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2 - Sampling Procedure and The Sample

This document for Practical Research 2 is from DepEd's module, edited to get only the concept, not the activity.

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Meryl Labatana
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509 views5 pages

2 - Sampling Procedure and The Sample

This document for Practical Research 2 is from DepEd's module, edited to get only the concept, not the activity.

Uploaded by

Meryl Labatana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2 Sampling Procedure

and the Sample

What’s In

Remember when you were taught how to write your scope and delimitation, you statedthe
subjects, participants, or respondents of your study. You also described their characteristics which
qualify them to be the source of your research data.

The next question you have to answer is, how many of the subjects, participants, or
respondents should be selected as a source of data? This lesson will teach you how to describe
sampling procedures in quantitative research. Note that the sampling procedure should be aligned
to your chosen research design. Since you have already decided the research design of your
study, then you are ready for this lesson.

What I Need to Know

Population and Sample

The first step in determining the sample size is identifying the population of the topic of
interest. The population is the totality of all the objects, elements, persons, and characteristics
under consideration. It is understood that this population possesses common characteristics
about which the research aims to explore.

There are two types of population: target population and accessible population. The actual
population is the target population, for example, all Senior High School Students enrolled in
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) in the Division of Cagayan de Oro
City. While the accessible population is the portion of the population in whichthe researcher has
reasonable access, for example all Senior High School enrolled, STEM strand at Marayon
Science High School – X.

When the whole population is too costly or time-consuming or impractical to consider,then,


a sample representative is identified. Sampling pertains to the systematic process of selecting
the group to be analyzed in the research study. The goal is to get information from a group that
represents the target population. Once a good sample is obtained, the generalizability and
applicability of findings increases.

The representative subset of the population refers to the sample. All the 240 Senior High
School Students enrolled in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Strand
in a school, for example, constitute the population; 60 of those students constitute the sample. A
good sample should have characteristics of the represented population – characteristics that are
within the scope of the study with fair accuracy. Generally,the larger the sample, the more reliable
the sample be, but still, it will depend on the scope and delimitation and research design of the
study.
8

What Is It

Approaches in Identifying the Sample Size

Heuristics. This approach refers to the rule of the thumb for sample size. The early
established approach by Gay (1976) stated by Cristobal and Dela Cruz-Cristobal (2017, p
172), sample sizes for different research designs are the following:

Number of
Research Design
Subjects/Participants
Descriptive Research 10% to 20% maybe
required
Comparative Research 15 subjects or
groups

Lunenberg and Irby (2008), as cited by Barrot (2017, p 107), also suggested different
sample sizes for each quantitative research design.

Number of
Research Design
Subjects/Participants
Survey 800
Correlational 100 to 200
Ex post facto 30+
Experimental 30 or more

Literature Review. Another approach is by reading similar or related literature and


studies to your current research study. Since you are done writing your review of related
literature and studies, you might want to recall how these studies determine sample size.
Using this approach increases the validity of your sampling procedure.

Formulas. Formulas are also being established for the computation of an acceptable
sample size. The common formula is Slovin’s Formula.
Slovin’s Formula:
N
n=
1 + Ne2

where: n is the sample size


N is the population size
E is the desired margin of error

600
n=
1 + 600 (0.05)2

600
=
1 + 600 (0.0025)
600
=
1 + 1.5

= 240

Power Analysis. This approach is founded on the principle of power analysis. There
are two principles you need to consider if you are going to use this approach: these are
statistical power and effect size.

The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis is


called statistical power. It suggests that indeed there is a Useful online
relationship between the independent and dependent tools:
variables of the research study. The ideal statistical power
of a research study is 80%. With the statistical power, it will
be used to identify the sufficient sample size for measuring Visit the
the effect size of a certain treatment. The level of difference following links to
between the experimental group and the control grouprefers practice the power
to effect size. analysis approach.
https://bit.ly/37Ia3lC
If the statistical power tells that relationship between
independent and dependent variables, the effect size https://bit.ly/2AQpDQn
suggests the extent of the relationship between these two
variables. Henceforth, the higher the effect size, means the
greater the level difference between the experimental and
control groups. For example, your research study reveals
that there is a difference in the pretest and posttest scores
of the students in the given anxiety test after implementing
a psychosocial intervention. With the effect size, you will
have an idea of how small or large the difference is.

Probability Sampling in Quantitative Research

Simple Random Sampling. It is a way of choosing individuals in which all members


of the accessible population are given an equal chance to be selected. There are various ways
of obtaining samples through simple random sampling. These are fish bowl technique, roulette
wheel, or use of the table of random numbers. This technique is also readily available online.
Visit this link https://www.randomizer.org/ to practice.

10
Stratified Random Sampling. The same with simple random sampling, stratified
random sampling also gives an equal chance to all members of the population to be chosen.

However, the population is first divided into strata or groups before selecting the
samples. The samples are chosen from these subgroups and not directly from the entire
population. This procedure is best used when the variables of the study are also grouped into
classes such as gender and grade level.

You can simply follow the steps from this given example:

A population of 600 Junior High School students includes 180 Grade 7, 160
Grade 8, 150 Grade 9, and 110 Grade 10. If the computed sample size is 240,
the following proportionate sampling will be as follows.

The number of members per subgroup is divided by the total accessible sample size.
The percentage result of members per subgroup will be multiplied from the computed total
sample size. After obtaining the sample size per strata, then simple random sampling will be
done for the selection of samples from each group.

Sample Size per Subgroups


180/600 = .30x 240 = 72 Grade 7 students
160/600 = .27x 240 = 65 Grade 8 students
150/600 = .25x 240 = 60 Grade 9 students
110/600 = .18x 240 = 43 Grade 10 students
100% 240 respondents

Cluster Sampling. This procedure is usually applied in large-scale studies,


geographical spread out of the population is a challenge, and gathering information will be
very time-consuming. Similar to stratified random sampling, cluster sampling also involves
grouping of the population according to subgroups or clusters. It is a method where multiple
clusters of people from the chosen population will be created by the researcher in order to
have homogenous characteristics.

For example, a researcher would like to


interview of all public senior high school students
across Mindanao. As a researcher cluster will be
selected to satisfy the plan size. In the given example,
the first cluster can be by region, the second cluster can
be by division, and the third cluster can be by district.

Another way of doing cluster sampling is


illustrated on the figure on the right side.
https://bit.ly/2UTiZzp
Systematic Sampling. This procedure is as simple as selecting samples every nth
(example every 2nd, 5th) of the chosen population until arriving at a desired total number of
sample size. Therefore the selection is based on a predetermined interval. Dividing the
population size by the sample size, the interval will be obtained. For example, from a total
population of 75, you have 25 samples; using systematic sampling, you will decide to select
every 3rd person on the list of individuals.

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