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Chemistry investigatory project on

E
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This is to certify that Mast.Dhavalsinh

Chauhan, a student of class XII-Science of
Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Bhavnagar
has successfully completed the investigatory project
on “ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS” under the
guidance of Mr. Anilkumar Meena during the
year 2022-23 in partial fulfilment of chemistry
practical examination conducted by AISSCE,
New Delhi.

Sign. Of Internal Sign. Of External

Examiner Examiner

Sign of principal
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❖ Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks of
gratitude to my teacher Mr.Anil Kumar Meena
sir as well as our principal Mr. Sitaram Meena
sir who gave me the golden opportunity to do
this wonderful project on the topic
‘ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS’, which also
helped me in doing a lot of Research and I
came to know about so many new things I am
really thankful to them.
I am thankful to and fortunate enough to get
constant encouragement, support and
guidance from all teaching staff of
J.N.V. BHANAGAR , which helped me in
successfully completing our project work.
Also I would like to extend our sincere
esteems to all staff in laboratory for their
timely support.

† DHAVALSINH CHAUHAN
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# INDEX
Introduction
[06]

Electrolytic cell
[07]

Galvanic cell or
voltaic cell [08]

Primary and
Secondary cell [09]

Fuel cell [11]

Half-cell and cell

potential [13]

References
[15]
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Electrochemical cells
An example of voltaic cell ……
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1. INTRODUCTION
An electrochemical cell is a device capable of either
generating electrical energy from chemical reactions or using
electrical energy to cause chemical reactions. The
electrochemical cells which generate an electric current are
called voltaic or galvanic cells and those that generate
chemical reactions, via electrolysis for example, are called
electrolytic cells. A common example of a galvanic cell is a
standard 1.5 volt cell meant for consumer use. A battery
consists of one or more cells, connected in parallel, series or
series-and-parallel pattern.
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An electrolytic cell is an electrochemical cell that drives a non-

spontaneous redox reaction through the application of
electrical energy. They are often used to decompose chemical
compounds, in a process called electrolysis—the Greek word
lysis means to break up. Important examples of electrolysis are
the decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen, and
bauxite into aluminium and other chemicals. Electroplating
(e.g. of copper, silver, nickel or chromium) is done using an
electrolytic cell. Electrolysis is a technique that uses a direct
electric current (DC).
An electrolytic cell has three component parts: an electrolyte
and two electrodes (a cathode and an anode). The electrolyte is
usually a solution of water or other solvents in which ions are
dissolved. Molten salts such as sodium chloride are also
electrolytes. When driven by an external voltage applied to the
electrodes, the ions in the electrolyte are attracted to an
electrode with the opposite charge, where charge-transferring
(also called faradaic or redox) reactions can take place. Only
with an external electrical potential (i.e. voltage) of correct
polarity and sufficient magnitude can an electrolytic cell
decompose a normally stable, or inert chemical compound in
the solution. The electrical energy provided can produce a
chemical reaction which would not occur spontaneously
otherwise.
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3. Galvanic cell or
voltaic cell

A galvanic cell, or voltaic cell, named after Luigi Galvani or

Alessandro Volta respectively, is an electrochemical cell that
derives electrical energy from spontaneous redox reactions
taking place within the cell. It generally consists of two
different metals connected by a salt bridge, or individual half-
cells separated by a porous membrane.

Volta was the inventor of the voltaic pile, the first electrical
battery. In common usage, the word “battery” has come to
include a single galvanic cell, but a battery properly consists of
multiple cells.
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4. PRIMARY cell

A primary cell is a galvanic battery that is designed to be used

once and discarded, in contrast to a secondary cell (rechargeable
battery), which can be recharged with electricity and reused. In
general, the electrochemical reaction occurring in the cell is not
reversible, rendering the cell unrechargeable. As a primary cell is
used, chemical reactions in the battery use up the chemicals that
generate the power; when they are gone, the battery stops
producing electricity and is useless. In contrast, in a secondary
cell, the reaction can be reversed by running a current into the
cell with a battery charger to recharge it, regenerating the
chemical reactants. Primary cells are made in a range of standard
sizes to power small household appliances such as flashlights
and portable radios.
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• Secondary cell
A secondary cell, commonly referred to as a rechargeable
battery, is an electrochemical cell that can be run as both a
galvanic cell and an electrolytic cell. This is used as a
convenient way to store electricity: when current flows one
way, the levels of one or more chemicals build up (charging);
while it is discharging, they reduce and the resulting
electromotive force can do work. A common secondary cell is
the lead-acid battery. This can be commonly found as car
batteries. They are used for their high voltage, low costs,
reliability, and long lifetime. Lead-acid batteries are used in an
automobile to start an engine and to operate the car's electrical
accessories when the engine is not running. The alternator,
once the car is running, recharges the battery.
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5.Fuel cell
A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical
energy from a fuel into electricity through an electrochemical
reaction of hydrogen fuel with oxygen or another oxidizing
agent. Fuel cells are different from batteries in requiring a
continuous source of fuel and oxygen to sustain the chemical
reaction, whereas in a battery the chemical energy comes from
chemicals already present in the battery. Fuel cells can produce
electricity continuously for as long as fuel and oxygen are
supplied. The first fuel cells were invented in 1838. The first
commercial use of fuel cells came more than a century later in
NASA space programs to generate power for satellites and
space capsules. Since then, fuel cells have been used in many
other applications. Fuel cells are used for primary and backup
power for commercial, industrial and residential buildings and in
remote or inaccessible areas. They are also used to power fuel
cell vehicles, including forklifts, automobiles, buses, boats,
motorcycles and submarines. There are many types of fuel cells,
but they all consist of an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte
that allows positively charged hydrogen ions (protons) to move
between the two sides of the fuel cell. At the anode a catalyst
causes the fuel to undergo oxidation reactions that generate
protons (positively charged hydrogen ions) and electrons.
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The protons flow from the anode to the cathode through the
electrolyte after the reaction. At the same time, electrons are
drawn from the anode to the cathode through an external
circuit, producing direct current electricity.

