152

Waves and Oscillations

153
Properties of Matter
with the nalural t hy
Solution. The relution between
velocity (v).

330
frequency (n) and wavelengh
to
tat,
t h e lrequeney
of the electric oscillations coincides
the vibrations will be of large amplitude If the frequeney of the
ulirasonic frequency range, the crystal produces ultraonie wayes
nyu2t3-C
elecr.c
in the

n
(330-1010 m-1m m Construction. The cireut diagram is shown in Fig 11 12

Quarz
11.10, PIEZELECTRIC EFFECT Crystal slice
(f onc pair of opposite faces ofa
pressare, the othgr pair of quartz crystal subjected is Pressure to
Battery
opposite faces develops cqual and Uitrasonic
OTransistor
clectric
cliarges on them (Fig I111). The sign of the opposite Waves
Averscd when he laces are subjected to tension instead of
charges 1s

The electrnc chargs developed pressure Transtormer

gressigre tension)his phenomenon
or proportional
is
to the amount
is called Piezoelectric of Change i g 11.12

The effect is reversible, i.e., if an electric effect.

slice of quartz crystal is placed between
base tuned oscillator circuit A the Inclal plates
one pàir of
faces of the field is applied across 1s a
This is couplod to
crystal, contraction expansion the a s the dielectric
across the other or
occurs and B s0 as to fornm
parallel plate
a capacitor with crystal
pair theelectronic oscillator through primary, cojlof the transforme
Fig. 11.11
when the two opposite faces of Oils L and L, of oscillatof circuit are taken from the secondary of
the tanstamerIhe
opuc wxis, are subjected to alternating quartzthecrystal, their faces being cut perpendicular u
a

and voltage, other pair of opposite faces experiences stresses

o
collectorcoil L, uxtnductivelycoupledto basc coil L, The coil L, and variable capacitor C,tom the
sirains The
in the erystal quartz crystal will continuously tank circuit of the osCillator
contract and expand. Elastuc vibrations anc set
Working. When the battery is switched on, the oseillator produces high frequeney oscillations
When the
the
frequency
of the alternating voltage is equal to the natural An oscillatory e.m.f is induced in the coil L, due to transformer action. So the crystal is now under
crystal or its simple
higher frequency ol vibration o high frequency alternating voltage
Ts
large These vibrations are multiples, the crystal is thrown into resonant vibrations. The amplntude
longitudinal in nature Thecapacitance ofC, is varied so that the frequency ofoscillations produced is in resonance with
Consider a X-cut crystal tne natural trequency of the crystal. Now the crystal vibrates with large amplitude due to resonance.
plate of thickness. The fundamental frequency of vibration is given by
Thus high power ultrasonic waves are
produced.
1E Advantages
E Is the
Young's modulus and p is the density of the material of the Utrasonic frequencies as high as 500 MHz can be generated.
Example I. A quartz crystal of thickness 0.001
crystal plate. 2 . The output power is very high. It is not affected by temperature and humidity
Junckimental
vibrating at m is resonance. Caleulate the 3. It is efficient than magnetostriction oscillator
more
frequeney. Given E for quartz= 7.9 x
10 Nm and pfor quartz 2650 kg 4.
m
The breadth of the resonance curve is very small. So we can
get stable and
Solution. n IE 7.9x10 = 2.73 x 10° Hz.
frequency of ultrasonic waves. a
constant
2r Vp 2x 0.001V 2650 Disadvantages
Example 2. 4 piezoclectric X-cui quartz plate has a thickness of 1.5 mm. If the velocity of 1 . The cost of the quartz crystal is
propagation of longitudinal sound waves along the X direction is 5760 m/s, calculate the fundamental 2 . Cutting and shaping the crystal very high.
is
Jrequency of the crysta very complex
11.12. PRODUCTION OF
principle. When a rodULTRASONIC
Solution. For the fundamental mode of vibration,
WAVES MAGNETOSTRICTION METHOD
thickness undergoes a verv small changeofin ferromagnetic material like nickel is
length. This 1s cailed magnetised longitudinally, it
32xthickness=2(1.5x 10 ) m-3 10 m
A nickel rod
with twice the
placed in
rapidly a magnetostriction
varying magnetic field effectTYolt
frequency of the alternately cxpands and contracts
magnetic field to be equal to theapplied
natural
magnetic field
By adjusting the
5760 =1.92 x 10Hz nroduced. Due to resonance, vibrations offrequency of longitudinal frequency of the
Frequency n 3 10) are emitted from the large amplitude are vibration of the rod, alteraating
ends of the rod produced the
il the trequency of resonance is
in
rod.
20kHz
the alternating Ultrasonic
11.11 PRODUCTIONOF ULTRASONIc WAVES-
PIEZOELECTRIC CRYSTAL
The frequency of vibrations of the rod
magnetic ficld is morewaves
than
is
METHOD Subjected to
Principle. This is based on the inverse piezoclectric effect. etasliC
When a
quartz crysta is
Vibrations along LE
crystal is set into
altertating potential difference along the electric axis, the