FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY

VICENTE T. DELOS REYES, R.Crim., MSCJ

 PHOTOGRAPHY
Serves as a tool of police
and other investigators to make a record of
the scene of a crime,
to show particular item of evidences
and their relationship to the scene, and to
make a close-up records of
significant portions to the scene.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHY
Aristotle – noticed the image of the sun on the ground as it
was formed by a small hole framed by the foliage of a tree,
under which he sat in deep contemplation

Leonardo da Vinci – actually published an account of the

camera obscura complete witg drawings. However, he did
not claim it as his discovery or even suggest any practical
use for it.
Giovanni Batista della Porta – described the pin hole camera
as a sort of peep show merely to amuse his friends.

Danilo Barbaro – Published a book entitled “ The Practice of

Perspective” in which he explained how with the use of a
convex spectacle lens the beginning artist could make a
sketching device to help him better understand the
principles involved in delineating perspective.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHY
A BRIEF HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHY
FIRST PERMANENT PHOTOGRAPHIC PRINTS

Dr. Johann Schulze- found quite by accident, that silver salts

darkened when exposed to sunlight.
Carl William Scheele- a Swedish Chemist , discovered that the silver
salts were converted to metallic silver by action of light which
laid the foundation for the modern emulsion.
Thomas Wedgewood – describing his process of making pictures on
paper impregnated with silver and using a painting on glass as
negative.
Sir John Herschel – found that through the used of sodium
thiosulphate(hypo) the silver image was stabilized by the solvent
action on the unused silver. He was the first man to make a silver
chloride type of paper in 1839 and to introduce the words
photograph and photography
A BRIEF HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHY
FIRST PERMANENT PHOTOGRAPHIC PRINTS

Daguerre – joined efforts with Neipce, French Chemist. These

men worked together for four years until the death of
Neipce in 1833. Daguerre carried on the work begun with
Neipce, and he was finally successful in using iodized silver
plates. This process consisted in making a positive image
directly upon a metallic silver plate. Daguerre named his
process the Daguerreotype.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHY
The First Photographic Negative

Talbot – named his invention the calotype process, and also

called his work “photogenic drawing”.
Frederick Archer – developed the first wet collodion plate in
1851
A BRIEF HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHY
Photography Becomes Popular

George Eastman – is the man responsible for the popularity of

the photography . He marketed the first compact roll film
camera. His motto “ You push the button, we do the rest”.
- called his company “Kodak” because to him the name
sounded like the clicking made by a typical shutter of that
era.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHY
Photography As a Hobby

Oscar Barnack – who was credited with constructing the first

35mm miniature camera of importance, the Leica brought
the way of Photography
Max Berek – design for a fast, sharp lens helped to make
miniature photgraphy the popular hobby.
Franke Heidecke of Germany - poplarized the twin lens reflex
camera.
Rudolph and Alfred Simmon – brought out one of America’s
popular line of enlargers, the Omega.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHY
Color and the Stereo Photography

Godowsky and Mannes – worked out a color process that

Eastmen bought and helped to perfect. Today, this film is
known as Kodal chrome, and was first introduced to the
public in 1935.

Dr. Harold Edgerton of the Massachussetts Institute of

Technology gave photography one of its most useful tools,
the so called strobe light. Everyday exposure times run in
the area of 1,000,000 of a second
A BRIEF HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHY
Polaroid Photography

In the expertimental days of photography, it took 7 to 8 hours

merely to expose a negative, and a similar length of time
was needed to make a positive image.
Polaroid- possible to have a finish print in just ten seconds

Dr. Edward Land of Polaroid – made it possible to have

finished color print in a matter of sixty seconds.
• Police Photography – is an art or science that
deals with the study of the principles of
photography, the preparation of the
photographic evidence, and its application to
police work while

• Forensic Photography – it is the study of notion

photography, the application to police works and
preparation of photographic evidence for court
presentation, and this connotes legal aspects.
3. Technical/Legal definition:
may be defined as any means for the chemical,
thermal, electrical or electronic recording of the
images of scenes, or objects formed by some type
of radiant energy, including gamma rays, X-rays,
ultra-violet rays, visible light and infrared rays.
This definition is broad enough to include not only
the conventional methods of photography but
almost any new process that may be developed.
 Principles of Photography
• Photograph is a mechanical result of
photography. To produce a photograph, light
is needed aside from sensitized material (films
and photographic papers).

