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Primary 5 Science

Changes of state of water

Publisher: EPH

and the water cycle

Suggested
Chapter Overview duration
3.1 Introduction to water
3.2a The three states of water
45 min
COMPLETE
3.2b E ffect of heat on the state of water 1h SCIENCE
ESSENTIALS
Review 1 15 min Primary 5

3.2c Finding the state of a substance 1h

Review 2 15 min

3.2d Reading temperature-time graphs 1h

Review 3 15 min

3.3a Evaporation
3.3b Evaporation and boiling of water 1 h 30 min
3.3c Water vapour and steam

Review 4 15 min

3.4a Condensation
1 h 30 min
3.4b Evaporation/Boiling and condensation

Review 5 15 min

3.5 Water cycle 30 min

Review 6 15 min

3.6 Water pollution 45 min

Scan the QR code for
3.7 Concept map 45 min the Answer Sheet.

Chapter Review 1 h 15 min

Essential but not in textbooks

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Primary 5 Science

3.1 Introduction to water Publisher: EPH

• All living things need water to survive.

• All living things can only live for three days without water.
• About 70% of our body is water.
• Blood is mainly water.
• 70% of our Earth is covered in water, but only 1% is fresh water suitable for
drinking.
• Pure water is colourless and odourless.

COMPLETE
SCIENCE
3.2a The three states of water
ESSENTIALS
Primary 5
• Water can exist in three states — solid, liquid and gas.
• Depending on its temperature, the state of water changes.

Water

State Temperature Examples

Solid 0°C and below Ice, snow

Liquid 0°C–100°C Water, clouds, mist

100°C and above Steam

Gas
0°C–100°C Water vapour

3.2b Effect of heat on the state of water

• Heat gain or heat loss can change the state of water.

Heat gain

Process Change of state Temperature

Melting Solid to liquid Takes place at 0°C Temperature

remains constant
at 0°C during the
process of melting Scan the QR code for
until all the ice has the Answer Sheet.
melted.
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Primary 5 Science

Heat gain
Publisher: EPH
Process Change of state Temperature

Boiling Liquid to gas Takes place at Temperature

100°C remains constant
at 100°C during the
process of boiling
until all the liquid
has boiled off.

*Evaporation Liquid to gas Takes place at any

temperature for the COMPLETE
liquid SCIENCE
ESSENTIALS
* New concept to be covered later in the chapter Primary 5

Heat Loss

Process Change of state Temperature

Freezing Liquid to solid Takes place at 0°C Temperature

remains constant
at 0°C during the
process of freezing
until all the water
has frozen.

*Condensation Gas to liquid No fixed temperature

* New concept to be covered later in the chapter

Review 1

1. The flowchart below represents the changes of states of water.

A B
Solid
C D Scan the QR code for
the Answer Sheet.
(a) Fill in the words in the boxes.
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Primary 5 Science

(b) What processes do A, B, C and D represent? Publisher: EPH

A:

B:

C:

D:
COMPLETE
SCIENCE
2. Which of the following processes involve a heat gain by water? ESSENTIALS
Primary 5
A Boiling
B Melting
C Evaporation
D Condensation

(1) A and B only

(2) C and D only
(3) A, B and C only
(4) B, C and D only ( )

3. The diagram below shows a way of getting drinking water from seawater.

metal sheet

sea water
pure water

What is the process that is happening at the metal sheet?

(1) Melting
(2) Freezing
(3) Evaporation Scan the QR code for
the Answer Sheet.
(4) Condensation ( )
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Primary 5 Science

3.2c Finding the state of a substance Publisher: EPH

• The state of a substance changes according to its temperature.

Temperature State of a substance

Temperatures below its melting point Solid

Temperatures above its melting point but below its boiling

Liquid
point

Temperatures above its boiling point Gas

COMPLETE
• The table below shows some examples. SCIENCE
ESSENTIALS
Melting Boiling State of Primary 5
Substance Explanation
point point substance at 40°C

• 40°C is above its melting

point. Hence, W has already
melted.
W 0°C 100°C Liquid
• It has not boiled yet because
40°C is below its boiling point.
Hence, it is a liquid.

