Literature Review Process

1. Choosing a review topic

 to identify what areas of the subject the reviewer is interested in
2. Searching and selecting appropriate articles
3. Analysing and synthesizing the literature
 After you have collected the articles you intend to use in your literature review,
you are ready to analyze each one (break it down and identify the important
information in it) and then synthesize the collection of articles (integrate them and
identify the conclusions that can be drawn from the articles as a group).
4. Writing the review
The literature review consists of the following components:
 Abstract – brief summary of the contents of the article
 Introduction – an explanation of the purpose of the review and a brief overview of
the ‘problem’
 Literature review – a critical assessment of the work done so far on this topic ( to
show how the current study relates to what has already been done); presents and
discusses the findings from the literature
 Methods – how the study was carried out (e.g instruments or equipment,
procedures, methods to gather and analyze data)
 Results – what was found in the research and what do the results mean
 Conclusion – state the conclusions and explain what your analysis of the material
leads you to conclude about the overall state of the literature, what it provides and
where it is lacking (point to directions for further work in the area)
 Reference – complete and correct citations for every source
Literature Review Template

Title : Reak Time Based Temperature Control Using Arduino

Author : Harshavardhan Goud, Harshika,
Akhil, Charishma, Bhupathi, Kumara Date : 2.April.2017
Swamy
Abstract

The main goal of this paper is to show the temperature and control it when it goes over a
certain limit to bring it back to the level users want and save energy. And to help people
who can't control the speed of the fan because they are disabled. It can also be used to
watch how the environment changes. It can also be used in different industries and
electronic devices in the coming years. Another goal is to learn about and build an
automatic system that uses a micro - controller and talks to other devices. Arduino is
becoming more popular because it has many benefits, such as being easy to program,
small, and able to work with many devices.

Introduction

The main goal of this paper is to show the temperature and control it when it goes over a
certain limit, so user can bring it back to the level user want and save energy. And to help
people who are disabled and can't change the speed of the fan. It can also be used to keep
track of changes in the environment. In the coming years, it can also be used in different
fields and electronic devices. Another goal is to learn about and build an automatic system
that talks to other devices and uses a microcontroller. Arduino is becoming more popular
because it is easy to program, small, and can work with a lot of different devices.

In this paper, the program is written in Arduino IDE. It can show the temperature in both
degrees Celsius and Fahrenheit. And the Arduino sends a signal to the relay based on the
temperature. This turns the cooling system on or off automatically based on the
temperature. The most important thing about an industry is its temperature. It is very
important to keep an eye on and control the temperature of any oven, furnace, broiler, etc.,
which usually belongs to an industry, because if the temperature changes, the things inside
the oven or furnace could go bad. The temperature sensing probe can be put in the exact
spot where the temperature needs to be watched all the time. The exact place where the
sensing probe is put in should depend on how easy it is to get to and how accurate the
measurements can be at that point. Steps to be taken during and after the test to check for
accuracy are also very important.

When heat is applied, molecules become more active, which causes the temperature to
rise. This also means that the material's internal energy goes up. Heat exchange, heat
balances, the safe temperature limits of different pieces of equipment, and a whole host of
other temperature-related problems are important in all parts of the power generation and
process industries. Power-generating and power-using equipment and other devices need
ways to show, record, and control temperatures when they are being designed, built, used,
and tested. The most important thing for power and process engineers is to measure
temperature correctly, and a lot of progress has been made in this area. The goal is to find
a way to measure temperatures that is accurate and reliable while keeping the cost of the
instruments low.