• Light radiated or reflected by the subject must

reach the sensitized material while all other
lights must be excluded. The exclusion of all
other lights is achieved by placing the
sensitized material inside a light tight box.
• The amount of light on the sensitized material after
exposure is not immediately to the eyes. To make the
formed image visible, it must undergo the development
process.

• The visual effect that result from the chemical

processing is dependent on the quantity and quality of
the exposing light.

• More light will yield an opaque or black shade on the

sensitized material after development.

• Too little will produce a transparent or white shade. The

varying shade of gray will finally form the complete
image
 ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF THE
PHOTOGRAPH

• Light (Radiant electromagnetic energy) 186, 000 miles/s

• Camera- Light tight box
• Lens-
• Sensitized materials- Films and Photo paper
• Chemical processing-developer, stop bath and
fixing bath
LIGHT
is electromagnetic radiation within a
certain portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum. The word usually refers
to visible light, which is visible to
the human eye and is responsible for the
sense of sight. Visible light is usually
defined as having wavelengths in the
range of 400–700 nanometres (nm), or
4.00 × 10−7 to 7.00 × 10−7 m, between
the infrared (with longer wavelengths)
and the ultraviolet (with shorter
wavelengths). This wavelength means
a frequency range of roughly 430–
750 terahertz (THz).
Different energies in the
electromagnetic spectrum:
• Cosmic rays
• Gamma rays
• X-rays
• Ultraviolet rays
• Visible light
• Infrared rays
• Heat rays
• Hertzian waves-
An electromagnetic wave, usually of radio frequency, p
roduced by the oscillation of electricity in a conductor.
• Oscillations- movement back and forth at a regular speed.
• The portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum that affects the scene of sight in
human is called visible spectrum. These
radiation are seen as colors, the longest of
which is seen as , and the shortest
seen as
 Wavelength of each color
Color under visible light
• Violet -400 – 450 Nanometer
• Blue -451 – 500 Nanometer
• Green -501 – 570 Nanometer
• Yellow -571 – 610 Nanometer
• Orange -611 – 700 Nanometer
 Wavelength of each color
Color under visible light
• Violet -400 – 450 Nanometer
• Blue -451 – 500 Nanometer
• Green -501 – 570 Nanometer
• Yellow -571 – 610 Nanometer
• Orange -611 – 700 Nanometer
 Primary colors: Secondary colors:
1.Green 1. Yellow = Red + Green
2.Red 2. Magenta = Blue + Red
3.Blue 3. Cyan = Green + Blue
Illustration:
When lights falls on an object on material three
things might occur:
When lights falls on an object on material three
things might occur:
When lights falls on an object on material three
things might occur:
Types of Lighting Condition:
-natural light -artificial light.

Classification of natural lights:

• Bright – object in open space casts a deep and uniform in shadow

• Hazy – object in open space casts a transparent in shadow
• Dull – object in an open casts no shadow.
a. Cloudy right- objects in open space cast no shadow but objects
at far distance are clearly visible.

