Er. iS) 7% an se Cea [Eauizis aH ae ww Sterling English Grammar & Composition @)2. 3. 4 5. ENGLISH - AN INTERESTING LANGUAGE Dear Children, More than 840 million people speak English asa first or second language. Here is a list of some interesting facts about the English language. 1. The first English dictionary was written in 1755. The oldest English word thatis still in uses ‘town’. The original name for butterfly was flutter by. The word ‘set’ has the highest number of definitions. The English language contains a lot of contronyms ~ words that can have contradictory meanings depending on context. Some examples are: Bill: payment, or an invoice for payment, Bolt: To secure like bolting the door, or to flee like bolting away, Dust: To add fine particles like spraying chocolate dust over the cake, orto remove them like dusting the furniture, Left: Remained, or departed, Off: Deactivated, or activated, as an alarm, Out: Visible, as with stars showing in the sky, or invisible, in reference to lights, Overlook: To supervise, or to neglect, Rock: An immobile mass of stone, orashaking movement, Screen: To display, show or present, or tohide. There are seven ways to spell the sound ‘ee! in English. This sentence contains all of them: ‘He believed Caesar could see people seizing the seas’. The word SWIMS will remain SWIMS even when turned upside down. The dot over little ‘is called tittle. SOME COMMON MISTAKES We DO IN ENGLISH Incorrect Correct Cope up | Cope with anyways ‘Anyway Revert back / reply back Revert / reply Lot many / a lot many Many /a lot Discussing about Discussing Called as i Called Dispose off Dispose of Loose Lose Years back Years ago Give an exam Take an exam Dressing sense Dress sense Comprise of Comprise = aGood Grammar lays the foundation of good language skills. Therefore, a sound knowledge of the fundamental rules of Grammar is essential for the acquisition of language competency. English Grammar and Composition (1 - 8) is a series that presents a systematic and step - wise strategy for approaching and understanding the grammar. This series aims to make the process of teaching and learning grammar enjoyable for young learners. It aims at clarity, accuracy, simplicity of presentation and lucidity of language. Salient Features of the Series Enhanced explanations with examples for better understanding of grammar concepts. Comprehensive and graded coverage of grammar syllabus. Exercises are well graded and have a variety. Understanding words better, Spellings, Antonyms, Synonyms and Punctuations have been highlighted too. Different forms of composition have been included with explanation, examples and aided exercises. Revision pages for reinforcement of topics learn are given in the last. The series is intended to help learners find their way slowly but steadily from one class to the other. ~ AuthorE-Coiterts Alphabetical Order The Sentence Nouns (Naming Words) Singular and Plural Verbs (Doing Words) Verb + ‘ing’ words Is, Am, Are Has and Have Was and Were Pronouns Gender Adjectives Articles — A, An, The Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions Tense (Simple Present and Present Continuous) Past Tense and Past Continuous Tense Word Contractions Synonyms Antonyms Homophones Punctuations Comprehension Composition Paragraph Writing Revision - 1 Revision - 2 aC1) Alphabetical Order, A dictionary is a very special book. It is used for finding the meanings of words. But how do youfind words ina dictionary? The words are listed in alphabetical order. This means that the words which begin with a come first followed by the words that begin with b and soon. Cor) Ca) Car) Ca) Ca) Cm) Cont) Caen) Cree) Ce) Com) Co) Ce) Crem) Cor) Ce) CD) Cae) CH) Gee) Exercise A. Arrange the names of these fruits in alphabetical order. 1. grapes %. 2. pear J° apple > lL ae 3. G G)Write these words in alphabetical order. Inalphabetical order 1. king 2. lock 3. milk a 4. park 6. bull © Pick out the letters from the given words and arrange them in alphabetical order. One has been done for you. 1. goat - a, g,0,t 2. mango - a 7 3. duck = 7 Sr a 4. forest = 5. bucket = — 6. temple -2 The Sentence A sentence is a group of words that makes complete sense. Words in a sentence are arranged in logical orde: Read these groups of words. cricket with friends birds in the sky Do these words make complete sense? No. But why? Because they are incomplete sentences. Some word (s) have to be added to them to make complete sense. Now, read these groups of words. 1. Amit plays cricket with his friends. 2. Birds flyinthesky. Features of asentence © Itmustcontaina subject anda verb. * Italways begins with a capital letter. * tends witha full stop (.) or a question mark (?) or a sign of exclamation (!). Parts ofa Sentence Every sentence is divided into two parts: the subject and the predicate. The person or thing about which something is being said is called the subject. What we say about the subject or what the subject does is called the predicate.Example: [Trees | [give us shade. | The Subject The Predicate Exercise A. Tick (/) the groups of words, which are sentences and cross (X) those which are not sentences. apiece of cake inthe east Tim wasalittle puppy. athief onthe wall Acatis sitting on the wall. at the right time Iam sleeping. withme 10. stand there B. Complete each of the given sentences by adding the appropriate subject / predicate. isacomplete food. Seer re Pr 3. ___ gives us wool.6. goto school daily, 8. isin New Delhi. C. Encircle the subject and underline the predicate in each of these sentences. 1. Riyagoesto school. 2. 3. Theyareplaying in the park. 4. Birds make nests in trees. 5. My father bought anew car.Rearrange the groups of words given below to make proper sentences. 