ACI 372R-13 Guide to Design and Construction of Circular Wire- and Strand- Wrapped Prestressed Concrete Structures Reported by ACI Committee 372 io ac; LD American Concrete Institute®2 CIRCULAR WIRE- AND STRAND-WRAPPED PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES (ACI 272R-12) APPENDIX A—RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONSIDERATIONS RELATED TO DESIGN AND ‘CONSTRUCTION OF TANK FOUNDATIONS. AA—Scope This appendix presents information related to the design and construction of foundations for circular-wrapped, prestressed concrete tanks. A.2—Subsurface investigation ‘A.2.1 The subsurface conditions at a site should be known, to determine the soil-bearing capacity, compressibility, shear strength, and drainage characteristics. This information is generally obtained from soil borings, test pits, auger probes, load tests, sampling, laboratory testing, nondestructive test methods, and analysis by a geotechnical engineer. A.2.2 Once the location and diameter of the proposed tank is determined, boring locations can be established atthe site. The ground surface elevations at each of the boring locations should be obtained. The following boring layout is recommended: one boring at the center of the tank, plus a series of equally spaced borings around the plan footprint of the tank wall, The distance between such borings should not exceed 100 GO m) (Fig. A2.2a). If the tank diameter is greater than 200 ft (60 m), another four borings, equally spaced, may be taken around the perimeter of a citcle whose center is the center of the plan footprint of the tank, and whose radius is half that of the tank (Fig. A.2.2b). Additional borings, auger probes, or both, should be considered ifthe following conditions exist: a) Site topography is uneven b) Fill areas are anticipated or revealed by geotechnical investigation ©) Soil stata vary horizontally rather than vertically 4) Earthen mounds are to be placed adjacent to the tank A.2.3 Borings are typically taken to below the depth of | significant foundation influence or to a competent stratum, Atleast one boring should penetrate ro a depth of 75 percent of the tank radius or a minimum of 60 ft (18 m). All other borings should penctate to at least a depth of 25 percent of the tank radius or a minimum of 30 ft (9 m). If borings encounter bedrock exhibiting variations or low-quality characteristics in the rock structure, rock corings should be ‘made into the rock layer to provide information on the rocks’ soundness. Given the wide variety of subsurface conditions that may be encountered, the geotechnical engineer should make the final determination of the appropriate number, location, and depth of the borings. The groundwater level in the borings should be measured and recorded during the drilling, immediately after comple- tion, and 24 hours after completion. Consideration should be given to the installation of a monitoring well, where appro- priate, to facilitate longer-term groundwater readings. A.2A Soil samples of cach strata penetrated, and a measurement of the resistance of the soil to penetration, should be obtained from borings performed at the site in conformance with ASTM D1586, Relatively undisturbed Fig. 4.2.20~Recommended boring layout for tank diam eters less than or equal to 200 ft (60 m). Note: For tank diameters less than 50 ft (15 m), the number of perimeter borings may be reduced. Fig. 4.2.2b- Recommended boring layout for tank diam- eters greater than 200 ft (60 m). soil samples can be obtained at representative depths in conformance with ASTM D187. Other sampling methods are used where appropriate. Recovered soil samples should be visually classified and tested in the laboratory for the following: 4) Natural moisture content (ASTM D216) ») Partcle-size distribution (ASTM D422) ©) Atterberg limits (ASTM D4318) 4) Shearing strength (ASTM D2166) [American Concrete institute Copyrighted Maleral—nww.concrete.orgCIRCULAR WIRE- AND STRAND-WRAPPED PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES (ACI 272R-12) 2 ©) Compressibility of the soil (ASTM D2435/D2435M) Additional testing should be performed when necessary to obtain a sufficient understanding of the underlying soil characteristics atthe site. ‘A.3—Design considerations ‘A.3.1 The allowable bearing capacity for normal operating conditions (static loading) should be determined by dividing the ultimate capacity by a factor of thrce. This factor of safety can be reduced to 2.25 when combining operating loading conditions with transient loading conditions, such as ‘wind or earthquake. A3.2. Typical modes of settlement for shallow tank foun- dations and their recommended maximum limits are: 1) Uniform settlement of the entire tank foundation should be limited to a maximum of 6 in. (150 mm). 'b) Uniform (planar) tilting (when the tank foundation tilts uniformly to one side) should be limited to a maximum of 3/8 in. (10 mm) drop per 10 ft (3.0 m), ©) Angular distortion should be limited to 1/4 in, (6 mm) drop per 10 £ (3.0 m) of the foundation diameter. 4) A maximum combined uniform and tilting settlement at the tank foundation perimeter should be limited to 6 in, (150 mm), unless hydraulic requirements dictate a lesser value. ©) Exterior piping connections to the tank should be designed to tolerate the anticipated settlements. 