Integrated Intelligent Research (IIR) International Journal of Business Intelligents

Volume: 05 Issue: 01 June 2016 Page No.116-120

ISSN: 2278-2400

Power Management in Micro grid Using Hybrid

Energy Storage System
S.Maga, C.Kavitha
PG scholar, Department of EEE,Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan,College of Technology,Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Assistant Professor,Department of EEE,Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan College of Technology,Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Email:[email protected],[email protected]

Abstract— This paper proposed for power management in renewable energy up to 14 Dec, 2015.A smart grid (SG) has
micro grid using a hybrid distributed generator based on attracted great attention due to recent environmental problems.
photovoltaic, wind-driven PMDC and energy storage system is SG technologies enable users, such as energy system operators
proposed. In this generator, the sources are together connected and consumers, to reduce energy consumption and the
to the grid with the help of interleaved boost converter emission of greenhouse gases, by changing energy
followed by an inverter. Thus, compared to earlier schemes, infrastructure more efficiently was discussed in[1]. To
the proposed scheme has fewer power converters. FUZZY accomplish superior harmonic compensation performance
based MPPT controllers are also proposed for the new hybrid using distributed generation (DG) unit power electronics
scheme to separately trigger the interleaved DC-DC converter interfaces, an adaptive hybrid voltage and current controlled
and the inverter for tracking the maximum power from both method (HCM) in [2]. In [3], this paper adopts the complex-
the sources. The integrated operations of both the proposed vector-filter method (CVFM) to analyse the grid
controllers for different conditions are demonstrated through synchronization systems. With this method, the pairs of scalar
simulation with the help of MATLAB software. signals, for example, the α- and β-axis components in the
stationary α-β frame, are combined into one complex vector.
Keywords— Power Management System, Hybrid Distributed In [4], the hybrid system, energy has a higher reliability, can
Generators, Wind-driven PMSG-PV, Grid connected hybrid be cost effective and improve the quality of life in small town.
system. At large scale and hybrid system will independently provide a
stable power source and daily gas for small towns. Hybrid
I. INTRODUCTION
power system that aims to increase the system efficiency and
Power management system (PMS) is in charge of controlling increase use of renewable energy based hybrid power system.
the electrical system. Its task is to make sure that the electrical In [5], An isolated hybrid scheme employing a simple three-
system is safe and efficient. If the power consumption is larger phase square-wave inverter to integrate a photovoltaic array
than the power production capacity, load shedding is used to with a wind-driven induction generator has been proposed for
avoid blackout. Electrical energy in any combination of the the first time. A dynamic mathematical model of the hybrid
generators is implementation.Renewable energy is the energy scheme with variables expressed in d-q synchronous reference
which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, frame has been developed. In [6], is proposed for effective
rain, tides and geothermal heat. These resources are energy management of a stand- alone permanent magnet
renewable and can be naturally replenished.Solar radiation synchronous generator (PMSG)-based variable speed wind
sustains all forms of life on earth. The main features of solar energy conversion system consisting of battery, fuel cell, and
radiation are its wide spread distribution, inexhaustible supply dump load.The proposed system employs six-arm converter
and pollution free source of energy. India receives solar topology with three arms for the rectifier-inverter, one arm for
energy equivalent to about 500 trillion kWh per annum, more battery charging/discharging and two arms for power
than enough to provide for the entire country’s needs. In India, conversion of the PV module and wind turbine generator. The
the daily solar energy incidence varies from 4 – 7 kWh per m 2 operation modes include the grid-tie mode and the UPS mode
and many regions in the country enjoy 250 to 300 sunny days depending on the grid status was discussed in [7]. In [8], a
annually. The state Tamilnadu came up with an ambitious multi-input DC-DC boost converter is proposed to obtain
solar energy policy in 2012, with the goal of 3000 MW of power from several input sources and to supply the regulated
solar power in Tamil Nadu by 2015. More about the policy output voltage to the load from the sources. This paper