1. went mother mect to friend her 2. beautiful a peacock is the bird 3. railsonthetrainruns 4. front of my ais there well in house 5. _ earth the round is 6. plays Richapianothe 7. the truth always speak 8. food waste do not 9. hotblows the wind 10. bloom spring flowers in3 Nouns (Naming Words) The names of persons, places, things, animals, or birds are called nouns or naming words. Read the sentences given below. My nameis Abhay. | live in Delhi. Ihave a pet dog. Iteats meat, biscuits and drinks milk. The words Abhay, Delhi, dog, meat, biscuits and milk are naming words. The word Abhay is the name of a person. The word Delhiis the name ofa place. The word dog is the name of an animal. The words meat, milk and biscuits are the names of things. Some more examples of naming words are given below. reas | g A R Divya Ankit teacher Places | Fates | wh school playground market deer horse lionTypes of Nouns 1. Acommonnounis the name of a general person, place, or thing. Examples: boy, city, cat, etc. 2. Aproper noun isthe name of a specific person, place, or thing. Always write the first letter of a proper noun in capital letter. Examples: India, Aakash, Paris, Kiara, etc. A general name is a common noun. A particular name is a proper noun. Common Noun Common Nou! Any person) Not particularlyone | Any place ) Not particularly one Any animal Any bird ) Not particularlyone | Anything) Not particularly one Common nouns do not refer to any particular or special names. Examples: Gh B#) book animal villageExamples of Proper Nouns The names of particular persons are proper nouns. 4 Kalpana Chawla Virat Kohli Narendra Modi The names of particular places are proper nouns. Taj Mahal Gateway of India Jantar Mantar The names of pets are proper nouns. Bruno Kitty Bunny The names of the days of the week and the months of the year are proper nouns. The days of the week are Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday. The days of the Year are January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December.The names of rivers, roads, buildings, lakes, seas, villages, etc., are also proper nouns. Yamuna Grand Trunk Road Lotus Temple Exercise ‘k out the nouns in the following sentences and write them in the blank spaces given. There is some water in the jug. There isa nest in the tree. The Yamuna flows through Delhi. Mahatma Gandhi wasa great man. ee oe Delhi isabig city. _ B. Put the words given in the word box in the correct columns below. Agra, _ bank, Mrs Sharma, animals, glass, goat, Common NounWrite a suitable proper noun for each of the common nouns. 1. city 5. toy 2. girl 6. month 3. country 7. river 4, day 8. boy Fill up the blanks, correctly, with the help of the words given in the box. Then put the naming wordsin the right columns. doctor school giraffe table monkey 1. The treats patients. He works in a hospital. 2. The isa place where we go to study. 3. The is made of wood. 4. The __isin Hyderabad. : 5. The is the tallest animal. 6. A is the king of the jungle. 7. The likes bananas. iE. _Oneword in each group does not belong to the group. Identify and encircleit. 1. park school garden kitten 2. shoes socks hen sandals 3. sparrow crow ant eagle 4. mouse house camel sheep 5. vegetables fruit friends snacksSingular and Plural The nouns that name one person, place, or thing are called singular nouns. Singular means one. The nouns that name more than one person, place, or thing are called plural nouns. Plural means more than one. Lookat the pictures given below. 4 apen agirl anant Both ‘a’ and ‘an’ meansone. fA si 4k ‘ pens girls ants Making plurals of singular nouns 1. Byadding-s Singular Plural Sse ls ball balls dog dogs flower flowers egg eggs finger fingers picture pictures lock locks orange oranges nose noses plate plates rose roses lemon lemons. ear ears photo photos2. Byadding—es to nouns ending in-ch, -s, sh, -ss, -o and-x Mel) Sens Plural Si ee box boxes fox beach beaches boss branch branches glass brush brushes class inch inches dish watch watches mango match matches radio bush bushes studio buffalo buffaloes echo hero heroes potato tomato tomatoes volcano foxes bosses glasses classes dishes mangoes radios studios echoes potatoes volcanoes 3. Bychanging-yinto-ies if anoun ends ina consonant before-y baby babies fairy fairies beauty beauties cherry cherries 4. Byadding-sifthere isa vowel before-y chimney chimneys key keys survey surveys monkey monkeys 5. Bychanging-for—feinto-ves calf calves leaf leaves knife knives half halves duty spy family curry donkey kidney trolley valley wolf shelf thief duties spies families curries donkeys kidneys trolleys valleys wolves shelves thieves wives6. Bychanging vowels man men foot feet woman women tooth teeth mouse mice goose geese ox oxen child children 7. The plural and singular forms of some nouns are the same. news news aircraft aircraft deer deer sheep sheep fish fish hair hair Exercise A. Changeinto plurals. Iman = — 5. lock - 2. tooth - — 6. glass - 3. goose — _ 7. shelf = 4. hero - 8. donkey — B. Choose the correct words and fill up the blanks. 1. Isawthree (bowls/bowl) on the kitchen counter. 2. Thecarpentermadea (tables/table). 3. Jasdeep and Polly have four (watch/watches). 4, Thetreehas many (branches/branch). C. Choose the singular and plural nouns from the sentences given below and write them in the correct column. Singular Plural 1. Keep your books in yourbag. 2. There are lot of mangoes on this tree. 3. Ajay likes to play with his friends.4. Theteacher gave me two chocolates. 5. Thecarsare crossing the bridge. 6. There are thirty students in this class. D. Rewrite the following sentences changing the nouns given in bold into their singular form. Make other changes, ifnecessary. Example: The birds made nests in the trees. The bird made a nest in the tree. 1. Carsneed batteries. 2. The doctor pulled out the aching teeth. 3. The children flew kites. 4. ‘Trees shed their leaves.5 Verbs (Doing Words) The words which tell us what a person, an animal, or a thing is doing are called verbs. Verbs are known as doing words or action words, Look at the pictures and read the sentences given below. 32% 1, Rajat laughs. 2. Priya sings. 3. The Peacock dances in rain. « — Insentence 1, the word laughs says something about Rajat’s action. * Insentence 2, the word sings says something about Priya’s action. * — Insentence 3, the word dances says something about the Peacock’s action. Thus, laughs, sings and dances are doing words. Exercise A. — Spot thedoing words and encircle them. egg dance stand ugly fight zebra fat dance sing book four ~—sme'll grassB. __ Fillup the blanks with the help of the words given below. mends live hear fight 1. Soldiers for their country. 