• 40°C is below its melting

E 55°C 197°C Solid point. Hence, E has not
melted and it is still a solid.

• 40°C is above its boiling point.

G –10°C 38°C Gas Hence, G has already boiled
and it is a gas.

Review 2

1. A substance has a melting point of 25°C and a boiling point of 125°C

What is the state of the substance at

(a) 100°C :

Scan the QR code for

(b) 180°C : the Answer Sheet.

(c) 10°C :
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Primary 5 Science

2. The table below shows the melting point and boiling point of three
substances X, Y and Z. Publisher: EPH

Substance Melting point / °C Boiling point / °C

X 2 107
Y 12 57
Z 200 350

Which of the following statements is correct? Put a tick (✓)

(a) X and Y are liquids at 25°C.

COMPLETE
SCIENCE
(b) Z is a solid at 25°C. ESSENTIALS
Primary 5
(c) At 200°C, all three substances are at the same state.

3. The table below shows the melting point and boiling point of three
substances P, Q and R.

Substance Melting point / °C Boiling point / °C

P 35 70
Q 17 85
R 4 99

(a) At 200°C, all three substances will be at the state.

(b) At 21°C, substance P will be at the state.

(c) At , substance R will be a solid.

Scan the QR code for

the Answer Sheet.
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Primary 5 Science

3.2d Reading temperature-time graphs Publisher: EPH

• The change in temperature of a substance over a period of time can be recorded in

a temperature-time graph.
• During the process of melting, freezing and boiling, temperature remains constant.
Therefore, these processes are shown as straight horizontal lines on the graph.
• Example 1: The graph below shows the temperature changes when ice is taken out
of the freezer and heated until boiling temperature.

Temperature (°C) COMPLETE

SCIENCE
C ESSENTIALS
100
Primary 5

A
Time (min)
0
-
At A: Melting at 0°C
-
At B: Water is being heated until it reaches boiling point 100°C at C
-
At C: Boiling
-
Although temperature remains constant at A and C, heat is gained to change the
state of water, and not to raise the temperature.

• Example 2: The graph below shows the temperature changes when ice is taken out
of the freezer and left on the table until room temperature.

Temperature (°C)

C
Room temperature
B

A
Time (min)
0
-
At A: Melting at 0°C
-
At B: Gaining heat from the surroundings
Scan the QR code for
-
At C: Water reaches room temperature and remains constant. the Answer Sheet.
Recall in P4 Heat: Temperature of water will remain constant at room temperature.
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Review 3 Publisher: EPH

1. A kettle containing water is placed over a stove. The graph below shows
the temperature-time graph of the water.

Temperature (°C)

B
100
C
A COMPLETE
SCIENCE
ESSENTIALS
30
Primary 5

Time (min)
10 15

Refer to the graph above and answer the following questions.

(a) How long did the water boil for?

(b) What is happening to the water at A?

(c) Suggest what had caused the temperature to drop at C?

Scan the QR code for

the Answer Sheet.
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Primary 5 Science

2. The same amount of water was placed in two containers A and B of different
materials. The containers of water were heated over a stove. The changes in
Publisher: EPH
temperature were monitored for 20 minutes as shown in the graph below.

Temperature (°C)

100
A
B

COMPLETE
Time (min)
5 10 15 20 SCIENCE
ESSENTIALS
(a) Referring to the graph above, which container of water boiled faster?
Primary 5

(b) Suggest and explain how the container in (a) could result in water boiling faster
as compared to the other container.

3.3a Evaporation

• Evaporation is a process where water gains heat and changes into water vapour.
• Evaporation occurs on liquid surface.
• The following are everyday examples of evaporation of water
– Puddle of water on the floor dries up
– Wet floor dries up
– Wet hair dries up
– Wet clothes dry up
• Where did all the water go?
– The water gained heat from the surroundings and evaporated into water
vapour. Scan the QR code for
the Answer Sheet.
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Primary 5 Science

• There is no fixed temperature for evaporation to take place. It can take

place at any temperature for the liquid. Publisher: EPH
• Evaporation causes cooling effect.

