.

Overview

VLAN
Trunking
Configure
Troubleshoot
.
VLAN introduction

VLANs provide segmentation based on broadcast domains.

VLANs logically segment switched networks based on the functions,
project teams, or applications of the organization regardless of the
physical location or connections to the network.
All workstations and servers used by a particular workgroup share the
same VLAN, regardless of the physical connection or location.
.
VLAN introduction

VLANs are created to provide segmentation services traditionally

provided by physical routers in LAN configurations.
VLANs address scalability, security, and network management.
Routers in VLAN topologies provide broadcast filtering, security, and
traffic flow management.
Switches may not bridge any traffic between VLANs, as this would
violate the integrity of the VLAN broadcast domain.
Traffic should only be routed between VLANs.
.
Broadcast domains with VLANs and routers

A VLAN is a broadcast domain created by one or more switches.

The network design above creates three separate broadcast
domains.
Broadcast domains with VLANs and routers
10.1.0.0/16

10.2.0.0/16
1) Without
VLANs
10.3.0.0/16

1) Without VLANs, each group is on a One link per VLAN or a single VLAN
different IP network and on a different Trunk (later) 10.1.0.0/16
switch.
2) With
2) Using VLANs. Switch is configured
VLANs
with the ports on the appropriate
VLAN. Still, each group on a different 10.2.0.0/16
IP network; however, They are all on
the same switch.
What are the broadcast domains in 10.3.0.0/16
each?
.
VLAN operation

Each switch port can be assigned to a different VLAN.

Ports assigned to the same VLAN share broadcasts.
Ports that do not belong to that VLAN do not share these broadcasts.
.
VLAN operation

Static membership VLANs are called port-based and port-centric

membership VLANs.
As a device enters the network, it automatically assumes the VLAN
membership of the port to which it is attached.
The default VLAN for every port in the switch is the management
VLAN. The management VLAN is always VLAN 1 and may not be
deleted.
This statement does not give the whole story. We will examine
Management, Default and other VLANs at the end.
All other ports on the switch may be reassigned to alternate VLANs.
More on VLAN 1 later.
.
VLAN operation

Dynamic membership VLANs are created through network

management software. (Not as common as static VLANs)
CiscoWorks 2000 or CiscoWorks for Switched Internetworks is
used to create Dynamic VLANs.
Dynamic VLANs allow for membership based on the MAC address of
the device connected to the switch port.
As a device enters the network, it queries a database within the switch
for a VLAN membership.
Benefits of VLANs

If a hub is connected to VLAN port on

a switch, all devices on that hub must
belong to the same VLAN.

The key benefit of VLANs is that they permit the network administrator
to organize the LAN logically instead of physically.
This means that an administrator is able to do all of the following:
Easily move workstations on the LAN.
Easily add workstations to the LAN.
Easily change the LAN configuration.
Easily control network traffic.
Improve security.
Without VLANs No Broadcast Control

ARP Request

Without VLANs, the ARP Request would be seen by all hosts.

Again, consuming unnecessary network bandwidth and host processing
cycles.
With VLANs Broadcast Control
Switch Port: VLAN ID
ARP Request

172.30.1.21
Switch 1
172.30.2.12
255.255.255.0
255.255.255.0
VLAN 1
VLAN 2

172.30.2.10 172.30.1.23
255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0
VLAN 2 VLAN 1

Two VLANs
Two Subnets
VLAN Types
.
VLAN Tagging

VLAN Tagging is used when a link needs to carry traffic for more than
one VLAN.
Trunk link: As packets are received by the switch from any attached
end-station device, a unique packet identifier is added within each
header.
This header information designates the VLAN membership of each
packet.
The packet is then forwarded to the appropriate switches or routers based
on the VLAN identifier and MAC address.
Upon reaching the destination node (Switch) the VLAN ID is removed from
the packet by the adjacent switch and forwarded to the attached device.
Packet tagging provides a mechanism for controlling the flow of broadcasts
and applications while not interfering with the network and applications.
This is known as a trunk link or VLAN trunking.
.
VLAN Tagging

No VLAN Tagging

VLAN Tagging

VLAN Tagging is used when a single link needs to carry

traffic for more than one VLAN.
.
VLAN Tagging

802.10

There are two major methods of frame tagging, Cisco proprietary Inter-
Switch Link (ISL) and IEEE 802.1Q.
ISL used to be the most common, but is now being replaced by 802.1Q
frame tagging.
Cisco recommends using 802.1Q.
VLAN Tagging and Trunking will be discussed in the next chapter.
.
Configuring static VLANs

The following guidelines must be followed when configuring VLANs on

Cisco 29xx switches:
The maximum number of VLANs is switch dependent.
29xx switches commonly allow 4,095 VLANs
VLAN 1 is one of the factory-default VLANs.
VLAN 1 is the default Ethernet VLAN.
Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) and VLAN Trunking Protocol
(VTP) advertisements are sent on VLAN 1.
The Catalyst 29xx IP address is in the VLAN 1 broadcast domain
by default.
.
Creating VLANs

Assigning access ports (non-trunk ports) to a specific VLAN

Create the VLAN:

.
Creating VLANs

Default vlan Default

vlan 1 10 vlan 1

Denotes this port as an access port and not a trunk link (later)
.
Creating VLANs

Default vlan Default

vlan 1 300 vlan 1
.
Configuring Ranges of VLANs

vlan 2
.
Configuring Ranges of VLANs

vlan 3

This command does not work on all 2900 switches, such as the 2900
Series XL. It does work on the 2950.
.
Creating VLANs

Default vlan Default

vlan 1 300 vlan 1

Note: The command should be configured

on all ports that the network administrator does not want to become a
trunk port.
This will be discussed in more in the next chapter, section on DTP.
.
Verifying VLANs show vlan

vlan 1 vlan 2 vlan 3

default
.
Verifying VLANs show vlan brief

vlan 1 vlan 2 vlan 3

default
.
vlan database commands

Optional Command to add, delete, or modify VLANs.