2. We with our ears. fe: © 3. Acobbler shoes. 4. Fish in water. =< C. With the help of the given words write the action words for each picture. D. — Unscramble the action words and use them to make simple sentences.6 Verb + ‘ing’ words Averb ending in -ing tells us that an action is taking place at this moment. This means that the action is continuing. I am We You are They singing songs. reading the newspaper. The boy He She Tina Exercise A. — Fill up each blank with ' doing word given in brackets. ‘am’, or ‘are’ and the -‘ing' form of the 1. Thedoctor the patient. (treat) 2. Sunita inthe room. (sleep)3. He television. (watch) 4. Kavita tothe market. (go) de inthe sky. (fly) ae : _food in the kitchen. (cook) o 7. Thechildren football. (play) i 2 om ar 8. Mrs Khanna the fruits. (wash) 91 toabirthday party tonight. (20)B. Complete each blank of the paragraph using ‘is’, 'are', or 'am’ and the -ing form ofa suitable doing word. You may use the wordsin the box below. IL _ to songs on the computer. I astory for my school magazine. My mother and my father a newspaper. My brother his homework, Ourdog at the comer. read find watchIs, Am, Are We use is or am when we talk about a person or thing. isis used with — _he,she, it, ora singular subject. areisusedwith —» you, we, they, ora plural subject. amis always used with |. We use are when we talk about two or more people or things. Look at these pictures and read the sentences given below. — ps apes) fyi a. There is one egg on | a. A bird is flying in the | a. Aduckisswimmingin the theplate. sky. pond. b. There are three eggs |b. The birds are flying in | b. The ducks are swimming |__ ontheplate. the sky. inthepond. Exercise A. — Choose the correct words from the brackets and fill up the blanks. 1. She (is/are) anaughty girl. 2. Those cows (is/are) black and white. 3. We (is/are) here. 4. He (is/are) six years old. 51 _(am/are) coming home. 6. They (is/are) best friends.8 Has and Have We use has when we talk about one person, place, thing, or an animal. We use has with he, she, it, or a singular subject. When we talk about more than one person, place, thing, or animal we use have. We use have with I, you, they, we, ora plural subject. Note : Has/Have shows possession. Read the sentences given below. Ihave anewpen. We have new pens. 1. 1, 2. You have anew book. 2. Youhavenew books. 3. This boy has anewcycle. 3. These boys have new cycles. 4. 4. That woman has anew dress. Those women have new dresses. Exercise Fill up each blank with ‘has' or ‘have’. 1. Priya _asweet voice. | 2. Squirrels long tails.3. Pankaj and Puneet their own personal computers. 4, Theclock three hands. f F 53 -T anew bicycle. &: 6. The Peacock beautiful feathers. 7. They anew house. S a & He brown hair.9 Was and Were In the past tense, was is used with a singular subject like |, he, she, it. were is used witha plural subject like we, you, they. Read the sentences given below. Present Past 1. lam here today. was there yesterday. 2. Riyaisat homenow. | Riya was in Agra yesterday. 3. The boys are in the playground| The boys were in the playground now. yesterday. | He She was Ramesh Ginny in the Jaipur yesterday. We You They were The boys Ramesh and GinnyExercise A. Fillup cach blank with 'was' or were’. There acow grazing in the field. Tanu sick yesterday. Raj and Simmy in the park. Yesterday, it asunny day. He cating an apple. Hisclothes neat and clean. As . Those boys ___ inthe cricket team. . There newspaper on the table. . Allthe children playing. 10. The rope very long. B. _ Fillup the blanks with ‘is’, 'are','am', 'was' and 'were'. eer anew ne 1. Yesterday Sunday. Rohit and Mansi went to the market withtheirmother, They very happy. Today Monday. Now, Rohit and Mansi in the school. They studying in their classes. 2001 Rahul. My favourite spot cricket. It popular all over the world. There eleven players ina cricket team. It an interesting sport.10 Pronouns The words used in place of nouns are called pronouns. They are used to avoid repetition. Look at the pictures, and read the sentences given below. 1. Sonaliisagirl. 2. Rohitisaboy. Sonali is good at studies . Rohitis an intelligent boy. Sonali helps her friends. Rohit has many friends. Nowread the sentences again. 1. Sonaliisagirl. She is good at studies. She helps her friends. 2. Rohitisa boy. He isan intelligent boy. He has many friends, Inthe above sentences, heand she have been used instead of the nouns ‘Sonali’ and ‘Rohit’. Such wordsare called pronouns.Some more pronouns He, him, his, himself, she, her, herself, it, itself, me, us, them, we, you, yours— are the examples of pronouns. Nowread the sentences given below. My name is Anil. This is the Taj Mahal. lama boy. Itis in Agra. Preeti and | are friends. Pankaj and Aman are We play together. neighbours. They study inExencise Use 'I', ‘we', 'you', ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’, or 'they' to complete each sentence given below. 1. Sunny will notcome today. isill. . . ax 2. Mynameis Suraj. am inclass I1. | 3. Rupali is my sister. is coming to meet me. 4. Mr Joshi and Mrs Sharma teach us English. are our teachers. 5. are brother and sister. 6 6. are a good student, so I like you. ~ 7. Raman is reading a story book. is very interesting. B. _ Rewrite the sentences given below. Replace the coloured words with the correct pronouns. 1. Puneet isan intelligent man. Puneet is a doctor. 2. The The dog runs after the ball. The dog likes to play. 3. Look at these children, The children are making paper boats. 4. Pratibha works ina school. Pratibha isa teacher.C. Tick (V) the correct words. 1. Youmust brush (my/your) teeth daily. 2. — She is washing (her/his) hands. 3. Anisha is talking to (his/her) friend ( over the phone, 4. Hetakes care of (his/her) parents. 5. Weare waiting for (our/his) turn on the swing. 6. She likes (their/her) doll very much. \ 5 7. 