the swing equation and it describes the

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rotor dynamics for a synchronous machine.

Dept. of EEE, KUET

 The Swing Equation
Multi-machine System:
Let,
Gmach  machine rating (base)

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Gsystem  system base

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We know
H d 2
 Pm  Pe where

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pu
f dt 2

Gmach
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Gmach H mach d  2
Gmach H system  H mach ( )
( )  ( P  P ) Gsystem
Gsystem f dt 2
m e
Gsystem
 machine inertia constant in system base
H system d 
2
  Pm  Pe pu in system base
f dt 2

Dept. of EEE, KUET

The Swing Equation
Machines swinging coherently:
Machines which swing together are called coherent machines.

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Consider the swing equations of two machines on a common system base,
H1 d 21

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 Pm1  Pe1 pu (1)
f dt 2

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H 2 d 2 2
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 Pm 2  Pe 2 pu (2)
f dt 2

Since the machine rotors swing together (coherently)

1   2  
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The Swing Equation
Equation (1) + Equation (2),
where
1 d 2 Pm  Pm1  Pm 2
( H1  H 2 )  ( Pm1  Pm 2 )  ( Pe1  Pe 2 )
f dt 2
Pe  Pe1  Pe 2

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H eq d 2 H eq  H1  H 2
  Pm  Pe (3)

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f dt 2

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The two machines swinging coherently are thus reduced to a single machine as in
equation (3).

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G1mach
H1  H1mach ( )
H eq  H1  H 2 Gsystem
G1mach G2 mach G2 mach
 H1mach ( )  H 2 mach ( ) H 2  H 2 mach ( )
Gsystem Gsystem Gsystem
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The Swing Equation
Machines swinging non-coherently:
Machines which do not swing together are called non-coherent machines.
Consider the swing equations of two machines,

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H1 d 21
 Pm1  Pe1

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f dt 2

1 d 21 Pm1  Pe1

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  (1)
f dt 2
H1

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f dt 2
 Pm 2  Pe 2

1 d 2 2 Pm 2  Pe 2
  ( 2)
f dt 2
H2
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The Swing Equation
Equation (1)-Equation (2),
1 d2 Pm1  Pe1 Pm 2  Pe 2
(1   2 )   where
f dt 2
H1 H2

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H1H 2
H1 H 2 H12 
Multiplying by H1  H 2

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H1  H 2
Pm1 H 2  Pm 2 H1
H1 H 2 1 d 2
H 2 ( Pm1  Pe1 ) H1 ( Pm 2  Pe 2 ) Pm12 
(1   2 )   H1  H 2

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H1  H 2 f dt 2
H1  H 2 H1  H 2
Pe1 H 2  Pe 2 H1
 H12
1 d2
f dt
 
2 12
H1  H 2
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Pm1 H 2  Pm 2 H1 ( Pe1 H 2  Pe 2 H1 )

H1  H 2
Pe12 
H1  H 2
12  1   2
H12 d 2
   Pm12  Pe12 (3)
f dt 2 12

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The Swing Equation
A noteworthy application of these equations concerns a two-machine
system having only one generator (machine one) and a synchronous
motor (machine two) connected by a network of pure reactances.

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Whatever change occurs in the generator output is thus absorbed by the
motor and we can write

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Pm1   Pm 2  Pm
Pe1   Pe 2  Pe

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Then Pm12  Pm , Pe12  Pe
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From equation (3)
H12 d 212
 Pm  Pe
f dt 2

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Problem 1
A 50 Hz four pole turbo-generator rated at 100 MVA, 11 kV has an
inertia constant of 8 MJ per MVA.

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a) Find the stored energy in the rotor at synchronous speed.

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b) If the mechanical input is suddenly raised to 80 MW for an
electrical load of 50 MW, find rotor acceleration, neglecting

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mechanical and electrical losses.

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c) If the acceleration calculated in part (b) is maintained for 10 cycles,
find the change in torque angle and rotor speed in revolutions per
minute at the end of this period.

Dept. of EEE, KUET

Problem 2
Two 60 Hz generating units operate in parallel within the
same power plant and have the following ratings:

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Unit1: 500 MVA, 0.85 pf, 20 kV, 3600 rpm

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H1=4.8 MJ/MVA

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Unit2: 1333 MVA, 0.9 pf, 22 kV, 1800 rpm

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H2=3.27 MJ/MVA

Calculate the equivalent H constant for the two units on a

100 MVA base.
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Infinite Bus
A bus at which a machine of constant voltage

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and constant frequency is located regardless of

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the load is called an infinite busbar system or

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simply an infinite bus.
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Power-Angle Curve
Synchronous generator connected to an infinite bus:

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Fig. Synchronous machine connected to infinite bus through a transmission line of series reactance Xl

Let,

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V  V00  voltage of infinite bus

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E  E  voltage behind direct axis synchronous reactance of the machine
X d  Synchronous/ transient reactance of the machine
The complex power delivered by the generator to the system is

 E  V0  0
S  VI   V  
 j ( X d  X l ) 
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Power-Angle Curve…
Let,
Xd  Xl  X


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  E V
S  VI  V  j 
 X90 X
0

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2
EV V
 (900   )  j

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X X

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EV EV V2
 sin   j cos   j
X X X
EV EV V2
 Pe  jQe  sin   j ( cos   )
X X X
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Power-Angle Curve…
Active power transferred to the system
EV
Pe  sin  (1)
X

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Reactive power transferred to the system

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EV V2
Qe  cos   (2)
X X

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The maximum steady-state power transfer occurs when   900.
From equation (1)
EV
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Pe max  sin 90 
0
(3) Pe max = Pull-out power or
X X steady-state limit
Therefore, Pe  Pe max sin 
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Power-Angle Curve…

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Fig. Power-angle diagram

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The graphical representation of power Pe and the load angle  is called the power-angle

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diagram or power-angle curve. Such a diagram is widely used in power system stability
studies.
Transfer reactance:
The total reactance (X) between two voltage sources V and E is called the transfer reactance.
From equation (3), it can be seen that the maximum power limit is inversely proportional to the
transfer reactance.
Dept. of EEE, KUET