At the cathode, another catalyst causes hydrogen ions, electrons,

and oxygen to react, forming water. Fuel cells are classified by
the type of electrolyte they use and by the difference in startup
time, which ranges from 1 second for proton-exchange
membrane fuel cells (PEM fuel cells, or Scheme of a proton-
conducting fuel cell PEMFC) to 10 minutes for solid oxide fuel
cells (SOFC). A related technology is flow batteries, in which
the fuel can be regenerated by recharging. Individual fuel cells
produce relatively small electrical potentials, about 0.7 volts, so
cells are "stacked", or placed in series, to create sufficient
voltage to meet an application's requirements.
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In addition to electricity, fuel cells produce water, heat and,

depending on the fuel source, very small amounts of nitrogen
dioxide and other emissions. The energy efficiency of a fuel cell
is generally between 40 and 60%; however, if waste heat is
captured in a cogeneration scheme, efficiencies up to 85% can
be obtained. The fuel cell market is growing, and in 2013 Pike
Research estimated that the stationary fuel cell market will reach
50 GW by 2020.

6. Half-cell
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An electrochemical cell consists of two half-cells. Each half-cell

consists of an electrode and an electrolyte. The two half-cells
may use the same electrolyte, or they may use different
electrolytes. The chemical reactions in the cell may involve the
electrolyte, the electrodes, or an external substance (as in fuel
cells that may use hydrogen gas as a reactant). In a full
electrochemical cell, species from one half-cell lose electrons
(oxidation) to their electrode while species from the other half-
cell gain electrons (reduction) from their electrode.

• Cell potential
The cell potential can be predicted through the use of electrode
potentials (the voltages of each half-cell). These half-cell
potentials are defined relative to the assignment of 0 volts to
the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE). (See table of standard
electrode potentials). The difference in voltage between
electrode potentials gives a prediction for the potential
measured. When calculating the difference in voltage, one must
first rewrite the half-cell reaction equations to obtain a balanced
oxidation-reduction equation.
Reverse the reduction reaction with the smallest potential (to
create an oxidation reaction/overall positive cell potential)
Half-reactions must be multiplied by integers to achieve
electron balance.
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Cell potentials have a possible range of roughly zero to 6 volts.

Cells using water-based electrolytes are usually limited to cell
potentials less than about 2.5 volts due to high reactivity of the
powerful oxidizing and reducing agents with water that is
needed to produce a higher voltage. Higher cell potentials are
possible with cells using other solvents instead of water. For
instance, lithium cells with a voltage of 3 volts are commonly
available.

The cell potential depends on the concentration of the

reactants, as well as their type. As the cell is discharged, the
concentration of the reactants decreases and the cell potential
also decreases.

7. Reference

The National Council of Educational Research and

Training is an autonomous organisation of the Government of
India which was established in 1961 as a literary, scientific and
charitable Society under the Societies Registration Act. Its
headquarters are located at Sri Aurbindo Marg in New Delhi.

https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php?lech1=0-9
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Is an American e-book and audiobook subscription

service that includes one million titles. Scribd hosts 60 million
documents on its open publishing platform. The company was
founded in 2007 by Trip Adler, Jared Friedman, and Tikhon
Bernstam, and headquartered in San Francisco, California.

https://www.scribd.com/document/427963407/Chemistry-
Project-on-Electrochemical-cell

Shree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering or SCT

College of Engineering is a state-sponsored engineering college
in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. It was established in
1995 by the Government of Kerala.

https://www.sctce.ac.in/faculty/facultylogin/Admin/Attachme
nts/Upload/1559024785_1559024785.pdf

Byju’s is an Indian multinational educational technology

company, headquartered in Bangalore. It was founded in 2011
by Byju Raveendran and Divya Gokulnath.

https://byjus.com/chemistry/fuel-cell/
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Wikipedia is a multilingual free online encyclopaedia

written and maintained by a community of volunteers through
open collaboration and a wiki-based editing system. Its editors
are known as Wikipedians. Wikipedia is the largest and most-
read reference work in history.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemical_cell

Byju’s is an Indian multinational educational technology

company, headquartered in Bangalore. It was founded in 2011
by Byju Raveendran and Divya Gokulnath.

https://byjus.com/chemistry/galvanic-cell/
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