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This document discusses pressure driven membrane processes like ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF) for removing dissolved organic compounds from water. UF removes large organic compounds through sieving based on molecular weight cut-off, while NF also removes some smaller organic compounds and ions through sieving as well as charge interactions. The document outlines considerations for implementing membrane filtration like determining which compounds to remove, selecting membranes based on lab tests, and designing the system configuration, integration, and cleaning procedures to optimize water flux and system performance over time.

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Phaedon Lomis
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33 views

2 Slides

This document discusses pressure driven membrane processes like ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF) for removing dissolved organic compounds from water. UF removes large organic compounds through sieving based on molecular weight cut-off, while NF also removes some smaller organic compounds and ions through sieving as well as charge interactions. The document outlines considerations for implementing membrane filtration like determining which compounds to remove, selecting membranes based on lab tests, and designing the system configuration, integration, and cleaning procedures to optimize water flux and system performance over time.

Uploaded by

Phaedon Lomis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 3: Removal of dissolved

organic compounds
(Removal of suspended solids)
Pressure driven membrane technology:
ultrafiltration and nanofiltration
Adsorption on activated carbon
Removal of organic compounds:
pressure driven membrane
processes
100 100000
KCl retention (%)

80 10000

MWCO
60 1000
40 100
20 RO NF
NF UF 10
0 1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Objective for UF - NF
UF:
Removal of ‘large’ organic compounds
• Color & taste
• NOM
• Viruses, bacteria
Ion concentrations unchanged
Objective for UF - NF
NF:
Removal of ‘small’ organic compounds
• Toxic compounds: pesticides, hormone disruptors,…
• Degradation products of biological purification
• Dyes
• …
Ions (partly) removed:
• Hardness
• Heavy metals
• Nitrates
• Sulfates
Ultrafiltration (UF)
Permeability 10-15
(l / h.m².bar)
Pressure difference 1–5
(bar)
Pore size (nm) 2-100
Retention
Monovalent ions -
Divalent ions -
Small organic -
compounds
macromolecules +
Particles +
Separation principle Sieving
Nanofiltration (NF)
Permeability 1.5-15
(l / h.m².bar)
Pressure difference 5 – 20
(bar)
Pore size (nm) 0.1 - 5
Retention
Monovalent ions -
Divalent ions +
Small organic -/+
compounds
macromolecules +
Particles +
Separation principle Sieving, charge interactions,
diffusion
Mechanisms for retention
ULTRAFILTRATION: Sieving
Retention: molecular weight cut-off (MWC)
• = molar mass of a component that is retained
for 90%
• MWC = 5,000…100,000
Water flux: as for microfiltration
Mechanisms for retention
NANOFILTRATION: Sieving – charge
interactions – solution/diffusion
Retention: molecular weight cut-off (MWC)
• MWC = 150…1,000
• Uncharged compounds!
• Molecular structure!
• Modeling: pore size distribution – diffusion –
charge interactions
Mechanisms for retention
Retention in nanofiltration?
• Transport equations of Spiegler and Kedem:
Jv = Lp . (P - .)
Js = Ps. x. + (1 - ). Jv.c
• From this: with
1
 .(1  F ) F  exp(  .J v )
R Ps
1 .F
• : log-normal distribution = reflection of the pore size
distribution
• Ps, Jv experimentally determined
• Uncharged compounds!
Mechanisms for retention
Osmotic pressure:
– natural tendency to decrease a concentration difference



– Pressure driven membrane processes: applied pressure >


osmotic pressure!
– Approximate calculation: Van’t Hoff’s Law
–  = . cj. RT/M  retention of small molecules
Mechanisms for retention
Retention in nanofiltration, charged
compounds?
• Electrostatic interaction: Donnan potential
• Membrane charge: experimental determination
• Modeling: extended Nernst-Planck equation
• Mixtures of ions: qualitatively
Water flux in nanofiltration: Hagen-
Poiseuille
Implementation
Which compounds to remove?
• BOD, COD
• NOM
• Individual components
• Color
•…
Maximal concentration in permeate?
Membrane selection and lab-scale test
Scale-up: determination of configuration
Implementation
 .(1  F ) 1
Jv = Lp . (P - .) R F  exp(  .J v )
1 .F Ps

Flux:
 from concentrations in solution
 from lab tests: retention at P = 
Lp from lab tests: slope flux (P)
Retention: known components
Ps ~ r-1  Ps = P’s .r’ / r (with P’s , r’
known)
Design of membrane filtration
Flux through a membrane ~ΔP
Viscosity: flux ~η-1
Membrane resistance coefficient:
κM = ΔP / η∙J
(J is flux per m2)
Temperature dependence through viscosity
effect
Pressure is control parameter
Implementation
Choice of pressure = economic optimum
• Low pressure = low flux = high investment cost
• High pressure = high flux, high energy cost
Required membrane surface area? A = Q/Jv
Number of modules? n = A/(m² per module)

Multistep configuration: determination of


membrane surface area per module
Integrity monitoring
Online measurement of effluent concentrations
Bacterial concentrations: not possible
(measuring not instantly) while determines
dosing of disinfectant
Air pressure testing for leaks
Sonic testing
Repair of modules: capillaries, hollow fibres
Full scale membrane filtration
Dead-end (a) or cross-flow mode (b)
Configuration
Dead-end filtration?

...may look like this


Membrane fouling
Membrane fouling
Depends on specific application
Lab tests: comparison with pure water flux
(short term)
Pilot tests: flux as a function of time (mid-
long term) – increased pressure
determines point of cleaning
Establishing cleaning procedures:
• Pretreatment needed?
• Backwash (UF), air sparging (capillary UF/NF)
• Chemical cleaning
Concentrate problemacy
10-30% concentrate
Possibilities:
• (Re)use for lower quality objectives (rinsing
water,…)
• Direct discharge
• Indirect discharge (sewer)

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