from here. The Govt. of Tamil Nadu has launched Solar provides a comprehensive review of the maximum power
Powered Green House Scheme. Under this scheme 3 lakh point tracking (MPPT) techniques applied to photovoltaic
houses will be constructed with solar powered lighting (PV) power system available until January, 2012. A good
systems over a period of 5 years from 2011-12 to 2015-16 for number of publications report on different MPPT techniques
the benefit of poor in rural areas.India ranks fifth in the for a PV system together with implementation was discussed
installed capacity of grid connected electricity in the world and in[9]. In [10], power-control strategies of a grid-connected
second largest in Asia. Indian Energy Industries have a total hybrid generation system with versatile power transfer were
installed capacity of 223 GW of electricity generation, of presented.
which about 28GW is from all Renewable Energy Sources in II. DESCRIPTION OF THE SCHEME
which about 19 GW is from wind energy. According to
In the proposed system there are two types of energy sources
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) total
such as wind energy source,solar energy and energy storage
capacity of 301 GW power has been established in India by
system such as battery and supercapacitor. MPPT based fuzzy
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Integrated Intelligent Research (IIR) International Journal of Business Intelligents
Volume: 05 Issue: 01 June 2016 Page No.116-120
ISSN: 2278-2400
logic controller is used to generate gate pulses for switches (2) Incremental Conductance Technique (ICT).
used in the interleaved boost converter and PMDC wind
turbine generator model. Hysteresis controller provide gate In this paper using perturb and observe, the voltage is
pulse to the switches used in the inverter.Wind turbine output increased initially. If the output power increases, the voltage is
of mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy using continually increased till the output power starts decreasing.
PMDC generator. Interleaved dc to dc converter boost the dc Once the output power starts decreasing, the voltage is
voltage obtained from the PMDC wind generator model. Input decreased till maximum power is reached. This process is
of voltage source inverter are dc to dc converter output, PV continued till the MPP is attained. This results in an oscillation
array output, battery and, supercapacitor. It converts dc to ac of the output power around the MPP shown as fig 2.
voltage. Less ripples present in the dc voltage due to
A typical solar panel converts only 30 to 40 percent of the
interleaved concept. Provide uninterrupted power supply to the
incident solar irradiation into electrical energy. Maximum
islanded micro grid. No full charge is required in the super
power point tracking technique is used to improve the
capacitor. Higher efficiency is shown in fig 1.
efficiency of the solar panel. According to Maximum Power
Transfer theorem, the power output of a circuit is maximum
MPPT with interleaved dc-dc converter and inverter for grid
when the Thevenin impedance of the circuit (source
connected hybrid wind-driven Permanent magnet direct
impedance) matches with the load impedance. Hence our
current-Photovoltaic system is developed to achieve
problem of tracking the maximum power point reduces to an
impedance matching problem. Shown in figure 4.1 in the
 To provide electricity to the island micro grid
source side we are using a boost convertor connected to a solar
without interruption
panel in order to enhance the output voltage so that it can be
.
used for different applications like motor load. By changing
 To track maximum power from wind turbine and
the duty cycle of the boost converter appropriately we can
PV array using MPPT based fuzzy logic controller.
match the source impedance with that of the load impedance.
 To reduce ripples in the dc using interleaved dc to
Maximum Power Point Tracking, frequently referred to as
dc converter.
MPPT, is an electronic system that operates the Photovoltaic
(PV) modules in a manner that allows the modules to produce
 To improve system efficiency.
all the power they are capable of MPPT is not a mechanical
tracking system that “physically moves” the modules to make
The output voltage of the interleaved boost converter is varied
them point more directly at the sun. MPPT is a fully electronic
by a PV MPPT controller 1 to PV array’s maximum power
system that varies the electrical operating point of the modules
point voltage. Under this condition, the maximum current for
so that the modules are able to deliver maximum available
the given irradiation is drawn from the PV array by the action
power.
of current controller 2 of the inverter.
C U R R E N T (a m p s)