b. Cloudy Dull- objects in open space cast no shadow and

visibility of distant objects are already limited
 ESSENTIAL PARTS OF THE CAMERA
-Body or light tight box-
-Lens
-Shutter
-Holder of sensitized material
-View finder
 CAMERA TYPES
1. Reflex camera
a. Single Lens Reflex – means that the
cameraman sees the object to be
photograph directly through the taking
lens of the camera
b. Twin Lens Reflex- gets its name from
the fact that its has two lenses one
above the other. The lower lens is the
taking lens and the upper lens is the
viewing lens
 CAMERA TYPES
2. Folding Camera –
3. Miniature Camera - a small camera using
35 millimetre film.
4. The Press Camera – is the name given to a
general type of camera which used to be used
more or less exclusively by press photographers
5. The View Camera – is the grandfather of all the
cameras. The view cameras gets its name from
the fact that it has no means of locating the
subject except by viewing the image on the
ground glass back
 CAMERA TYPES
6. Motion camera- the advent of 8mm
film signaled the beginning of one of
the most popular hobbies in America.
7. Special Cameras-
a. Polaroid
b. sub-miniature
c. Aerial camera- used for making pictures of large
areas of land, for map making called
photogrammetry and by military for photo
reconnasiance .
photogrammetry - the use of photography in surveying and mapping to measure distances
between objects.
 Digital Camera
Two types of digital cameras:
1. Those with fixed memory
2. Those with removable memory

Basic features of Digital camera

• LCD
• Flash unit
• Zoom lens capability
• Sound recording
• Removable lens
Lens- is essentially carved piece of glass or
transparent medium which either converge or diverge
light rays passing through it to form an image.

General types of lenses:

1. Positive or convex lens-

2. Negative or concave lens
 Lens
Positive Lens – are weak positive lenses to enable the user to
focus sharply on object too close to being covered by the
normal focusing range of the camera. These are known as
PORTRAIT or CLOSE-UP Attachments.
Lens
 Lens Attachments:
Positive Lens – are weak positive lenses to enable the user to
focus sharply on object too close to being covered by the
normal focusing range of the camera. These are known as
PORTRAIT or CLOSE-UP Attachments.
 Lens Attachments:
Negative Lens – are used to increase the effective focal
length of the camera lens in order to obtain a larger image
from same distance.
 Lens Attachments:
Negative Lens – are used to increase the effective focal
length of the camera lens in order to obtain a larger image
from same distance.
Lens
Lens Attachments:
Lens Attachments:
Lens Attachments:
 Inherited Defects of a Lens:
• Spherical aberration
• Coma
• Curvature of field
• Chromatic aberration
• Astigmatism
• Distortion
• Chromatic Difference of Magnification
 Inherited Defects of a Lens:
• Spherical aberration – photographic rays passing through
the edges of a lens are bent or refracted more sharply
than those passing through the central pasts of the lens,
thus they came to focus nearer the lens than those of the
central rays.
 Inherited Defects of a Lens:
• Spherical aberration – photographic rays passing through
the edges of a lens are bent or refracted more sharply
than those passing through the central pasts of the lens,
thus they came to focus nearer the lens than those of the
central rays.
 Inherited Defects of a Lens:
• Spherical aberration – photographic rays passing through
the edges of a lens are bent or refracted more sharply
than those passing through the central pasts of the lens,
thus they came to focus nearer the lens than those of the
central rays.
 Inherited Defects of a Lens:
• Coma – something known as lateral spherical aberration.
It concerns with rays entering the lens obliquely.
 Inherited Defects of a Lens:
• Coma – something known as lateral spherical aberration.
It concerns with rays entering the lens obliquely.
 Inherited Defects of a Lens:
• Coma – something known as lateral spherical aberration.
It concerns with rays entering the lens obliquely.

• This is a detail from the upper left quadrant. Note that over to the right (the center of the
original picture) we have a bunch of bright highlights from small light bulbs. They are
round, as they should be. But at the left, we see, apparently, a swarm of butterflies
moving in. But on closer inspection, they are not really butterflies. The lights approaching
the frame edge are distorted into the shape of butterflies. This is coma.
• Distortion – outer parts of the image produced by the
lens will be magnified either lens or more than the
center image.
a. Barrel distortion
- the diaphragm is placed in front of the lens straight lines near the
edges of the object tends to bulge outside.
b. Pincushion distortion
- The diaphragm is placed behind of the lens, straight lines near the
edges tends to placed bend inwards.
• Distortion – outer parts of the image produced by the
lens will be magnified either lens or more than the
center image.
a. Barrel distortion
- the diaphragm is placed in front of the lens straight lines near the
edges of the object tends to bulge outside.
b. Pincushion distortion
- The diaphragm is placed behind of the lens, straight lines near the
edges tends to placed bend inwards.
 Types of Lenses According to Their Degree
of Correction:
• Achromatic lens – a lens corrected for
chromatic aberration

• Rapid rectilinear lens – lens corrected for

distortion

• Anastigmatic lens – lens corrected for

astigmatism as well as the other lens defects.