1) A conical (dish-shaped) settlement is the classic settle- ment mode for a cylindrical tank foundation founded on uniform soil conditions, A conservative estimate of the ‘maximum tolerable differential setlement between the tank center and the perimeter of a uniform-thickness circular ‘membrane floor slab can be expressed by the equation yo3x1o in. (A432) [pense am bout should not exceed a 1:200 settlement slope (p (ft or mm) < 0.005 * r). Localized settlement (subsidence) beneath the tank foun- dation can occur as a result of localized areas of supporting that exhibit higher degrees of settlement than other areas of the supporting soil. Conversely, if supporting soils contain unyielding hard spots, such as @ boulder or bedrock pinnacle, a higher degree of settlement is typically experi- enced in the supporting soils surrounding the hard spots. Soil types that exhibit shrinkage and swell potential can have similar effects. If undesirable areas of soil, ock, or both, are discovered during field-testing or construction, itis advis- able to remove and replace with a suitable compacted mate- vial to a depth recommended by a geotechnical engineer. In geologic conditions conducive to swelling (swelling or expansive soils), the potential vertical rise (PVR) should be calculated from Tex-124-E, The PVR should be limited to less than 1 in. (25 mm) beneath the tank unless other design provisions have been made to accommodate greater magni= tudes of PVR ‘A.33 Backfill is usually placed at elevations that will be compatible with the surrounding site grading. Backfill should be placed around the tank to a sufficient depth to provide frost protection forthe tank perimeter footing. Backfill mate- rial should be free of organic material, construction debris, and large rocks. The backfill should be systematically placed in uniform layers and compacted, The excavated material from the tank foundation is often used as tank backfill mate- rial when suitabl ‘A.34 The site-finish grading adjacent to the tank should be sloped away from the tank wall not less than one vertical in 12 horizontal (1:12) for a horizontal distance of at least 8 ft (24 m), The surrounding site-inish grading should be established so that surface water runoff may be collected at areas of the sito where it may dissipate into the earth or be captured into a drainage structure, Erosion protection should be provided where surface water runoff may erode backfill or foundation soil materials. ASS Site conditions that requite engineering consider- ations are: 1) Hillsides where part of a tank foundation can be on undisturbed soil or rock and part may be on fill, resulting in ‘a nonuniform soil support 'b) Adjacent to water courses or deep excavations where the lateral stability ofthe ground is questionable ©) Adjacent to heavy structures that distribute a portion of their load to the subsoil beneath the tank site 4) Swampy or filled ground where layers of muck ot compressible organics are at or below the surface, or where unstable materials may have been deposited as fill ) Underlying soils such as layers of plastic clay or organic clays that can support heavy loads semporarily but settle excessively over long periods of time 1) Underlying soils with shrinkage and swell characteristics 2) Potentially corrosive site soils such as those that are very acidic or alkaline or those with high concentrations of sulfates or chlorides hh) Regions of high seismicity with soils susceptible to liquefaction i) Exposure to flooding or high groundwater levels. A386 If the existing subgrade is not capable of sustaining the anticipated tank foundation loading without exces- any one or a combination of the following ‘methods may improve the condition: a) Remove the unsuitable material and replace it with a suitable compacted material 'b) Preconsolidate the soft material by surcharging the area with an overburden of soil; strip or wick drains can be used in conjunction with this method to accelerate settlement «) Incorporate geosynthetic reinforcing materials within the foundation soils, 4) Stabilize the soft material by lime stabilization, chem- ical methods, or injecting cement grout sive settlemer [American Concrete Insitute Copyrighted Material—iwww.concrate.org20 CIRCULAR WIRE- AND STRAND-WRAPPED PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES (ACI 272R-12) ¢) Improve the existing soil properties using vibro-compac- tion, vibro-replacement, or deep dynamic compaction 4) Construct a mat foundation that distributes the load over 1 sufficient area of the subgrade 2) Use a deep foundation system to transfer the load to a stable stratum beneath the subgrade; this method consists of constructing a structural concrete base slab supported by piles or piers. ‘A.4—Geotechnical report content A.L After completing the subsurface investigation, a detailed report should be prepared by a geotechnical enginect. This report should include: 1) The scope of the investigation i. A description of the proposed tank, including major dimensions, elevations (including finished floor eleva- tion), and loadings, ii, A description of the tank site, including existing structures, drainage conditions, vegetation, and any other relevant features iii, Details of the field exploration, such as number of borings, location of borings, and depth of borings iv, Description of testing performed b) Geological setting of the site i. A general description of the subsoil conditions as determined from the recovered soil samples, laboratory tests, and standard penetration resistance ii, The expected groundwater level at the site during construction and after project completion ©) The geotechnical recommendations should include i. Type of foundation system ii, Subgrade preparation, including proof-rolling and compaction; when necessary, consider the possibility of pumping during compaction of the subgrade iii, Foundation base material and placement procedure, including compaction requirements iv. Backtill material and placement procedure, where roquited vy, Allowable-bearing capacity vi. Estimated settlements at perimeter footing and inte- rior floor vii, Estimated potential vertical rise of expansive subgrade soils (PVR) vii, Lateral equivalent soil pressure, including active, at rest, passive, and seismic, where applicable ix. Seismic soil profile type x. Identification of sink hole potential xi. Recommended allowable side friction and end ‘bearing values for deep