P O W (Ew Ra t t s )
VOLTAGE (volts)

Figure 2. Maximum Power Point Tracking Curve

FIG 4.1 CURRENT V/S VOLTAGE GRAPH

Main features of MPPT solar charge controller

In any applications which PV module is energy source, MPPT

solar charge controller is used to correct for detecting the
variations in the current-voltage characteristics of solar cell
and shown by I-V curve?MPPT solar charge controller is
necessary for any solar power systems need to extract
maximum power from PV module; it forces PV module to
Figure 1.Block Diagram Of Pmdc-Pv operate at voltage close to maximum power point to draw
A. MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING maximum available power.MPPT solar charge controller
allows users to use PV module with a higher voltage output
than operating voltage of battery system. This means it
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a technique that reduces the wire size needed while retaining full output of PV
charge controllers use for wind turbines and PV solar systems module.MPPT solar charge controller reduces complexity of
to employ and maximize power output. system while output of system is high efficiency. Additionally,
it can be applied to use with more energy sources. Since PV
There are two types of MPPT, output power is used to control DC-DC converter
(1) Perturb and Observe (PAO). directly.MPPT solar charge controller can be applied to other
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Integrated Intelligent Research (IIR) International Journal of Business Intelligents
Volume: 05 Issue: 01 June 2016 Page No.116-120
ISSN: 2278-2400
renewable energy sources such as small water turbines, wind D. SUPER CAPACITOR
power turbines, etc.
Super capacitor, formerly electric double-layer capacitor
or ultra-capacitor, is the generic term for a family of
B. FUZZY BASED MPPT CONTROLLER
electrochemical capacitors. As opposed to Nano scale
dielectric capacitors which also have high capacitance values,
Recently fuzzy logic controller have introduced in the tracking
super capacitors don't have a conventional solid dielectric. The
of the MPP in PV system. They have the advantage to be
capacitance value of an electrochemical capacitor is
robust and relatively simple to design as they do not recover
determined by two storage principles, which both contribute
the knowledge of exact model. They do recover in the other
indivisibly to the total capacitance.
hand of the complete knowledge of the operation of the PV
system. The performance of both controllers is examined at  Double-layer capacitance – Electrostatic storage
variable solar irradiations at different temperature. achieved by separation of charge in
a Helmholtz double layer at the interface between the
surface of a conductive electrode and an electrolyte.
C. INTERLEAVED BOOST CONVERTER
The separation of charge is of the order of a
few angstrom (0.3–0.8 nm), much smaller than in a
conventional capacitor.

 Pseudo capacitance – Faradaic electrochemical
storage with electron charge-transfer, achieved
by redox reactions, intercalation or electro sorption.

The ratio of the two storage principles can vary greatly,

Figure 3. Interleaved Dc –Dc Converter depending on the design of the electrodes and the composition
of the electrolyte. Pseudo capacitance can be as much as 10×
that of double-layer capacitance.
In the proposed system, interleaved DC -DC converter is used
with two inductors, two diodes and two capacitors. The
operation of the converter is complementary operation because
more than one number of switches are used .The advantages of
the converter is to minimize the current ripple and to minimize
the switching losses. More generally that of increasing the
effective pulse frequency of any periodic power source by
synchronizing several smaller sources.