• Apochromatic lens – lens corrected for

astigmatism but higher degree correction color.
Focal Length- it the fundamental characteristics
This will determine the size of an image of an
object at a given distance and the area of
coverage of the lens

Focal length of a lens is normally indicated in the

mount or barrel of a camera, usually in
millimeter or in centimeter.
As according to focal length, lenses may be classified as:

Wide angle lens – a lens with a focal length of less than the
diagonal of its negative material.

➢ Super wide angle lens- categorized as fish eye lens

with 180 degrees angle of view.
As according to focal length, lenses may be classified as:

Normal lens – a lens with a focal length of approximately

equal or more than twice the diagonal of its negative
material.
F/Stop,
Aperture,
Relative aperture,
Lens Opening
• – the light gathering power of the lens is
expressed in the f-number system. By increasing
or decreasing the f-number numerically, it is
possible to:

– Control the amount of light passing through the lens.

– Control the depth of field.
– Control the degree of sharpness due to lens defects
 f-stop
numbers
• Depth of field is- defined as the distance
between the nearest and the farthest object
in apparent sharp focus when the lens is set or
focused on a given distance.

• In theory- it is possible to focus a lens in more

than one distance at the time
• Depth of field is the range of distance
within the subject that is acceptably
sharp.
• The depth of field varies depending on;
1. camera type,
2. aperture
3. focusing distance.
 There are influencing the factors of the
depth of field
a. The size of the diaphragm opening-
-the smaller the opening, the longer is the depth
of field. Conversely, the wider is the opening,
the shorter is the depth of field.

b. General rule is: shorter the focal length the

wider or longer is the depth of field and vice
versa the longer is the focal length the shorter
is the depth of field.
• Circle of Confusion- Another factor that affects
depth of field is the size of the circle of confusion
which is considered acceptable.
-refers to a small circle which is seen by the eye,
not as a circle but a dot or point.
Hyper focal distance – is the distance measured
from the nearest to the farthest object in
apparent sharp focus when the lens is set or
focus at a particular distance.

Definition is ability of lens to form a clear images

of fine details.
• Focusing – the setting of the proper distance in
order to form a sharp image a lens of a camera
except those fixed focused requires focusing.

A. Focusing scale of Scale bed – a scale is usually

found at the lens barrel indicating pre-settled
distance in feet or in matters. To focus the lens
of the camera, the distance of the object to be
photographed is measured, estimated or
calculated and the pointer or maker on the lens
barrel is adjusted to the corresponding number
on the scale.
B. Range finder – a mechanism
that measures the angles of
the convergence of light
coming from a subject as seen
from two apertures. There are
two types of range finder:
– Split-image – through the range finder, the image
of an straight line in the object appears to be cut into
halves and separated from each other of the when
lens is not in focus. When the images of the lines are
aligned, the lens is in focus.
– Coincident image – through the eyepiece, a single
image is seen doubled when the subject is out of
focus. Make the images coincide lens is in focus.
C. Ground glass – is focused by
directly observing formed at the
groundless, screen placed behind the
taking lens. If the image formed is
blurred fuzzy, or not clear, the lens is
in focus.
C. Ground glass – is focused by directly observing formed at
the groundless, screen placed behind the taking lens. If the
image formed is blurred fuzzy, or not clear, the lens is in
focus.

D. Zoom – this is possible in wide-angle lenses only. There are

only three setting of focusing.
One for close distance or short-range zoom (approximately 3-
6 ft or 35mm to 100 mm),
another for more medium distance or medium-to-range
zooms (approximately 6-15 ft or 70mm to 230mm) and
finally for distance object or macro zoom (approximately 15
infinity or 180mm to 410mm)
Parallax- is the change of appearance and
orientation of objects when seen from two view
point. It is also used to refers to the distance
between the viewpoint themselves.