foundation systems xii, Anticipated groundwater control measures needed at the site during and after construction, including the possibility of buoyancy of the empty tank 4) Conclusions and limitations of the investigation ©) The report should have the following attachments i. Site location map ii, A plan indicating the location of the borings with respect to the proposed tank and any existing structures ‘on the site iil. Boring logs iv, Laboratory test results, including Atterberg limi ‘unconfined compressive strength, and shear strength, ‘where applicable ‘A.5—Shallow foundation ‘AS.1 Whea the geotechnical investigation of the subsur- face soil conditions at the site indicate that the subgrade hhas adequate bearing capacity to support the tank loadings without exceeding tolerable settlement limits, a shallow foundation system, such as a membrane floor with a perim= eter wall footing, should be used (Fig. A.5.1) ‘AS2 The subgrade should be of a uniform density and compressibility to minimize the differential settlement of the floor and footing. Disturbed areas of the exposed subgrade, ot loosely consolidated soil, should be compacted. Areas of the subgrade that exhibit signs of soft or unstable conditions should be compacted or replaced with a suitable compacted ‘material. When subgrade material is replaced, this material should be compacted to 95 percent of the maximum labora- tory density determined by ASTM D1SS7. The field tests for ‘measurement of in-place density should be in conformance with ASTM D156 or D6938. Particular care should be exercised to compact the soil to the specified density under and around underfloor pipe encasements. Controlled low- strength material (CLSM) is sometimes used to fill overex- cavated areas or to provide a smooth working base over an ‘regular or unstable rock surface. ‘A8,3 Base material should be placed, and fully stabilized as discussed in the following, over the subgrade when the subgrade materials do not allow free drainage. The base materials also serve as a working platform and generally inerease the performance of the membrane floor slab. The base material should consist of a clean, well-compacted, angular or subangular granular material with a minimum thickness of 6 in. (150 mm). The gradation of the base mate rial should be selected to permit free drainage without the Joss of fines or intermixing with the subgrade material. This objective is typically achieved by limiting the amount of ‘material that passes the No. 200 (75 4m) sieve toa maximum 8 percent by weight of the total base material, The maximum particle size of the base materials should be limited to provide a relatively level working surface without potential intrusion of the base materials into the membrane floor slab concrete. Ifa suitable base material is unavailable, a geotex- tile fabric should be placed between the subgrade and base ‘material. Base material should be compacted to 95 percer of the maximum laboratory density determined by ASTM. 1D1SS7. The field tests for measurement of in-place density should be in conformance with ASTM D156 or D6938. If the base material is cohesionless, the relative density should bbe measured in accordance with ASTM D4253 and D4254, A relative density of 70 t0 75 percent is normally desirable. Alternatively, ifthe base layer is relatively thin (8 in, [200 mm] of less), ASTM compaction and density tests ean be [American Concrete institute Copyrighted Maleral—nww.concrete.orgDOCUMENTTITLE (AC! 000R-00) 3 RSE \ = SS WY K \ WS RRR RRA RRS [nun pases at cpusyen stone on! \ Fig. A.5.1—Typical tank foundation. replaced by compaction performance criteria in which the ‘maximum lift, number of passes in each direction, type, and ‘weight of equipment ate specified, Surface elevation of the base material should be +0 and -1/2 in. (+0 and -13 mm) ‘over the entire floor area. All transitions in elevations should be smooth and gradual, varying no more than 1/4 in. (6 mm) per 10. 3.0 m). ASA When groundwater conditions at the tank site indicate the possibility of hydrostatic uplift occurring on the tank floor, a drainage system should be considered to prevent groundwater from rising to an undesirable level. "The drainage system can discharge to a manhole or other drainage structure where the flow can be observed. The drainage structure should be located at a lower elevation than the floor slab to prevent surcharge and backflow to the BARRA KK RRR RRRRRRRR \ ‘Leocrenbuine woweeane RNS Ce KA Lease waren — | Lguoceaoe \ ote usr tank foundation. If a drainage system is not practical, then soil anchors, tension piles, or a heavy floor can be used. ASS Backiilling may begin after the tank has been completed and tested for watertightness. Excavated mate- rial can be used for backlilling if suitable, Backiill material should be placed in uniform lifts about the periphery of the tank. Each lift should be compacted to at least 90 percent of the ‘maximum laboratory density determined by ASTM D15S7, The field tests for measurement of in-place density should be in conformance with ASTM D1556 and D6938. If the backfill material is impervious (for example, clay), it may bbe necessary to install a drainage blanket, such as a layer of | gravel or a geotextile mesh, against the wall. [American Concrete Insitute Copyrighted Material—iwww.concrate.orgqi American Concrete Institute” “Advancing concrete knowledge ‘As ACI begins its second century of advancing concrete knowledge, its original chartered purpose remains “to provide a comradeship in finding the best ways to do concrete work of alll kinds and in spreading knowledge.” In keeping with this purpose, ACI supports the following activities: Technical committees that produce consensus reports, guides, specifications, and codes. Spring and fall conventions to facilitate the work of its committees. 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