The concept of interleaving is generally that of increasing the

effective pulse frequency of any periodic power source by
synchronizing several smaller sources and operating them with
relative phase shifts. Interleaving technique actually exists in
different areas of modern technologies in different forms. Take
a typical automobile engine as an example. In today’s internal
combustion engine, several cylinders are connected to a
common crankshaft and that the power stroke portions of their
cycles are non-simultaneous. By firing each cylinder in
sequence, the effective pulse frequency of the engine is
increased and the net torque ripple is reduced. Increasing the
number of cylinders raises the pulse frequency and total output Super capacitors are divided into three families, based on
power of the engine without increasing the firing frequency of electrode design
the individual cylinders. Instead of paralleling power devices,
paralleling power converters is another solution which could  Double-layer capacitors – with carbon electrodes or
be more beneficial. Furthermore, with the power converter derivate with much higher electrostatic double-layer
paralleling architecture, interleaving technique comes capacitance than electrochemical pseudo capacitance
naturally. Benefits like harmonic cancellation, better
efficiency, better thermal performance, and high power density  Pseudo capacitors – with metal oxide or conducting
can be obtained. In earlier days, for high power applications, polymer electrodes with a high amount of
in order to meet certain system requirement, interleaving electrochemical pseudo capacitance
multi-channel converter could be a superior solution especially
considering the available power devices with limited  Hybrid capacitors – capacitors with asymmetric
performance at that time. One of such example can be found in electrodes, one of which exhibits mostly electrostatic
the application of Superconducting a Magnetic Energy Storage and the other mostly electrochemical capacitance,
System (SMES). such as lithium-ion capacitors

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Integrated Intelligent Research (IIR) International Journal of Business Intelligents
Volume: 05 Issue: 01 June 2016 Page No.116-120
ISSN: 2278-2400
 Hierarchical classification of super capacitors and grid using fuzzy based MPPT controller. This Simulink
related types contains PMSG based wind generation, fuzzy based MPPT
controller, solar panel, battery, super capacitor. The load side
Super capacitors bridge the gap between conventional converter has the inverter that is used to convert dc to ac
capacitors and rechargeable batteries. They store the most voltage through hysteresis controller. Wind turbine is used to
energy per unit volume or mass (energy density) among convert the mechanical power to electrical power .the wind
capacitors. They support up to 10,000 farads/1.2 volt, up to speed is 12(m/s) power. The pitch angle is zero, generator
10,000 times that of electrolytic capacitors, but deliver or speed is connected to the PMSG mechanical torque. It
accept less than half as much energy per unit time (power convert’s three phase electrical power.Solar output and PMSG
density).By contrast, while super capacitors have energy based wind output are connected to 12v output the fuzzy based
densities that are approximately 10% of conventional batteries, MPPT controller. It’s connected to interleaved boost converter
their power density is generally 10 to 100 times greater. This .this converter is used boost the voltage.Inverter is used to
results in much shorter charge/discharge cycles than batteries. convert dc to ac voltage by using hysteresis controller the gate
Additionally, they will tolerate many more charge and pulse are generated. The 400v are given to the domestic
discharge cycles than batteries.In these electrochemical application.The objective of the project is implemented
capacitors, the electrolyte is the conductive connection through modelling of fuzzy based MPPT controller in
between the two electrodes. This distinguishes them from MATLAB Simulink is briefly explained. The necessary
electrolytic capacitors, in which the electrolyte is the cathode simulation diagrams are detailed was shown in fig.5.
and thus forms the second electrode.Super capacitors are
polarized and must operate with the correct polarity. Polarity
is controlled by design with asymmetric electrodes, or, for
symmetric electrodes, by a potential applied during
manufacture.

E. THREE LEVEL NPC INVERTER

The diode-clamped inverter was also called the neutral-point
clamped (NPC) inverter because when it was first used in a
three-level inverter the mid-voltage level was defined as the
neutral point level. A three-level diode-clamped inverter. In
this circuit, the dc-bus voltage is split into three levels by two
series-connected bulk capacitors, C1and C2. The middle point
of the two capacitors N can be defined as the neutral point.
The diode-clamped inverter was also called the neutral-point
clamped (NPC) inverter because when it was first used in a Figure 5.Simulation Diagram
three-level inverter the mid-voltage level was defined as the
neutral point level. A three-level diode-clamped inverter is
shown in Fig.3.The diode-clamped inverter was also called the A. WAVEFORM OF FUZZY BASED MPPT
neutral-point clamped (NPC) inverter because when it was
first used in a three-level inverter the mid-voltage level was CONTROLLER
defined as the neutral point level. A three-level diode-clamped
inverter is shown in Fig.3.6 In this circuit, the dc-bus voltage
is split into three levels by two series-connected bulk
capacitors, C1and C2. The middle point of the two capacitors
N can be defined as the neutral point.