Shutters – device that opens to uncover the film to

make an exposure for an accurately timed
intervals then closes automatically.
Examples:
1/30 will admit twice more light than 1/60
1/60 will admit twice less light than 1/30
• Exposure -the product of illumination and time. It
concern with the two settings: the aperture and
shutter speed. Aperture controls the intensity of
light that is let inside the camera and shutter speed
controls the time, which it spends inside the camera.
Source of Light Lens Opening
a. Bright sunlight – shadow are prominent f/16
b. Hazy sunlight – light shadows are f/11
present
c. cloudy Bright sunlight – no shadows but f/5.6
bright
d. weak, hazy sunlight – soft shadows f/8
e. sunlight or open shade – its about to f/4
rain/person is under shade
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 SENSITIZED MATERIALS:
-It refers to the film and photo paper which are
composed of an emulsion containing silver
halide crystals suspended in a gelatin and
coated on transparent or reflective support.

FILM - a sheet or strip of celluloid or other

materials that has been coated with a light-
sensitive emulsion which, when exposed to an
optical image in a camera and chemically
treated, gives negative or positive, black and
white or colored photographs.
 Basic component of films and papers
Emulsion- consist of crystals of light-sensitive compounds
(Silver nitrate) evenly distribute throughout plastic base
material.
– Silver halide emulsions are universally sensitive to the
ultraviolet radiations and some wavelength of blue light.
– Gelatin is universally used as the medium that hold the
crystals in emulsion.
Gray or anti-halation backing- this layer is placed between
the emulsion and the plastic base of a film to prevent
whatever light that passes through the emulsion and
reflected by the base back to the emulsion which form a
“halo”
Base- film base are made of plastic material. They serve as a
support to the emulsion.
Film Layers
• Types of film (black & white) according to Color
or Spectral sensitivity:
• 1. Monochromatic (blue sensitivity) – sensitive to
UV and blue color only.

• 2. Orthochromatic film – sensitive to UV to blue

and green light.

• 3. Panchromatic – sensitive to UV, blue, green, red

or all colors, it has a widest range of spectral
sensitivity.

• 4. Infra-red films – sensitive to UV, blue, green,

red or all colors or infra-red rays.
•
• Indications for emulsion speed or film
sensitivity:
• 1. ASA rating – American Standard Association
(expressed in arithmetical value)
• 2. DIN rating – Deutsche Industrie Normen
(expressed in logarithmic value)
• 3. ISO rating – International Standard Organization
(expressed in arithmetical value)
• 4. JSI – Japanese Institute of Standards

• 5. BSI- British Standard International.

• Indications for emulsion speed or film
sensitivity:

• 1. ASA rating –

• 2. DIN rating –

• 3. ISO rating –

• 4. JSI – Japanese Institute of Standards

• 5. BSI- British Standard International.

 PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPERS
Chemical contents:
a) Bromide papers – used in enlarging or projection printing
b) Chloride papers – used in contact (size of negative and the same
size of print)
c) Chlorobromide papers

Contrast Range:
No. 0-1 – excessive high- used on over exposed or low contrast
negative
No. 2 – normal exposed – used on normal contrast negatives,
No. 3-5 –used in under exposed or high contrast negative

Physical Characteristics:
a) Surface – glossy-semi matte, matte
b) Weight or thickness – single weight double weight
c) Color – white cream.
PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPERS
 FILTERS

Filter Defined
A filter is a round or rectangular piece of material, usually glass or
gelatin that selectively absorbs and transmit light waves.
 FILTERS – is a homogenous medium, which
absorbs and transmits differentially light rays
passing through it.

Types of filters in black and white photograph:

• Correction filter – used to change at the response of the film so
that all colors are recorded at approximately the relative brightness
values seen by the eyes.

• Contrast filters – used to change the relative brightness values

so that two colors which should otherwise be recorded as pearly the
same will have decidedly different brightness in the picture.

• Haze filters – used eliminate or reduce the effect of serial haze.

