CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

LITERATURE

FOREIGN

Calamondin or Calamansi, Citrofornella microcarpa, belong to the fruit tree family

Rutaceae. The fruit of the calamansi is a small, round lime, a little bigger than the size of a
thumbnail, about 30 mm (an inch) in diameter. Similar to other citrus fruits, the calamansi is high
in vitamin C, and the juice can be an excellent vitamin basis. The lively ingredient D-limonene
destroys the wax coating of the insects respiratory system. As soon as applied directly, the insect
suffocates. Calamansi is a smooth and slightly spiny plant, growing to a height of 3 to 5 meters.
Leaflets are elliptic to oblong-elliptic, 4 to 8 cm long. Petioles are narrowly and scarcely winged,
about a cm long. (2016, May 24)

This article entitled “Influence of Calamansi and virgin coconut oil as ingredient in
making hand wash “ showcases the active reagents of calamansi to better remove dirt in hands
while using the handwash product which is very similar to our research now, but the difference is
that we’ll be using the properties of calamansi and dragon fruit.

This Filipino beauty secret is found in the splendid tropical regions of the Southeast
Asian island; Calamansi trees grow in abundance, offering Filipino men and women easy access
to this healthful extract. (Hayes, 2011)

Floridians who have a Calamondin in the yard often use the juice in a summer variation
of lemonade or limeade, as mentioned above, and, left a bit sour, lemonade cuts thirst with the
distinctive calamondin flavor. Also Calamondin can be used on fish and seafood, or wherever
any other sour citrus would be used. (Elevenseven, 2014)

Citrus is a common term and genus of flowering plants in the rue family, Rutaceae. These
plants are large shrubs or small trees, reaching 5-15 meter tall, with spiny shoots and
alternatively arranged evergreen leaves with an entire margine. The flowers are solitary or in
small corymbs, each flower 2-4 centimeter diameter, with five (rarely four) white petals and
numerous stamens; they are very often very strongly scented. (Food, 2015)
LOCAL

The excerpt form the article Utilization of Calamansi explains the Antimicrobial
(flavanoids) properties of calamansi, being one of the 9 tropical plants strongly fights and
opposes the 12 clinical and pathogenic bacteria. This is relative to our study and experimentation
for we are creating a calamansi handwash wherein it is important to know the properties present
for it to be effective as a liquid handwash.

Calamondin (Citrofortunella microcarpa) is a shrub or small tree growing to 3-6 meters

(9.8-19.7 ft).The plant is characterized by wing-like appendages on the leaf stalks and white or
purplish flowers. The fruit of the calamondin resembles a small, round lime, usually 25-35 mm
in diameter, but sometimes up to 45 mm. The center pulp and juice is the orange color of
tangerine with a very thin orange peel when ripe. Each fruit contains 8-12 seeds. (Potonia, 2014)

Calamansi is a smooth and slightly spiny plant, growing to a height of 3 to 5 meters.

Leaflets are elliptic to oblong-elliptic, 4 to 8 centimeters long. Petioles are very narrowly or
scarcely winged, about 1 centimeter long. Flowers are axillary, solitary, rarely in pairs, white,
and short-stalked. Fruit is yellow when ripe, nearly spherical, 2 to 3.5 centimeters diameter, 6 to
7 celled, and thin-skinned. The skin or peel is green to yellowish green or yellow, loosely
adhering to the flesh. The flesh contauns a few light orange seeds. (Taborada, 2014)

STUDIES

FOREIGN

Stuart Jr., MD 2016 stated in his study that “Antimicrobial: Antimicrobial properties of
tropical plants against 12 pathogenic bacteria isolated from organisms. A study on the
antibacterial activity of 9 tropical plants against 12 clinical and pathogenic bacterial strains
including Vibrio cholera, Escherichia coli, Vibro parahemolytics, Salmonella and Streptococcus
 sp. Showed activity against one or more species of bacteria. Citrus Microcarpa was one of the
most active”

The excerpt from the research study “Calamansi fruit Extract used as ingredient for
hand sanitizers “ explains the properties of calamansi that could be helpful in making a hand
sanitizer out of the said fruit. Therefore, this study is mostly related to the experimentation we’re
doing/conducting which is creating a liquid handwash out of calamansi. Such related studies are
helpful to us researchers to as basis of the research we’re trying to finish.

“The campaign requires a high cost in detergent expenses, thus, there is a need to
acquire knowledge in liquid hand wash preparation with calamansi, Citrofortunella microcarpa
as active reagents which act as emulsifier and deodorizers and as a body deodorant.”
(Marachor, 2016)

This Calamansi Plant in the Philippines is as ubiquitous as the Calamansi Plant is

common. The Calamansi Plant is often used to season dishes, preserve food, remove stains jn
clothing, deodorize and whiten skin, and of course, make into juice. A prevalent ingredient found
in most local commercial products, the calamansi plant is definitive and preferred in daily
cleansing supplies. Ironically, what is not as common and certainly not ubiquitous is the
Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) essential oil. (DancingAlien, 2015)

LOCAL

Nowadays, people are becoming more conscious on how their sweat smell. That’s why a
lot of people invest in expensive soaps that they think will help them reduce the bad odor of
sweat. In the research study of (Asuncion et. Al. , 2020) stated that they came up to an alternative
cheaper product and more effective than any other liquid soap. Calamansi is loaded with
essential vitamins and minerals.

“… the effect of citrofortunella microcarpa to the other ingredients in making hand

sanitizer is expected. And thus, by containing antimicrobial and antioxidant properties a hand
sanitizer that composes a calamansi property will most likely be effective.” (Marquez, 2013)

The scent of Calamansi has been proven to help alleviate depression and anxiety. The
calamansi is also among the few aromatics that not just masks bad smell, but completely
 neutralizes them, making the essential oil a great additive to cleansing products. (Casa de
Lorenzo, 2012)

The Calamansi (citrofortunella microcarpa) is considered one of the major fruit crops in
the Philippines, which is indigenous to the country. This plant is characterized by wing-like
appendages on the leaf stalks and white or purplish flowers. The fruit has either a spongy or
leathery rind with a juice pulp that is divided into sections. Calamansi is said to be good source
of Vitamin C. The fruit has been processed into syrups, juices, concentrates, and purees. The
juice is used as flavorings or as an additive in various food preparations to enhance iron
absorption. The juice can also be a preserve ingredient for sweet pickles or marmalade.
Calamansi is easy to cultivate. The plant grows well in cool and elevated areas and in sandy soils
rich in organic matter. Waterlogged areas are not suitable for cultivation because calamansi
plants cannot tolerate too much moisture. (Potonia, 2014)

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

• Nature of Calamansi • Testing the fruit

and Dragon Fruit. extract from Calamansi
and Dragon Fruit use to
substitute the other • A liquid soap out of
• Nature in making a chemicals and if it has a Calamansi and Dragon
liquid soap. good scent. fruit extract as a
substitute to the other
chemicals used in
• Effective method of • Testing the fragrance making a soap.
extracting the and the effectiveness of
Calamansi and Dragon it as a liquid soap.
Fruit.