1 am making a birthday card for ( (its/my) friend, 8 8. Tlike yourhouse. (Its/His) roomsare big.11 Gender There are three types of gender—masculine gender, feminine gender and neuter gender. Males belong to the masculine gender. Words such as boy, man, lion, cock, he, his are masculine gender. Females belong to the feminine gender. Words such as girl, woman, lioness, hen, she, her are feminine gender. Neuter gender does not refer to males or females. Words such as spoon, bed, light, purse, road, it are neuter gender. Masculine Gender 8h & man king horse Feminine GenderNeuterGender AA bed table chair television Ere Ty Masculine Feminine brother sister tiger tigress uncle aunt lion lioness father mother cock hen husband wife bull cow god goddess fox vixen son daughter buck doe nephew niece wizard witch host hostess duke duchess monk nun actor actress A. Write ‘M’ for masculine, ‘F’ for feminine and ‘N’ for neuter gender, for the words given below. 1. chair 6. madam CO 2. ball ) 7. king ( 3. fox ) 8. wood C) 4. tiger = 9. prince CO 5. car CO) 10. husband COB. Sort out the masculine and feminine gender nouns and write them in the columns given below. sister aunt bridegroom emperor uncle prince empress bride horse bull princess actor waiter actress waitress mare rooster cow hen brother Masculine ru C. _ Fillup the blanks with the correct gender nouns. 1. Rajivand Simran are brother and 2. MrandMrs Sharma are and wife. 3. Thereis only one horse and two inthe field. 4. Ashok is MrGupta’s a 5. Ajay isa good boy and Meena is a good 6. There is one lionand one inthe zoo. 7. Mygrandfatherand will be visiting us the zoo.D. Match the following masculine gender nouns with their feminine gender nouns. Masculine Feminine 1 i. witch 2. buck ii, niece 3. wizard iii, sister 4. nephew iv. madam 5. sir v. doe 6. brother vi. tigress E. Complete these pairs by using the words given in thebox. 1. uncle 2. bull 3. peacock 4. tiger oo 5. lion 6. cock 7. prince 8. gander12 Adjectives The words that describe persons, animals or birds, places, or things are called adjectives or describing words; they tells us about numbers, colours, sizes, shapes and qualities of nouns. SOO es ee ee \ number : one,seven, first, third \ colour : red, black, green, blue ( * size : small, big, large, short > shape : round, square, oval, rectangular quality : good, bad, poor, hot MA, Pm a AL Look at the pictures and read the sentences given below. Sakshi is a pretty girl. Colourful kites are flying in the sky. The words girl and kites are nouns, The words pretty and colourful are adjectives as they tell us something about these nouns. ee ae ae a ee ee ae eeExercise A. Encircle the adjectives in the following sentences. Rohan is wearing a blue shirt. This class is noisy. Amrita is an intelligent girl. Hike cold milk. There was an old lady named Shanti. Cm fF YN There are many red roses in my garden. B. _ Read the sentences given below. Now, write the describing words and the naming words they describe. Describing Naming words words Ican see those beautiful flowers. Akbar was a great king. Mary isa polite woman. America isa rich country. Food makes us strong. ae Fe YO The stars are bright. C. _ Fillup the blanks with the opposites of the describing words. 1. Amouseis small. An elephants . 3 N This room is clean. That room is My father is tall, but my mother is _ This bags old. The other bag is -_D. _ Fillup the blanks with the suitable describing words given in the box. clever new 1. Thisisa room. = 2. Anjuisan girl. 3. Thetigerisa animal. . 4. My father bought a car,13 Articles - A, An, The The words a, an and the are called articles. ‘A’ is used before a word beginning with a consonant or consonant sound. A is used for one thing. ‘An’ is used before a word that begins with a vowel or vowel sound. An is also used for one thing. ‘The’ is used fora specific or particular noun. The letters a, e, i, o and u are called vowels. All the other letters except these vowels are called consonants. Let us read the examples given below. ® _ " aboy 2 anear / anicecream q atable AA sae Ss. anaunt f agoat wt anengine Siu abook S eS » anuncle anegg é > an octopus aninkpot z- Look at these sentence:- 2 & Be Rajatis a tall boy. The big ball belongs to Rajat. a One day, the ball fell into a pond. < less In the above sentences, we use ‘a’ when we talk about a person for the first time and we use ‘the’ for a specific thing.Now, read the sentences given below. 1. | have a computer. | play many games onthe computer. 2. The Gangaisa holy river. 74 \ 3. Theearthmovesaround the sun. ‘es ~®@ 4. The TajMahalisin Agra. ae 5. The sunis shining brightly in the sky.We use the before the following nouns: thesun the moon the earth the sky the Ganga the east the west the morning the Taj Mahal the Gita the brain the Himalayas Exercise A. Write‘a','an',or'the’ in each blank as required. 1 girl 7. orange a man 8 aunt 3 sky 9 Gateway of India 4, iron box 10. Ganges 5. teacher H. old woman 6. mango 12. house B. _ Fillup each blank with 'a','an', or'the’. 1. Ineed __piece of paper to write letter. (@) 2. Priya ate apple. _apple was sour.Priyahas __sore throat. se 3. Rohit sat on chair, chair was broken. Rohit fell down.4. Doyousee moonand stars in the sky? 5. Father gaveme doll. doll says, “Hello”, when I touch it. C. Look at the pictures. Write the words which take ‘a’ before them in column A and the words that take ‘an’ in column B. Sa.14 Adverbs The words that tell us more about verbs or adjectives are called adverbs. They also tell us how an actionis done. Look at the pictures and read the sentences given below. Anita writes neatly. ee | The dog barks loudly. The old man walks slowly. The words fast, neatly, loudly and slowly show how the action is done. How does the boyrun? fast How does Anita write? neatly How does the dog bark? loudly How does the old man walk? slowlyMost adjectives can be turned into adverbs by adding “ly”. kind kindly loud loudly wise wisely Adverbs tell us how, when and where. ) How the tortoise is moving? 5S The tortoise is moving slowly. Whenwill you play cricket? Wewill play cricket tomorrow. Where are the children playing? The children are playing outside. Adverbs also tell us how many times an action occurs. daily sometimes.Exercise A. Find the adverbs in these sentences and write them in the space provided. 