THE GLOBAL DIVIDES: THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH

South
- Economy was based on cotton production which depended on slave labor.
- The period of cotton growing was called King Cotton.
North
- Economy was based on industries and major businesses, commerce and finance.
- The biggest business of the north was in railroad construction. Transportation was easier because of railroads.

North-South Divide:

North
- North America, Western Europe, Australia, Japan. Known as first world
- Home to four of the Security Council five permanent members of the United Nations
- Richer and developed region 95% has enough food and shelter and functioning education system as well.
South
- Africa, Latin America and Asia
- Poor and less developed region 5% of the population has enough food and shelter
- It serves as a source for raw material for the North

North-South Gap
Term used to describe the economic gap between the rich northern countries of the world and the south poorer
countries of the world.

Division of North and South

The North-South Divide (or Rich-Poor Divide) is the socio-economic and political division that exists between
the wealthy developed countries, known collectively as “the North,” and the poorer developing countries (least developed
countries), or “the South.” Although most nations comprising the “North” are in fact located in the Northern Hemisphere,
the divide is not primarily defined by

Cold War
- During Cold War – Primary Global Division was between East and West, and Predicated upon Security and
Power Balance
- After the Cold War – many see Primary Global Division as Being Between North and South, and Predicated upon
Economic Inequality .

Developed and Developing Countries:

- Developed Countries refers to the sovereign state, whose economy has highly progressed and possesses great
technological infrastructure, as compared to other nations.

- The countries with low industrialization and low human development index are termed as developing countries.

North-South Divide Issues

Distribution of income around the Economic Competition worldwide Standard of living

world
ISSUE #1 Standard of Living

ISSUE #2 Distribution of income around the world

- Liberalization of market occurs, most South countries lost to the competition from the North.
- Encourage migration of people from South to North for having a more good income.

ISSUE #3 Economic competition worldwide

Reasons for Development Gap:

ENVIRONMENTAL - natural features e.g. soil
HISTORICAL - things which have happen in years before
SOCIO – ECONOMIC - society, culture and money e.g religion

Some countries are developing faster than others. Many Asian countries are quickly developing while many African
countries are slowly developing.

Major Differences in North and South

COMPARISON:
The comparison between North and South is not only one aspect . It can be seen through different angels that is:
- Political
- Economical
- Social

REASONS:
There are 3 main reasons why our world is so unequal today:
- Colonialism
- Trade
- Debt

Colonialism
- Today’s North-South gap traces its roots to the colonization of the Southern world regions by Europe over the
past several centuries.
- This colonization occurred at different times in different parts of the world, as did decolonization.
- Control by one power over a dependent area or people.

Trade
 - What you are spending to bring goods into your country is a greater sum that what you are making by selling
products in the global economy.
- You are losing money.
- Southern countries suffered from this.

Debt
- Their products were losing money in the global economy, so they needed to increase production.
- The only way they could do this was to borrow money from the rich northern countries.
- This put them in debt.

GLOBALIZATION
- In Terms of Economic Development, There Exists an Enormous Gap Between Northern and Southern Countries,
Which Has Been Increased By Globalization (Rich Get Richer).

- The process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a global
network of political ideas through communication, transportation, and trade.

CLOSING THE GAP

The United Nations has developed a program dedicated to narrowing the divide through its Millennium
Development Goals.

This includes improving education and health care, promoting gender equality, and ensuring environmental
sustainability.

GLOBAL CULTURE AND MEDIA

Global Media Cultures explores the relationship between the media, culture and globalization.
Culture
It refers to the unified style of human knowledge, beliefs, and behavior from which people learn, and the ability to
communicate knowledge to the next generations.

Its development has been mainly influenced by the media.

Global culture is a set of shared experiences, norms, symbols and ideas that unite people at the global level.

Examples of social forces that are creating a global culture include electronic communications (telephones, e-mail, fax
machines), the mass media (television, radio, film), the news media, the Internet, international businesses and banks,

Business
Shared business, symbols and expectations. habits, conventions,
Sports
Sports such as soccer, basketball and swimming that are enjoyed on an international basis. The culture of sports
may differ by nation with commonalities at the global level.
Holidays
Holidays are celebrated in different ways and in different areas with some degree of commonality at the global
level such as New Years.
Fashion
Fashion such as a trendy style, material or design that spreads on a global basis.
Professions
Professional culture such as software developers who share norms, ideas, and symbols.
Language
Efforts to adopt a common international language to communicate across borders.
Travel
Travel norms and conventions for tourists.
Beliefs
Religions and philosophies typically transcend national borders.
Art & Music
Styles and genres of art and music such as jazz, hip hop or impressionism. I
Food
Food items that are well known in most countries such as pizza, sushi, hamburger, samg.
Education
Educational norms and philosophies. For example, the idea that students debate topic to develop their capacity for
communication and critical thought. analysis,
Fandom
Fans of popular culture or hobbies that share a camaraderie that spans regions.
Gamers
Video game enthusiasts represent a major part of culture that has a global reach.