Other examples of evaporation

• Example 1: An elephant sprays water at • Example 2: Mist(liquid) is being sprayed

itself to cool down. into the surroundings.
– The water gains heat from the – The mist gains heat from the
elephant’s body to evaporate into hotter surroundings to evaporate
water vapour. into water vapour.
– As a result, its body loses heat, – As a result, the surroundings lose
making it feel cool. heat and cool down.
COMPLETE
mist SCIENCE
ESSENTIALS
Primary 5

• There are a few conditions that will affect the rate of evaporation.

Conditions
affecting rate of Explanation Examples
evaporation
Temperature of • The higher the • Example 1: Wet clothes dry faster
surroundings temperature of under the Sun than indoors.
surroundings, the faster
the rate of evaporation.
- Water is able to
gain more heat and
evaporate faster.

• Example 2: Wet hair dries faster with

a hair dryer blowing hot air at it.

Scan the QR code for

the Answer Sheet.
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Primary 5 Science

Conditions
affecting rate of Explanation Examples Publisher: EPH
evaporation
Exposed • The larger the exposed Example: Towel dries faster when not
surface area surface area, the faster folded.
the rate of evaporation.
- More water is able to
gain heat and evaporate.

Smaller exposed Larger exposed

surface area surface area
Smaller exposed Larger exposed
surface area surface area
COMPLETE
(Towel dries slower) (Towel dries faster) SCIENCE
ESSENTIALS
Presence of • The stronger the wind, Example: Wet floor dries faster when a
wind fan is blowing at it. Primary 5
the faster the rate of
evaporation.
- Wind blows away
the water vapour,
allowing more space
for more water
vapour to form.

3.3b Evaporation and boiling of water

Similarities between evaporation and boiling of water

Both processes involve a change of state from liquid to gas.

Evaporation of water Differences Boiling of water

Constant heat source

Sun or surroundings Heat source
(example: fire)

At any temperature for the Temperature at which

At 100°C
liquid it takes place

Water vapour What is formed Steam

Occurs at the surface of the Occurs throughout the whole

Where it takes place
liquid liquid
Scan the QR code for
the Answer Sheet.
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3.3c Water vapour and steam Publisher: EPH

Similarities between water vapour and steam

Both are gaseous state of water.

Water vapour Differences Steam

At temperatures between Temperature at At temperatures 100°C and

0–100°C which it exists above
COMPLETE
Formed as a result of SCIENCE
How it is formed Formed as a result of boiling
evaporation ESSENTIALS
Primary 5

Review 4

1. Which of the following describes the changes when water becomes water vapour?
A Heat is lost by the water.
B Heat is gained by the water.
C The process is called evaporation.
D It takes place at temperatures between the melting point and boiling point of
water.

(1) A and D only

(2) B and C only
(3) B and D only
(4) B, C and D only ( )

Scan the QR code for

the Answer Sheet.
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Primary 5 Science

2. Peter wanted to find out if the exposed surface area of water in a container affects the rate of
evaporation. Containers W, X, Y and Z are made of the same material butPublisher:
filled with
EPH different
amounts of water shown below.

W X Y Z
100 ml 200 ml 200 ml 150 ml

COMPLETE
Which two containers should he use? SCIENCE
(1) W and X ESSENTIALS
(2) W and Z Primary 5

(3) X and Y
(4) Y and Z ( )

3. Margaret carries out an experiment by filling three beakers with an equal volume of liquid
X, Y and Z as shown in the diagram. She places the beakers side by side in the open where
it is sunny and windy.

Liquid X Liquid Y Liquid Z

After a few hours, she records the volume of liquid remaining in each of the three beakers.

The aim of the experiment is to find out .

(1) if liquid evaporates when there is wind
(2) if different liquids evaporate at different rates
(3) if liquid evaporates faster at a higher temperature
(4) if the rate of evaporation depends on the temperature ( )
Scan the QR code for
the Answer Sheet.