1. MrSehgal left for his office early. 2. — Father is sleeping upstairs. 3. Itisrainingheavily. 4. Children eat chocolates happily. 5. Heplayed well but lost the match. 6. Grandmother prayed to God peacefully. 7. Rajan solves the sum easily. 8. We finished our sandwiches first. B. Makeadverbs from the following adjectives by adding -ly. 1. warm 5. smooth — 2. kind — ee 6. proud — - 3. gentle — 7. silent — 4. brave — 8. safe - C. Pick the adverbs from the box and complete the sentences. loudly politely fast silently up early neatly gracefully 1. Theboy laughed _> | 2. Sneha read the book 3. Hegetsup inthe morning. 4 4, Theboy wasclimbing & 5. Hewasdriving pSPrepositions A preposition is a word, which shows the relationship among other words ina sentence. It shows the position of a person or thing. Look at the pictures and read the sentences given below. in —> shows location/place 1. The ball is in the box. ai on — expresses a surface of something AA © 2. The book is on the table. behind — at the back of somebody/something 3. The dog is behind the car. under — ina position that is below something 4. His shoes are under the bed. > above — at a higher place in position 5, The red light is above the yellow and green lights. ™ %. = _= @ between — in the space separating two objects/people 6. The dog is between the two benches. into > inside something 7. He dived into the water.up — towards a higher position S 8. The monkey is climbing up the tree. down — from a higher point to a lower one 9. The stone rolled down the hill. ° on > shows location 10. The boy jumped on the sofa. The prepositions in, on, behind, under, above, between, into, up, and down are used for showing the position of the objects. Let us read some more examples of prepositions. 1. Donotlaughat others. My mother is not at home. Dad will drive the car into the garage. The cowis sitting under a tree. Imet him on the way. Malais standing in front of Sheela. P Here isa letter from her. My friend lives near my house. paonnan PF wn Mother had gone to the store before she cooked dinner. 10. Jack walked across the street.Exercise A. Underline the prep ions in the sentences given below. 1. The frog jumped into the pond. A Please give mea piece of chalk. _— > Hewentonapienicon Sunday. There are trees by the river. Of bP be Those children are at school. B. Tick (“) the correct words given in the brackets. 1. Thecandiesare (on/in) the bowl. 2. Thebooksare (in/under) herbag. a © 3. The thiefhid (behind/near) the wall. a 4. There isa monkey (between/near) the two cats. H 5. Theplateis(on/above) the table. aan C. Look at the pictures and tick (“’) the correct prepositions to make proper sentences. 4 1. Theparrotis a. in © the cage. > b. on O eat O Se 2. Thegirlis a. under ©) thewree, b, in frontof c. behind 3. Theboyis a. behind ©) thehouse. b. in frontof xs c.near —C)4. Thereisalamp a. on CO __ thetable. b, infrontof ( ) c. behind C) 5. The houscis a. between (~) — thetrees. b. behind =) a c. infrontof C) 8 D. Look at the picture. Now, complete the paragraph by filling up the blanks with suitable prepositions. There is a garden 1. the river. Some children are playing 2 the garden. There are many trees 3. the garden. There are flowers 4. the plants. Some birds are flying 3. the sky, Some birds are sitting 6. atree. There are two herons standing 7. the bank of the river. An old man is sitting 8. abench. A squirrel is climbing 9. a tree. Thereareclouds 10. thesky. Thesunis Ho the clouds. A goat is sitting 12. a tree. A girl is hiding 13. abush.16 Conjunctions @ i Aconjunction is a word that joins sentences, phrases, or words. | The words but, and, or are joining words. and —> used for connecting words or sentences but — used for connecting contrasting ideas or > used for introducing choice 1. Ankitis writing. Arjunis reading. Ankitis writing and Arjun is reading. 2. like icecream. My wife likes milk. Mike ice cream but my wife likes milk. 3. Doyou want to go by bus? Do you want to go by car? Do you want to go by bus or car? Exercise A. Underline the conjunctions in the following sentences. Ilooked at the sky but I did not see anything. Jatin went to see Harish when he was ill. Is the sky blue or green? Aboat can float on water but stone cannot. Birds have wings but horses do not. leat fruits and vegetables. Ieeiis cold but fire is hot. Ae Anclephantis big buta rat is small. ee we Poe eeTick (V) the correct words given in the brackets. 1. The elephant is big (but/and) the cat is small. Meenuis tall (and/but) Richa is short. s Rita speaks English (or/and) Spanish. Do your work quietly (or/but) go outside. Isthe bucket full of fruits (but/or) vegetables? Will you eat an apple (or/but)a banana? James works hard (but/and) his brother is lazy. ey PRR PP The sheep (and/or) goat are grazing. Fill up each blank with ‘and’, ‘or’, or ‘but’. 1. Themangoissweet _ ripe. 9 4 2. Hesatonthe chair wrote the story. Y 3. Wecangoby bus wecan walk. 4. Isitanewhouse an old house? J 5. Spiders butterflies are insects. » 6. A rabbit runs fast a tortoise walks slowly. 7. Ria Sia are sisters.D. Complete each sentence by choosing the other half of the sentence from the box below. he did not come fruits from the shop acatin their house there are no dark clouds adrawing book for my birthday 1. | Webought vegetables and 2. Tinvited Rajiv to my birthday but es! 3. Theyhaveadogand _ 4. — Itisraining but a 5. Chintugavemeapaintboxand E. _Lookatthe picture below and fill up the blanks with suitable conjunctions. 1. lamRamesh ————__thisismy family. 2. Tamagood healthy boy. 3. Mygrandfatheris old my father is young. 4. Mygrandfatherhasgreyhair my father has black hair. 5. My mother is wearing a pink sari she has bangles in her hand.6. Mygrandfather my grandmother live with us, 7. Mygrandfatheris loving _ my grandmother is very strict. Join each pair of sentences using ‘and’, ‘or’, or ‘but’. 1, My mother likes to sing. My mother likes to dance. 2. Shedidnot answer. I spoke to her. 3. Ankit walked. Prateek came by bus. 4. Heisrich. He isnot kind. 5. Please givemeapen. Please give meapencil. 