MEDIA
the communication outlets or tools used to store and deliver information or data Media underwent five stages of
development from the earliest forms to the complex one.
These stages affect globalization progressively

- Media can act as a springboard for our imaginations, a source of fantasy, and an outlet for escapism.
- Media can also provide information and education.
- Media has the ability to act as a public forum for the discussion of important issues.
- Media can also serve to monitor government, business, and other Instrunong

Stages of Media and Culture Globalization

Oral Communication
Language allowed humans to cooperate. It allowed the sharing of information. Oral communication led to
markets, trade and cross-continental trade.
Script
Distance became a strain for oral communication. Script allowed humans to communicate over a larger space and
much longer times. It allowed the written and permanent codification of international economic, cultural, religious and
political practice.

Printing Press
The printing press allows us to share large amounts of information quickly and in huge numbers.
This helped create a wider literate reading public. However, its importance lay not just in how it spread
information and opinions, but also in what sorts of information and opinions it was spreading.
Electronic Media
Electronic media are media that use electronics or electromechanical audience to access the content. It covers the
various technologies powered by electricity to which modern and contemporary artists have had recourse in their work
•Radio.
•Television.
•Telephone.

Digital Media
Digital Media is a blend of technology and content, and building digital media products requires teams of
professionals with diverse skills, including technical skills, artistic skills, analytical and production coordination skills
This information might be found on websites or in applications, software packages, video games, and more.

A cultural period is a time marked by a particular way of understanding the world through culture and
technology. Changes in cultural periods are marked by fundamental changes in the way we perceive and understand the
world

Media Literacy
The ability to identify different types of media and the messages they are sending. When we speak of media, it
encompasses print media, such as newspapers, magazines and posters, and theatrical presentations, tweets, radio
broadcasts, etc.
According to the nonprofit National Association for Media Literacy Education (NAMLE), a person who is media literate
is able to access, analyze, evaluate, and communicate information.
Global Population & Mobility
Global Population
- The world population is the total number of living humans on Earth.
- A population is a distinct group of individuals, whether that group comprises a nation or a group of people with a
common characteristic.

Population growth is determined by fertility rates (the number of children per adult) – fatality rates.

Birth rates and mortality rates are, in turn, determined by a combination of factors.
ISSUES ABOUT GLOBAL POPULATION
Both domestic and global population growth is adding to conflicts over water, energy, food,
open space and wilderness, transportation infrastructure, school rooms, and numerous other problems. In developing
countries, large family size is a major cause of poverty and poor health. No country has graduated from “developing”
status to “developed” status in the last sixty years without first reducing population growth. Yet projections for population
growth through 2050 are being increased as funding for family planning has been reduced over the last 15 years by many
governments.

One of the biggest threats of continued population growth is deforestation and loss of biodiversity. We do not
know the extent to which we can continue to lose species before the eco logical system collapses, but many ecologists and
other scientists – including 58 of the world’s scientific academies – have warned we are approaching that point. Adding to
this is the growing toxification of the environment, with thousands of chemicals that have been released by various
companies without good scientific understanding of their long-term effects.

The Global City

It is in cities that global operations are centralized and where we can see most clearly the phenomena associated
with their activities, whether it be changes in the structure of employment, the formation of powerful partnerships, the
development of monumental real estate, the emergence of new forms of local governance, the effects of organized crime,
the expansion of corruption, the fragmentation of informal networks or the spatial isolation and social exclusion of certain
population groups.

The Global City

 - also called world city or sometimes alpha city or world center, is a city which is a primary node in the global
economic network.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GLOBAL CITY

● Sassen (2018) outlined the different characteristics of globality that maintain its link to globalization.
- The cultural diversity of people
- Existence of a center of economy
- Geographic dispersal of economic activities that marks globalization and;
- Global reach performance.

WORLD’S RICHEST CITIES

#1: NEW YORK

92 billionaires
+8 since 2019
TOTAL NET WORTH: $424 BILLION
RICHEST RESIDENT: MICHAEL BLOOMBERG, $48
BILLION

#2: HONG KONG:

71 billionaires
-8
TOTAL NET WORTH: $321 BILLION
RICHEST RESIDENT: LEE SHAU KEE, $28.1 BILLION

#3 MOSCOW:
70 billionaires
-1
TOTAL NET WORTH: $301.7 BILLION
RICHEST RESIDENT: VLADIMIR POTANIN, $19.7 BILLION

#4: BEIJING
67 billionaires
+6
TOTAL NET WORTH: $218.2 BILLION
RICHEST RESIDENT: ZHANG YIMING, $16.2 BILLION

#5: LONDON
56 billionaires
+1
TOTAL NET WORTH: $212.7 BILLION
RICHEST RESIDENT: LEN BLAVATNIK, $17 BILLION

INCREASE IN GLOBAL CITIES

 The increase in global cities is linked to the globalization of economies and the centralization of mass production
within urban centers.