• Neutral density filter – used for reducing the amount of light
transmitted without changing the color value.

• Polarizing filter – used reduce or eliminate reflections on highly

reflective surfaces.
 Filter for Police Photography
• Blue filters – can be used effectively when photographing blood
in black and white. When used outdoors a blue filter will make the
sky or any blue object, appear white in the photographs.

• Green Filter - are now used in place of blue filters for

photographing blood. Often, they work better than blue.

• Ultraviolet filters – it is not a filter for ultraviolet photography (

the correct filter for ultraviolet photography is a special 18 a deep
purple filter) rather it is filter which screens out violet end of the
spectrum.

• Yellow filter – can be used to photograph white cars, the detail

of the car will stand out. Yellow filters also cut through haze to
certain extent and can be used good results to [photographs an
accident on a hazy day.
 Filters for Black-and-White Film

The role of filters for black and white film is to

correct picture contrast. The typical colors are
red, green, blue, yellow, and orange. These
filters cannot add to the light falling on the
film; they can only take away or absorb certain
colors of light.
 Filter for Both Black-and-White and Color Films

Several filters are available that can be used with both black-and-white
and color films. These filters are generally placed in four groups:

Ultraviolet (UV) Filter

– Is a colorless filter but absorbs ultraviolet light waves

that are always present in the atmosphere. Ultraviolet
radiation can make distant landscape views appear
abnormally blue. In black-and-white photographs, this
radiation from the sun detracts from the overall
contrast and detail.
– This filter does not cause an increase in exposure, but it
does eliminate adverse effects caused by atmospheric
haze.
– This filter can be used in regular photography.
 Filters continued…

Skylight Filters

– These filters have a pink tinge in color.

– They are available in two or three densities and
help to give better skin tones for outdoor
portraits.
– They are also useful in reducing atmospheric haze.
 Filters continued…

Neutral Density (ND) Filters

These filters are used for exposure control. They
reduce the amount of light passing through them
without affecting the color of the light. There are
various ND filters. Each ND filter has a number
that indicates the percentage of light
transmission.
 ND filters continued…
This makes it possible for the photographer to
have a wide selection of filters to lessen the
amount of light entering the lens.
– ND filters can be used to reduce bright light
conditions, making it possible to stop down the lens
aperture or the shutter speed so a picture can
actually be taken. This is sometimes needed with
high speed films

– ND filters permit selective focusing for depth-of-

filed control. By using an ND filter that permits a
small percentage of light to pass through, a larger
aperture can be used. This reduces the "in-Focus"
area of the photograph.
 Polarizing Filters
These filters are designed to be rotated after they are
fastened to the front of a camera lens. This permits the
photographer to see the effect of the filter, assuming the
camera is an SLR. In some cases, it is possible to hold a
polarizer filter and look through it to determine the effects
before attaching it to a lens. A polarizing filter is neutral in
color and passes light waves that are vibrating in one
particular plane.
 Polarizing filter continued…

These filters are very helpful for the following

situations:

1. Color of blue skies is deepened for color

photography.
2. Contrast between the sky and clouds is increased in
black-and-white photography.
3. Reduction and removal of unwanted glare and
reflections in shiny surfaces, such as glass and
water. It does not work with certain angles and
with metal surfaces.
4. Helps to reduce haze in landscapes.
Polarizing filter continued…
 PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPERS
A photogram is a photographic image made without
a camera by placing objects directly onto the surface
of a light-sensitive material such as photographic
paper and then exposing it to light. The usual result is
a negative shadow image that shows variations in
tone that depends upon the transparency of the
objects used. Areas of the paper that have received
no light appear white; those exposed through
transparent or semi-transparent objects appear grey.[
The technique is sometimes called cameraless
photography
 PHOTOGRAPHIC & CHEMICAL
PROCESS
• In photography, development process is
required with the use of different kinds of liquid
chemicals. There are also factors in developing
sensitized materials these are:
a. Time of development
b. Temperature of the solution
c. Concentration or strength of the solution and
agitation

In development process, there are what we

known as Developer, Stop Bath, Acid fixer and
Wash Dry.
Developing progress for FILM
1. Development – the process of reproduction. Exposed silver
halides are reduced into metallic silver. There is a separate
developer for film (D-76) and another for paper (Dektol)-5-6
minutes
The factor that affects developing time are
a. agitation,
b. temperature,
c. concentration of chemicals,
d. exposure.
2. Stop-bath – an immediate both between the developer and the
fixer. It is usually a combination of water plus acetic acid or
just plain water. Primarily, its function is to prevent the
contamination of the two chemical solutions.-15 to 20 minutes
with 28% acetic acid.