6. | Wewentto the market. We bought some vegetables. 7. ntelligent. Akshay is foolish. 8. Mypetis naughty. My friend’s petiis shy. 9. They wentto the playground. They played football.17 Tense © (Simple Present and Present Continuous) Tense is the form of a verb which tells us not only about an action but also about the time of that action—whether that thing has happened now or that had already happened in the past or will happen in future. There are three types of tenses: 1. PresentTense 2. PastTense 3. Future Tense Present Tense This tense is used to express habits, daily routine and universal truths. In this tense, the first form of the verb is used. The formula for Simple Presentis : Subject + v' + object or 7 A ‘ A Subject + v'+ s or es or ies + object (v'isthe first form of verb) Example: Thesunrisesinthe east. We add ‘s’, ‘es’, ‘ies’ to the verb when the subject is he, she, it, or a singular noun, as shown in the following sentence: The boy plays cricket. We don't add's', ‘es’, ‘ies' to the verb when the subject is I, you, we, they, ora plural noun, as shown in the following sentence: The boys play cricket. Present Continuous Tense This tense is used to show an action that is going on or continuing at the present moment. The present continuous tense is formed by addingis, am, are toaverb ending in ‘ing’.The formula for present continuous tense is: Subject + is/am/are + v' + ing + object Examples: 1. The teacher is teaching the students. 2. The boys are writing the letters. 3. lamplaying football. 4. Rohanis ringing the bell. In the above sentences, the verbs is teaching, is ringing, are writing and am playing show that the actions are going on or continuing at the present moment. Exercise A. Choose the correct form of the verb and fill up the blanks. Lot _ breakfast at 8 am. (eat/eats) 2. Theboys football. (play/plays) 3. Thestars_ at night. (shines/shine) 4, Thehungry child -(cry/eries) 5. We fora walk daily. (g0/g0es) 6. Thetailor ___ clothes. (stitch/stitches) 7. They T.V. in free time. (watches/watch) 8. Radha aletter. (write/writes) lo. 9. Ramu____ thedoor. (opens/open) 10. Thedancer _ onthe stage. (dance/dances)B. Choose the correct verb from the box and fill up each blank. drinking flying shining —playing—_ talking sleeping using dancing —reading~—_ washing 1. Aboyis ___witha ball. 2. Heis __ thecomputer. 3. Seemais onthe floor. 4. Thegirlsare a too much. 5. Ababyis milk. 6. Thestarsare inthe sky. 7. Theservantsare clothes. 8. MrKhannais anewspaper. 9. Thebirds are very high. 10. lam intheroom. C. Use the verbs in brackets in present continuous tense. 1. Children for their turn on the swings, (wait) 2. They foramovie. (go) 3. Frogs into the river. (jump) 4. He in the bed at night. (sleep) 5, We amatch. (watch) 6 1 __ inthepool. (swim) 7. Themonkey up the tree. (climb) 8. Thehunter the deer: (shoot)18 Past Tense and « Past Continuous Tense Past Tense The verbs which tell us something about yesterday and the past are used in past tense. Simple Past Tense This tense is used for expressing an action which is over or completed at some point of time in the past. In this tense, the second form of the verb is used. The formula for simple past Subject + V’ + object (V"is the second form of verb) Examples: 1. |sawa movie on Sunday. 2. Hewenttoschool yesterday. The verbs ‘saw’ and ‘went’ denote the actions which were done in the past. These verbs are said to be in the past tense. Verbs in the present tense can be changed to past tense by adding —d, —ed, or by changing their spellings. Adding ‘d’ Adding ‘ed’ changing spelling arrive — arrived rain- rained eat—ate smile — smiled walk — walked get — got raise — raised talk — talked swim — swam dive — dived laugh - laughed catch — caughtPast Continuous Tense The tense which tells us about the actions that began in the past or continued for some time during the past and are still going on at the time of speaking is said to be past continuous tense. It is formed with the helping verb ‘be’ (was, were) and verb + ing. The formula for past continuous tens Subject + was/were + V’' + ing + object Was -> I,he,she, it, ora singularnoun Were —> you, we, they, ora plural noun Examples: 1. Wewere solving oursums. 2. _|wasswimming inthe pool yesterday. Exercise A. Change the following verbs into past tense. 1. teach 6. drink 2. buy 7. speak 3. sing 8. sell 4. eat 9. think - 5. like 10. work B. _ Fillup thesentences in past tense with the given verbs, 1. He _adream lastnight. (see) 2. You milk yesterday. (drink) 3. Thelion __ inthe forest. (roar) ial 4. — Rajesh the door. (open) 5. Mymother her hair neatly. (comb) 6. We our teeth in the morning. (brush)Choose verbs from the box and fill up the blanks. 1g baking ging sleeping 1. They were The peon was Twas My mother was Seema was My mother was My father was Thebabywas 2. 3. 4 5, 6. Twas 7. 8, 9, 0. She was money for us. to Delhi, the bell. abook. food for us. abook, __onthestreet. acake, me her books. Use the correct form of the verb in past continuous tense. 1, The wind Yesterday at seven, | I The toys Most of the time, we She Radha 2, 3 4 5. 6. Thetiger 7, 8, 9. Thecobbler 10, Thedog shoes. (mend) fiercely. (blow) dinner. (prepare) money. (save) nice. (look) in the park. (sit) ___overthe bushes. (jump) tomusic. (listen) as at the door. (knock) the cat. (chase)_ Word Contractions We often contract or shorten words in English. Example: We may say ‘he’s’ instead of ‘he is’. Note that we usually insert an apostrophe (’) in place of the missing letters. We can also use the short forms in written English. These short forms are called contractions. Some short forms or contractions are given below. lam I'm You are We are She is She's They ave Heis He's You will Iwill Itis It’s He will Some more short forms are as follows: is not isn’t do not are not aren’t does not will not won't did not cannot can’t should not was not wasn’t were not Read the sentences given below. Ls | do not like mango shake. I don't like mango shake. 2. We should not waste water. We shouldn't waste water. You're We're They're You'll vil He'll don’t doesn’t didn’t shouldn’t weren'tExercise Rewrite the given sentences using the short forms of the underlined words. on | 2. Lam Naman. Heis my cousin. ¥ _ ee § . = i 3. Lam going to the market. 