CRITICISMS OF GLOBAL CITIES

Despite playing significant roles in the global economy, global city thesis has been known for being a threat to
state-centric perspectives.

Global Demography and Migration

GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY

Global: relating to the whole world; worldwide

Demography: Statistical study of populations, especially human beings. Greek word “Demos” meaning people and
“Graphy” means science.

Demography is useful for governments and private businesses as a means of analyzing and predicting social, cultural, and
economic trends related to population.

DEMOGRAPHICS is the study of a population based on factors such as age, race and sex.
● Governments, corporations and non government organizations use demographics to learn more about a
population's characteristics for many purposes, including policy development and economic market research.

HOW DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION IS USED?

● Most large companies conduct demographic research to determine how to market their product or service and best
capture the target audience. It is valuable to know the current customer and where the potential customer may
come from in the future.

IMPORTANCE OF DEMOGRAPHY

THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION

● The demographic transition theory is a generalized description of the changing pattern of mortality, fertility
and growth rates as societies move from one demographic regime to another.
● The term was first coined by the American demographer Frank W. Notestein in the mid-twentieth century, but it
has since been elaborated and expanded upon by many others.

The Tools of Demography

● Count
● Rate
● Ratio
● Proportion
● Constant
● Cohort Measure
 ● Period Measure

Count
❖ This refers to the absolute number of a population or any demographic event occurring in a specified area in a
specified time period.
Rate
❖ The frequency of demographic events in a population during a specified time period (usually a year) divided by
the population “at risk” of the event occurring during that time period. Rates tell how common it is for a given
event to occur
Ratio
❖ The relation of one population subgroup to the total population or to another subgroup, that is, one subgroup
divided by another
Proportion
❖ The relation of population subgroup to the entire population, that is, a population subgroup divided by the
entire population
Constant
❖ An unchanging, arbitrary number by which rates, ratios, or proportions can be multiplied to express these
measures in a more understandable fashion
Cohort Measure
❖ A statistic about measures events occurring to a cohort (a group of people sharing a common demographic
experience) who are observed through time.
Period Measure
❖ A statistic that measures events occurring to all part or part of a population during one period, this measure
“takes a snapshot of a population

Currently, the global demographic problem manifests itself in such aspects and trends as:
➢ Fast population growth (overpopulation of territories) in the developing countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin
America (over 80% according to some estimates and about 95% according to other estimates), which are
characterized by a low space economy;
➢ Most Third World countries have no population growth control or clear demographic policy;
➢ Aging and depopulation resulting from narrowed population reproduction (demographic crisis) in
industrialized countries, primarily in Western Europe;
➢ Uneven population growth worldwide;
➢ Population reproduction growth typical of the planet when mortality decline is not matched with birthrate
decline.

GLOBAL MIGRATION
★ is a situation in which people go to live in foreign countries, especially to find work.
★ Most global migration is from developing countries to developed ones.

Why do people move?

ECONOMIC REASONS
➔ Lack of employment opportuncities or differentials in employment opportunities and wages; the lure of a well-
paid job in a wealthy country is a powerful driver of international migration.

POLITICAL REASONS
 ➔ The unattractiveness of agricultural activities, disasters, lack of basic amenities (roads, electricity, portable
water, and inadequate health care facilities) and industrial ventures in countries have also encouraged
international migration.

SOCIAL FACTORS
➔ Socially factors are things that affect someone's lifestyle. These could include wealth, religion, buying habits,
education level, family size and structure and population density.

CULTURAL FACTORS
➔ The idea of culture is vital to understanding the implications for translation and, despite the differences of
opinion as to whether language is a part of culture or not, the two are connected..

PUSH-PULL FACTOR
➔ In geographical terms, the push-pull factors are those that drive people away from a place and draw people to
a new location.

Push Factors: Reasons to Leave

- Factors that help migrants decide to leave their home.

Pull Factors: Reasons to Migrate

- Factors that attract people and areas where immigrants are going.

OFWs

An Overseas Filipino Worker (Filipino: Pilipino sa Ibayong-dagat) is a person of Filipino origin who lives outside the
Philippines. This term applies to Filipinos who are abroad indefinitely as citizens or as permanent residents of a different
country and to those Filipino citizens abroad for a limited, definite period, such as on a work contract or as students.