ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (MC 1)

BSN – 1 | 1st Sem – Midterms

Cardiovascular System Four Chambers of Heart
 sometimes called as circulatory system 2 atria – receiving chambers; upper chambers; both left and right;
 organ system that distributes blood to all parts of the body separated by interatrial septum
 consists of network of vessels that circulates blood throughout 2 ventricles – filling chambers; lower chambers; both left and right;
the body, motored by the action of the heart separated by interventricular septum

Functions of Cardiovascular System Atrioventricular septum separates atria from ventricles

 transportation, using blood as the transport vehicle
 this system carries oxygen, nutrients, cell wastes, hormones, and Blood flows into atria
other substances vital for body homeostasis to and form cells under low pressure from
 force to move blood around the body is provided by the pumping the veins, and continues
heart and blood pressure into ventricles

Heart Ventricles – thick-walled

 human heart is approximately the size of a fist, and weighs less discharging chambers;
than a pound they are the pumps of
 enclosed within inferior mediastinum, medial cavity of thorax, and heart; when they
flanked on each side by lungs contract, blood is
 pointed apex is directed toward the left hip and rests at about fifth propelled out of the
intercostal space heart and into circulation
 broad aspect, or base, points toward the right shoulder and lies
beneath the second rib Right Ventricle forms
 a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body most of heart's anterior surface while Left Ventricle forms apex
Pericardium
 protective, double-walled sac that encloses the heart Four Valves of Heart
Tricuspid valve – prevents blood from flowing back into the right
atrium when the right
ventricle contracts
Bicuspid valve –
prevents blood from
flowing back into the left
atrium when the left
ventricle contracts
Pulmonary valve –
prevents blood from
Two Main Layers of Pericardium flowing back into the
Fibrous Pericardium – superficial loosely fitted part; protects and right ventricle
anchors the heart Aortic valve – prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle
Serous Pericardium – made up of two layers; produces pericardial
fluid that lubricates our heart as it beats easily in a relative Septum that divides the heart longitudinally is interventricular septum
frictionless environment or the interatrial septum based on chambers it separates

Two Layers of Serous Pericardium o Heart functions as a double pump

Parietal Layer of the Serous Pericardium – lines the interior of the o Right side works as the pulmonary circuit pump
fibrous pericardium; attaches to the large arteries leaving the heart o Receives relatively oxygen-poor blood from the veins of the body
and then makes a U-turn and continues inferiorly over the heart through the large superior and inferior vena cava
surface o Blood pumps out through pulmonary trunk which splits into left
Visceral Layer of the Serous Pericardium: innermost layer; directly and right pulmonary arteries
on the heart; portion that covers our heart is also known as our o Pulmonary arteries carry blood to the lungs, where oxygen is
epicardium picked up and carbon
Three Layers of Heart dioxide is unloaded
Epicardium – membrane forming outer layer of heart o Blood returned to the
Myocardium – consists of thick bundles of the cardiac muscle twisted
left side of the heart is
into ringlike arrangements; layer of heart that contracts; reinforced by pumped out of the
dense, fibrous connective tissue (heart skeleton) heart into aorta
Endocardium – thin, glistening sheet of endothelium that lines the
heart chambers; continuous with the linings of the blood vessels
leaving and entering the heart
 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (MC 1)
BSN – 1 | 1st Sem – Midterms
o Systemic arteries branch from aorta to supply body tissues with
blood
o Oxygen-poor blood circulates from the tissues back to the right
atrium via systemic veins, which empty their blood into either the
superior or inferior vena cava

Two Circulation of Heart

Pulmonary Circulation
 oxygen-rich blood drains from lungs and returned to the left side
of heart through the four pulmonary veins
 only function is to carry blood to the lungs for gas exchange and
return it to the heart
 right atrium  right ventricle  pulmonary artery trunk 
pulmonary arteries  lungs  pulmonary veins  heart (left
atrium)

Systematic Circulation
 second circuit, from left side of heart through the body tissues
and back to the right side of
the heart
 supplies oxygen and
nutrient-rich blood to all
body organs
 left atrium  left ventricle
 aorta  arteries 
arterioles  capillaries 
venules  veins  vena
cava  heart (right atrium)

Heart Cycle