4, Weare happy. We have won the match. i 5. Sheiserying because she has brokena glass. 1, Heismy uncle. Lam his nephew. 6. Theyare playing with a rabbit. 7. They werenotin theroom. 8. Neeraj does not like cold drink.20 Synonyms I The words which are similar in meaning are known as synonyms. | Let us read some examples of synonyms. (big) (large _} stout fat unhappy sad pretty beautiful — quiet] @ \ neat b Y — 4 lg \ start es Lie sick = little quick) speak talk) false untrue ( centre | { middle ) glad happy _loval_) ( faithful)XERCISE Write the synonyms of the following words. wet empty frightened loud dirty rich correct present simple coldAntonyms antonyms. In other words, opposites have different meanings. The words that are opposite in meanings to the given words are called | Let us read some examples of antonyms. light — dark heavy = light cheap - expensive fresh - stale above a below fast = slow wet - dry cry/weep — laugh busy - lazy/idle sweet - sour buy - sell rich - poor strong - weak low - high bright = dull true = false clever > foolish soft 3 hard beautiful —- ugly open - close clean = dirty warm = cold far = near sharp - blunt fat a thin rise = fall empty = full gain - loss difficult - easy rough = smoothExercise Write the antonyms of the following words.22 Homophones Homophones are words that have the same or almost the same pronunciation ut have different meanings and spellings. Example: some and sum sound similar. Some means an uncertain number or quantity and sum means an amount of money ora total of something. a. Some people came into the room. b. He paid an enormous sum to his owner. Exercise A. Tick (“) the correct homophone to complete each sentence. 1. would like to (buy /by)anew uniform. | 2. Hiketo(right/ write) inmy journal. K 3. lam going (to/two)reada book. 4, Wespentthe (hole/ whole) day at the museum. 5. (For/Four) pensare in the box. ED 6. Let Tom(be/bee) in the tub. SS 7. Thiscapisred but that one is (blew/blue). 8. MrArorahas one (son/sun).Write the homophones of the following words. Take help from the words givenin the box. flower sum by peace dear blew won sei made hare 1. seeand blue and pieceand hairand maid and oneand buy and some and - a aS) flourand 10. deerand C. Match the following homophones. 1. plain i. weight 2. — stair ii. sealing 3. none iii. fore 4. ate iv. route 5. root v. eight 6. four vi. nun 7. ceiling vii. stare 8. wait viii. planeWrite the correct homophones for the given words. 1. meet 2. tail 3. pail 4, right 5. week 6. son 7. maid 8. cell 9. eight 10. dear ll. nose - 12. one 13 mail 14. die 15. routePunctuations Rules of writing asentence Punctuations are marks that show how a sentence should be read. They are used to make the meaning of a sentence clear. Some basic punctuation marks are capital letters, question marks, full stops, and commas. » — Asentence always begins with a capital letter. ® — Proper nouns begin with a capital letter. > Weusea question mark (?) at the end ofa question. >» Weusea full stop (.) atthe end of a sentence. Examples: iam a good girl (*) lam a good girl. (“) What are you doing. (*) What are you doing? (“) puneet is an honest boy. (*) Puneet is an honest boy. (“) My name is priya sharma. (*) My name is Priya Sharma. (“)Comma (,) We use acomma(,) to show short pause or to seperate a series of things. Examples: 1. | bought two chocolates, three candies and four packets of chips. 2. Anuj, Prateek, Gaurav and Reemaare neighbours. Exercise Tick (“) the sentences which have the capital letters, question marks and full stops at the correct places. there are many kites in the sky. Gaurav is adoctor. Tam sad today. what is yourname? who is knocking at the door. birds fly in the sky. Are these mangoes ripe? The dress of this queen is beautiful.24 Comprehension You have learnt in the previous class that comprehension is the ability to grasp the meaning of a given paragraph, story, etc. A. Read the passage given below. The Peacock and| The Crane Once, there lived a very proud peacock. He lived in a forest. His name was Proddy. He / had a very beautiful tail. The feathers were very colourful. There was also a crane in the same forest. Her name was Crana. One day, Proddy proudly told Crana, ‘Your feathers are dull and colourless. Look at my colourful tail. See how they shine. | am dressed like a king! And see how beautifully | can dance.’ ‘That's true, Crana answered, ‘but | can fly high, between the clouds. | can even hide behind the clouds. | can see the beauty of the earth inallits glory. Answer the following questions. 1. What wasthe name of the peacock? 2. What was the name of the crane? 3. Whose feathers were dull?B. Read the passage given below. The Goose that Laid Golden Eggs There was once a poor farmer. One day, he found a magic goose. The goose laid a golden egg every day. The man sold the eggs to make money. He became very rich. He wanted more money. One day, he said to himself, ‘My goose lays only an egg a day. That gives me seven eggs a week. If kill the goose, | can get all the golden eggsatonce.’ The farmer was a greedy man. The next day, he cut open the goose to get all the golden eggs. What do you think he found? There were no golden eggs inside the goose. The goose was just like any other goose. The man did not get golden eggs any more. He also lost his goose. Answer the following questions. 1. The magic goose laid a. one golden egg every week ) b. oneeggevery day Ca) Cc. seveneggs every day 7 ) 2. When the man cut open the goose, he found . a. onlyone golden egginside i b. lots of golden eggs inside () ©. nogolden eggsinside Z 3. Wecancall the man greedy because 5 a. hekilled his goose ] b. hesold the golden eggs c. hewanted all the golden eggs at once {C. Read the passage given below. The Tale of Lunch Box Once, there was a fat square lunch box. It was very colourful and strong. The lunch box was used by a little boy, named Tony. He was not fond of the lunch which his mother gave him. He used to take one bite every day and leave the rest of the food in the lunch box. The lunch box was not happy. One day, it decided to talk to Tony about the lunch. The lunch box told Tony about the benefits of the healthy lunch which his mother gave him every day. Tony was surprised to hear from the lunch box. He took a bite and then another. Tony began to like the taste of the food. He asked the lunch box to be his friend. The lunch box agreed happily. Since then, the lunch box and Tony became good friends. Answer the following questions. 