Figure 6.Output Voltage Waveform

The fig 6, shows the fuzzy based MPPT controller for 0.5
times per sec and voltage is 1500 v.

Figure 7. Output Current Waveform

Figure 4.Three Level Npc Inverter

III SIMULATION AND RESULTS

This is the Simulink model of permanent magnet synchronous
generator based on wind generation and solar connected to the

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Integrated Intelligent Research (IIR) International Journal of Business Intelligents
Volume: 05 Issue: 01 June 2016 Page No.116-120
ISSN: 2278-2400
The fig 7, Shows the fuzzy based MPPT controller for 0.5 [4] C. Liu, K.T. Chau, X. Zhang, “An Efficient Wind-Photovoltaic Hybrid
Generation System Using Doubly Excited Permanent-Magnet Brushless
times per sec and current is 300 amps. Machine”, IEEE Trans.Ind.Electron,vol.57, no.3, pp.831-839,Mar.2010.
[5] S. Arul Daniel, N. Ammasai Gounden, "A novel hybrid isolated
generating system based on PV fed inverter-assisted wind-driven
B. CHARACTERSTICS OF GRID SIDE PARAMETERS induction Generators," IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 19, no. 2,
Pp.416-422, June 2004.
The grid side parameters are of voltage is 400 volt and current [6] C. N. Bhende, S. Mishra, Siva Ganesh Malla, “Permanent Magnet
is 10amps.shows the fig 8, 9 given below. Synchronous Generator-Based Standalone Wind Energy Supply System”
IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 361-373, Oct 2011.
[7] H.C. Chiang, T.T. Ma, Y.H. Cheng, J.M. Chang, W.N. Chang, "Design
and implementation of a hybrid regenerative power system combining
grid-tie and uninterruptible power supply functions," IET Renewable
Power Generation, 2010, vol. 4, no. 1, pp.85,99, 2010.
[8] Y-M. Chen, Y-C. Liu, S-C. Hung, C-S. Cheng, “Multi-Input Inverter for
Grid Connected Hybrid PV/Wind Power Systems”, IEEE Trans. Power
Electron., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 1070-1077, May 2007.
[9] B. Subudhi, R. Pradhan, "A Comparative Study on Maximum Power
Point Tracking Techniques for Photovoltaic Power Systems," IEEE
Figure 8.Output Voltage Wavwform Trans. Sustain. Energy. vol. 4, no. 1, pp.89-98, Jan 2013.
[10] S-K. Kim, J-H. Jeon, C-H. Cho, J-B. Ahn, S-H. Kwon, "Dynamic
Modeling and Control of a Grid-Connected Hybrid Generation System
with Versatile Power Transfer," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no.
4, pp.1677-1688, April 2008.

Figure 9. Output Current Waveform

IV CONCLUSION
A new power management system reliable hybrid DG system
based on PV and wind-driven PMSG as sources, with only a
interleaved DC - DC converter followed by an inverter stage,
has been successfully implemented. In addition, it has been
established through experimentation and simulation that the
two controllers, digital fuzzy based MPPT controller and
hysteresis-current-controller which are designed specifically
for the proposed system have exactly tracked the maximum
powers from both the sources. Maintenance free operation,
reliability and low cost are the features required for the DG
employed in secondary distribution system. The steady state
waveforms captured at grid-side show that power generated by
the DG system is fed to the grid at unity power factor. The
voltage THD and the current THD of the generator meet the
required power. The proposed scheme easily finds application
for erection at domestic consumer sites in a smart grid
scenario is performed using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
The future scope is, by using a fuzzy logic in future we can
extract a maximum power from MPPT. Advantage of
genetically algorithm is particle swarm optimization and
artificial neural network.

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