4. Which of the following is an example of evaporation?

(1) Ironing a damp shirt
(2) Water turning into steam
(3) Leaving a piece of ice on a plate
(4) Water being placed in a refrigerator ( )
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3.4a Condensation
Publisher: EPH

• Condensation is a process where water vapour/steam loses heat and changes into
water droplets.
• The following are everyday examples of condensation
– Example 1: Warmer water vapour from the surroundings condenses on the cooler
surface of the bottle of cold water. The outside surface of the bottle becomes wet.

bottle containing
cold water
COMPLETE
water droplet SCIENCE
ESSENTIALS
Primary 5

– Example 2: Warmer water vapour from the surroundings condenses on the cooler
surface of the leaves. Dew (water) is formed.

dew (water)

– Example 3: Steam from boiling water condenses on a cooler surface. The cooler surface
becomes wet as water droplets are formed.

steam from boiling

water condenses on cooler surface is wet
the cooler surface when water droplets
are formed on it

Scan the QR code for

• The following is a summary of the process of condensation the Answer Sheet.
– The warmer water vapour/steam comes into contact with the cooler surface.
– The water vapour/steam then loses heat and condenses into water droplets.
– Temperature difference between the water vapour/steam and surface must be stated
clearly. Hence, the use of the words “warmer” and “cooler”.
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Warmer water vapour/steam Cooler surface

Publisher: EPH

Comes into contact

(Touch each other)

Water vapour/steam loses heat Cooler surface gains heat

COMPLETE
Condensation SCIENCE
ESSENTIALS
Primary 5
Water droplets
Condensation stops when
the temperature of water
vapour is the same as the
temperature of the surface

• The two factors for condensation to take place are the warmer water
vapour/steam and cooler surface.

Factors for
What happens
condensation to take Examples of factor
to the factor
place

Warmer water Loses heat Water vapour present in surrounding air

vapour/steam Steam

Cooler surface Gains heat Metal tray

Plastic tray
Mirror
Surrounding air
Glass panels / Windows

Scan the QR code for

the Answer Sheet.
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Primary 5 Science

3.4b Evaporation/Boiling and condensation Publisher: EPH

• Evaporation and condensation often take place one after another.

– Example: In a cup of hot water

water vapour hot water

condenses into evaporates into
water droplets water vapour

COMPLETE
SCIENCE
• Similarly, boiling and condensation often take place one after another. ESSENTIALS
Primary 5
– Example: Boiling water in a kettle

Mist is seen (not steam). Steam
comes into contact with the
cooler surrounding air, loses heat
and condenses into mist (liquid).

Review 5

1. The following diagram shows an example of condensation.

Fill in the blank with a suitable word.

Scan the QR code for

the Answer Sheet.
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2. In which of the following situations will condensation take place?

A Breathing onto a mirror Publisher: EPH

B Leaving a glass of water on the table

C Leaving a cold can of soft drink on the table
D A person wearing spectacles alighting from an air-conditioned bus

(1) B only
(2) A and C only
(3) B and D only
(4) A, C and D only ( )
COMPLETE
SCIENCE
ESSENTIALS
Primary 5
3. The two beakers shown below contain the same amount of water. The
waters are at different temperatures.

Cold water Hot water

Beaker A Beaker B

(a) Draw the water droplets that would be formed on the two beakers.

(b) State the source of the water droplets.

Beaker A:

Beaker B:

Scan the QR code for

the Answer Sheet.
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3.5 Water cycle Publisher: EPH

Energy • Heat energy from the Sun

Importance • To ensure that all living things have a continuous supply of water

Process • Water from water bodies (seas, rivers, lakes) evaporates into water
vapour
• Plants also give off water vapour (through stomata)*

• Water vapour first rises before coming into contact with cooler
surrounding air COMPLETE
• Water vapour then loses heat and condenses into water droplets SCIENCE
• Many water droplets form clouds (liquid) ESSENTIALS
Primary 5
Results in • Formation of rain

• Water coming back to Earth after evaporating (water is recycled)

* Learn about how plants lose water in Chapter 5.