3. Fixation – the process of removing unexposed silver halide

remaining in the emulsion after the first stage of development
of the latent image.
• Preferably running water for another 15-20 minutes
For photographic paper
After exposing to enlarger the paper, process the
photographic paper by immersing it in the developing
solution for 1 to 1/12 minutes.
Then transfer it to stop bath for 10-15 seconds
Then in fixing bath for a minute or so.

Cropping- is the excluding or omitting some images on the

negative from the final print

Burning-in is the adding of exposure time on a specific area

on a specific area to bring out details.

Dodging- is the holding back of some lights to a specific

area to make it higher in density.
 Contact Printing
• It is the procedure of exposing photographic
print materials while it is pressed in contact with
the negative being reproduce.. This is the
simplest and the most economical method of
photographic printing.

• Generally made for proofs of 35mm negatives or

copies of large format negatives. It is also used to
make positive copies of negatives.
 Process of Magnification or enlargement of
tiny objects
• Photomicrography - is the taking of photograph
through a microscope.
• Photomacrography or Macrophotography- is the
taking of photograph with a short focus lens. It is
an extreme close-up of small objects to
photographed to 1:1 or an actual size or slightly
bigger.
• Microphotography- is the taking of a photograph
of an object in a very reduced size or tiny images
of large objects.
 Cardinal rule of crime scene photography
Rule 1 - Do Not Disturb the Scene
Rule 2 - Get a Complete Series of Pictures
➢overview should cover the entire scene to bring out the
relationships between the objects.
➢mid range shot shows and important object and its
immediate surroundings. Finally, each
➢close-up shows a key detail clearly.
Rule 3 - Pay Attention to Camera Angles
Rule 4 - Record all Data
 Basic Rules on Admissibility
It is an established fact that a photograph offered in
evidence should be a true and faithful
representation of the scene or subject matter.
The person viewing it should get an impression of
the scene or object which does not mislead in any
of the important aspect.
It should be free from unusual distortion of lines,
shapes and color or any deceptive tone
relationship .
Important subject should be in sharp focus.
Admissibility of photograph as evidence was ruled
in the case: City of Manila vs. Cabangis 10 Phil.
151.

The court have taken judicial notice of photographic

process as being capable of producing an
accurate representation because as Justice SISON
of the Supreme Court has ruled:
“ that the process by which the lens of camera
forms an image are dependent upon or governed
by the same natural law as an image is formed by
the human eye.”
• In testifying your purpose is to explain not defend
your photographs. In the case of PP vs de Vega,
G.R.L. 8626, Oct 18, 1956 the court held…..
“let the things speak for itself “
Degree of enlargement or size of photographic
exhibits
Forensic Expert- print sizes of 11”x 14” or
even 16” x 24”
A more widely used and easier to accomplish is the
handheld print of persons objects place or
incident. - 4” x 5” or 5” x 7”
Legal Foundation of Digital photography
• Rules of Electronic Evidence

Acting on the memorandum dated June 18,

2001 of the Committee on the Revision of
Rules of Court to draft on the E-commerce
Law (RA 8792) the Supreme Court,
EN BANC approved the said resolution
Rule II :Audio, Photographic Video and Ephemeral
Evidence
Sec 1. Audio, Video and Similar Evidence
Audio, photographic and video evidence of
events, acts or transactions shall be admissible
provided it shall be shown, presented or
displayed to the court and shall be identified,
explained or authenticated by the person who
made the recording or by some other person
competent to testify on the accuracy thereof.