VLAN names, numbers, and VTP (VLAN Trunking Protocol)
information can be entered which may affect other switches besides
this one. (Discussed later).
This does not assign any VLANs to an interface.
.
Deleting a Port VLAN Membership
.

VLAN Tagging

We will begin with a review of VLAN tagging and a

closer look at ISL and IEEE 802.1Q.
.
VLAN Tagging

VLAN Tagging is used when a link needs to carry traffic for more than
one VLAN.
Trunk link: As packets are received by the switch from any attached
end-station device, a unique packet identifier is added within each
header.
This header information designates the VLAN membership of each
packet.
The packet is then forwarded to the appropriate switches or routers based
on the VLAN identifier and MAC address.
Upon reaching the destination node (Switch) the VLAN ID is removed from
the packet by the adjacent switch and forwarded to the attached device.
Packet tagging provides a mechanism for controlling the flow of broadcasts
and applications while not interfering with the network and applications.
This is known as a trunk link or VLAN trunking.
.
VLAN Tagging

No VLAN Tagging

VLAN Tagging

VLAN Tagging is used when a link needs to carry traffic for more than
one VLAN.
Tagging is used so the receiving switch knows which ports in should
flood broadcast and unknown unicast traffic (only those ports belonging
to the same VLAN).
.
VLAN Tagging

802.10

There are two major methods of frame tagging, Cisco proprietary Inter-
Switch Link (ISL) and IEEE 802.1Q.
ISL used to be the most common, but is now being replaced by 802.1Q
frame tagging. ISL Increases the frame header overhead by 30 bytes.
Cisco recommends using 802.1Q. This type of encapsulation adds only
4 bytes to the Ethernet header
VLAN Tagging and Trunking will be discussed in the next chapter.
IEEE 802.1Q

NIC cards and networking devices can understand this baby

giant frame (1522 bytes). However, a Cisco switch must
remove this encapsulation before sending the frame out on an
access link.

SA and DASA and

802.1q
DA Type/Length Data (max 1500 CRC
New
MACs MACsTag Field bytes) CRC

2-byte TPID Tag Protocol Identifier

2-byte TCI Tag Control Info (includes VLAN ID)

Significantly less overhead than the ISL

As opposed to the 30 bytes added by ISL, 802.1Q inserts only
an additional 4 bytes into the Ethernet frame
802.1q
A 4-byte tag header containing a tag protocol identifier (TPID) and tag
control information (TCI) with the following elements:
TPID (Tab Protocol Identifier)
A 2-byte TPID with a fixed value of 0x8100.
This value indicates that the frame carries the 802.1Q/802.1p tag
information.
TCI (Tag Control Information)
A TCI containing the following elements:
- Three-bit user priority (8 priority levels, 0 thru 7)
- One-bit canonical format (CFI indicator), 0 = canonical, 1 =
noncanonical, to signal bit order in the encapsulated frame
(www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2469.html - A Caution On the Canonical
Ordering of Link-Layer Addresses )
- Twelve-bit VLAN identifier (VID)-Uniquely identifies the VLAN to
which the frame belongs, defining 4,096 VLANs, with 0 and 4095
reserved.
.
Trunking operation

or 802.1Q

Trunking protocols were developed to effectively manage the

transfer of frames from different VLANs on a single physical line.
The trunking protocols establish agreement for the distribution of
frames to the associated ports at both ends of the trunk.
Trunk links may carry traffic for all VLANs or only specific VLANs.
.
VLANs and trunking

Non-Trunk Links

Trunk Link

Non-Trunk Links

It is important to understand that a trunk link does not

belong to a specific VLAN.
The responsibility of a trunk link is to act as a conduit for
VLANs between switches and routers (or switches and
switches).
.
Configuring Trunking

Note: On many
switches, the

command must be
done BEFORE the

command.

These commands will be explained in the following slides.

.
Configuring Trunking

This command configures VLAN tagging on an interface if the switch

supports multiple trunking protocols.
The two options are:
IEEE 802.1Q
ISL
The tagging must be the same on both ends.
.
Configuring Trunking

An access port means that the port (interface) can only belong to a
single VLAN.
Access ports are used when:
Only a single device is connected to the port
Multiple devices (hub) are connected to the port, all belonging to
the same VLAN
Another switch is connected to this interface, but this link is only
carrying a single VLAN (non-trunk link).
Trunk ports are used when:
Another switch is connected to this interface, and this link is
carrying multiple VLANa (trunk link).