Water cycle

Water vapour
condenses into
water droplets
(clouds)

Water vapour given Rain

off by plants rises
and condenses into
clouds
Water from water body
evaporates into water
vapour

Scan the QR code for

the Answer Sheet.
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Review 6 Publisher: EPH

1. The process below shows the water cycle.

Q Water Bodies
COMPLETE
SCIENCE
ESSENTIALS
Rain
Primary 5

What do P and Q represent?

P:

Q:

2. Fill in the correct state of water for each example.

Examples of water State of water

Clouds

Steam

Mist

Snow

Scan the QR code for

the Answer Sheet.
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Primary 5 Science

3. The sentences below describe the water cycle. Arrange the sentences in
the correct order. Publisher: EPH

A Clouds fall as rain

B Warmer water vapour rises up
C Heat from the Sun warms the water
D Water droplets gather to form clouds
E Loses heat and condenses into water droplets
F Water gains heat and evaporates into water vapour
G Comes into contact with the cooler surrounding air COMPLETE
SCIENCE
ESSENTIALS
Primary 5
C

3.6 Water pollution

• Water pollution results from the presence of unwanted or harmful substances

in the water.
• Man’s activities have polluted water sources (seas, oceans, rivers, reservoirs).

Man’s activities Unwanted / harmful substance

Littering Rubbish

Dumping of chemical waste from Chemical waste

factories

Sewage release from toilets Sewage

Oil spills from oil tankers and ships Oil

Farming Fertilisers and pesticides

Deforestation Harmful substances from soil erosion

• Man depend on water sources for Scan the QR code for

the Answer Sheet.
- water to survive (reservoirs)
- travel (seas and oceans)
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• Animals and plants depend on water sources for

- water to survive Publisher: EPH

- their habitats (aquatic organisms)

- food (birds feed on crabs, fishes and small organisms in the water)
• Polluted water has a negative impact on man and other living things.

Unwanted / harmful substance

Negative impact
from Man’s activities

Rubbish (e.g. plastic bags) • Smelly and dirty water that is undrinkable
from littering • Water that spreads diseases
• Chokes and kills marine animals
COMPLETE
Chemical waste • Causes water to be undrinkable SCIENCE
• Poisons aquatic life
ESSENTIALS
Primary 5
Sewage • Smelly and dirty water that is undrinkable
• Water that spreads diseases
• Poisons aquatic life

Oil from oil spills • Oil coats the feathers on sea birds when they
dive into the water to search for food.
– This causes them to become heavy, unable
to fly and drown in the water.
• Oil blocks sunlight from entering the water.
– Submerged plants receive less sunlight
to photosynthesise and produce less
dissolved oxygen for the aquatic animals.
– Aquatic animals die due to lack of oxygen.

Fertilisers and pesticides • Increased amount of fertilisers in the water

causes the rapid growth of algae.
– Algae cover the surface of water and block
sunlight from entering the water.
– Submerged plants receive less sunlight
to photosynthesise and produce less
dissolved oxygen for the aquatic animals.
– Aquatic animals die due to lack of oxygen.
• Poisons aquatic life

Scan the QR code for

the Answer Sheet.
 3. 7 Concept map

Use the given words to complete the following concept map.

Primary 5 Science

evaporation melting freezing condensation ice steam surface area

surroundings temperature cooler surface boiling loss wind 100

Water

State of water changes as a result of changes in 1.

Heat gain Heat gain

0°C 0°C – 100°C Above 100°C Water
Or
2. Water 5. vapour
Heat 3. Heat 4.
Gain heat
Gain heat to become Lose heat
Water to become Comes into contact with a
Process 14.
Water vapour Steam Ice
6. Lose heat
Process Process Process to become
Takes place at
7. 11. 13. Water
0°C Process
Takes place at Takes place at
It’s all

Factors affecting its rate

12. °C 0°C 15.

Temperature of Exposed Presence of

Primary 5
SCIENCE

8. 9. 10.
COMPLETE
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ESSENTIALS
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the Answer Sheet.

Scan the QR code for