1. What was the shape of the lunch box? 2. | Wholeft foodin the lunch box? 3. Whomdidthe lunch boxspeak to?25 Composition You have learnt in the previous class that, composition is a short piece of writing about an animal, a bird, ora perso! A. Thisis the picture of our national animal. Colour it beautifully. 1. Complete the paragraph given below with the help of the words given inthe help box. wild brown teeth black cats long tiger Our National Animal The is the national animal of India. It isa - animal. It belongs to the family of . Its body is of _ colour with _____ stripes across it. It has a tail. It has very sharp . It can also climb up trees.B. Complete the story with the help of the words given below. pot thirsty water beak happily rose pebbles Once, a crow was very . The crow searched for everywhere. At last, hesawa with very little water in it. He put his inside. But he could not reach down the water. The crow thought ofa plan. He picked some and dropped them into the pot one by one. The water level . The crow drank the water and flew away3. Look at the picture given below and complete the paragraph. L traffic policeman, road, car, buses, pedistrians, on, redlight, whistle, zebra crossing ) MrJohnisa . He helps us to drive safely on the . He stands at the crossroads to help and cycles to move turn by turn. When the turns , he stops the vehicles by raising and showing his hand. He also blows his when there are many vehicles on the road. People should use to cross the road. Mr John helps everyone to obeytraffic rules.4. Look at the picture carefully; try to gather some ideas about it. Note down the main points and arrange them in proper sequence to make a good composition. You may use the words given in the help box below.Paragraph Writing Aparagraph is a brief description of a person, an animal, object, orevent.A paragraph can be short or long. The main idea of a paragraph is to describe aperson, an animal, object, or event in the least possible words. My Best Friend Ridhi is my best friend. She studies in my class. She always comes first in the class. She is the monitor of the class. She is helpful and well-behaved. She is good at music and dance. She is honest and always speaks the truth. She puts on a neat and tidy dress. We go to school together. She is liked and loved by all. am proud of having such a nice Exercise Read this description of Poonam. Poonam is a student. She is two-feet-six-inches tall. She weighs 20 kg. She has curly hair and dark brown eyes. She has a sharp nose. She dresses neatly and looks smart. She is studies in class II. She hopes to do well in her studies.Now, write a similar description of : 1. 2. 3. Yourself (use the pronoun I) Aclassmate Abrother oracousin Write a paragraph about your mother. 1. 2. 3. What iis the name of your mother? What isherage? Is she a housewife or a working woman? What does she do in the morning? What does she do at home the whole day?Write a short paragraph about your pet. 1. 2. o - Who is your pet? What do you call your pet? Describe what it looks like. Who takes care of your pet? ‘What does iteat? How do you feel about your pet?Revision — 1 Arrange the names of vehicles in alphabetical order and write them in the space given below. Encircle the subject and underline the predicate in each sentence. 1, Rohan is solving the sums. 2. The sheep gives us wool. 3, The birds are flying in the sky. 4, Raman is eating chocolate. Write a suitable proper noun for each of the common nouns. 1. festival = - 2. day - 3. month = - 4. colour - 5. country - 6. subject - Change into plural. 1, key = 2. fairy - 3. grass = 4. foot - 5. life = 6. candy — Look at the pictures and write action words for them. 1. 2.F. Fill up the blanks with ‘is', ‘am’, or ‘are’. 1. There one book on the table. 201 a student. 3. Children playing in the park. 41 hungry. 5. They playing hide and seek. G. Tick (/) the correct words in the brackets. 1. Naman (was/were) sick yesterday. 2. Yesterday, it (was/were) a sunny day. 3. Meena (was/were) laughing. 4. There (was/were) three birds on the tree. 5. The boys ( were/was) in the park yesterday. H. Fill up the blanks with ‘has’ or ‘have’. 1. 1 a new book. 2. They anew house. 3. Squirrels long tails. 4, The clock three hands. 5. Penguins small wings.B Revision — 2 Fill up the blanks with ‘he’, ‘she’, or ‘they’. 1. Rohan studies in class ll. is my friend. 2. Niharikais agirl. is good at studies. 3. Mohit and Gaurav are brothers. play together. Write the feminine gender of these. 1. brother — 3. lion - 2. father = 4. uncle — Fill up the blanks with suitable describing words. 1. Thisteais 2. Ankit has hair. 3, Preetyhasa dress. 4, Thefoxisa animal. Make adverbs from the given adjectives. 1. loud - 3. sleepy — 2. slow - 4. happy — Tick (“) the correct words given in the brackets. 1. The wateris(in/under) the jug. 2. The ball is (under/on) the chair. 3. The plate is (on/about) the mat. Fill up each blank with ‘and’, ‘or’, or ‘but’, 1. Ilike chocolate my sister likes potato chips. 2. Youcangoby bus car.3. Pooja karan are studying. 4, Meenuistall Richa is short. 5. Isthe basket full of fruits vegetables? Fill up the blanks with ‘is', ‘am’, or‘are' and the ‘ing’ form of the doing words givenin brackets. 1. We cricket. (play) 2. The birds inthe sky. (fly) 3. MrsArora food. (cook) Fill up each blank with ‘a’, ‘an’, or'the’. 1; sunis shining in sky. 2. Myfatheris pilot. 3. Gangais holyriver. Write the short form of these words. 1. isnot 2. doesnot 3. Youwill Write the synonyms of these words. 1. quiet 2. speak 3. glad Write the antonyms of these words. 1, clean 2. tall 3. fat Write the homophones for the given words. 1. dear 2. eye 3. four