Literature Review

Many existing system for temperature monitoring and controlling generally uses micro-
controller ATMEL 89C51 (µc 8051). It does the same thing by adding more tools. The
system that is controlled by a microcontroller has four main parts: the process, the analog-
to-digital converter, the control algorithm, and the clock. The times when the measured
signals are converted to digital form are called the sampling instants; the time between
successive samplings is called the sampling period and is denoted by h. The result of the
process is a signal that keeps going all the time. The output is converted into digital form
by the A – D converter. At the times of sampling, the change is made.
Arduino is a platform for building electronic projects that is free to use. Arduino is both a
physical programmable circuit board (often called a microcontroller) and a piece of
software called IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that runs on your computer
and is used to write and upload computer code to the physical board.
People who are just starting out with electronics have become very fond of the Arduino
platform, and for good reason. The Arduino is different from most other programmable
circuit boards because it doesn't need a separate piece of hardware called a programmer to
load new code onto the board. Instead, you can just use a USB cable. Also, the Arduino
IDE uses a simplified version of the programming language C++, which makes it easier to
learn how to code. Lastly, Arduino has a standard shape that separates the functions of the
microcontroller into a package that is easier to use.
A common and inexpensive temperature sensor is the LM35. From a reference voltage, it
gives an output voltage of 10mV for each degree Celsius of temperature. The output of this
device can be fed into an A/D converter. Any microcontroller can be connected to any A/D
converter to read the output of LM35 and show it on a screen. The circuit should be made
so that the output is 0V when the temperature is 0 degrees Celsius and rises to 1000mV or
1.0V when the temperature is 100 degrees Celsius. To get an accurate temperature value,
you must multiply the output voltage by 100. For example, if you see 0.50V, that means
that the temperature is 50 degrees Centigrade.
Method

The LM35 is a cheap and popular temperature sensor. It outputs 10.0mV per degree
Centigrade from a reference voltage. Any microcontroller may read and show LM35's
output by feeding it through an A/D Converter. The circuit should be built so that output is
0V at 0 degrees Centigrade and 1000mV or 1.0V at 100 degrees Centigrade. Multiply
output voltage by 100 to get the temperature reading appropriately. 50 degrees Centigrade
is 0.50V.

Fig.1-Real Arduino UNO board

Precision integrated-circuit temperature devices with linear output voltages are the LM35
series. The LM35 device does not require the user to subtract a large constant voltage from
the output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling, unlike linear temperature sensors
calibrated in Kelvin. LM35 devices have typical accuracies of ±1/4°C at room temperature
and ±3/4°C over a full −55°C to 150°C temperature range without external calibration or
trimming. Reducing and measurement at the water level reduce costs. Interfacing to
readout or control circuitry is easy with the LM35 device's low output impedance, linear
output, and precise inherent calibration. Single power 2 Applications supplies or plus and
minus supplies are used with the device. Self-heating is less than 0.1°C in still air for the
LM35 device, which draws only 60 μA from the supply. The LM35 device operates from
−55°C to 150°C, while the LM35C device operates from −40°C to 110°C (−10° with
improved accuracy). LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D devices are available in plastic TO-
92 transistor packages, while the rest of the LM35 series are hermetic TO transistor
packages.
 Fig.2-Pin diagram of IC LM35

LCD screens are electronic display modules with many uses. Many devices and circuits
use a 16x2 LCD display module. These modules outperform seven-segment LEDs. LCDs
are cheap, easily programmable, and can display custom characters, animations, and more.
16x2 LCDs display 16 characters per line on 2 lines. This LCD displays characters in 5x7
pixel matrix. This LCD has Command and Data registers. The command registers stores
LCD command instructions. LCDs receive commands to initialize, clear, set the cursor,
control display, etc. The data register stores LCD data. Data is the LCD character's ASCII
value.

Fig.3-pin diagram o 16x2 LCD

Relays are electrical switches. Solid-state relays and electromagnet-operated relays operate
switches. Relays are used when a low-power signal must control a circuit or several
circuits with complete electrical isolation. The first relays amplified long-distance
telegraph signals and retransmitted them. Telephone exchanges and early computers relied
on relays for logical operations. Relay switching circuitry controls electrical relays used to
switch relatively high voltage and current on and off in low-power electronic computer
circuits. This paper used NPN relay switch circuit. Relay coils are electromagnetic and
inductors. DC resistor coils generate maximum current when transistors switch power to
coils. The relay coil stores some of this energy. When transistor turns off, relay coil current
decreases and magnetic field collapses. As it tries to maintain relay coil current, stored
magnetic field energy creates reverse voltage across the coil. This causes relay coil voltage
spikes that can damage the switching NPN transistor (BC 548). Flywheeling diodes are
connected across relay coils to protect transistors. This diode clamps the coil's reverse
voltage at 0.7V, releasing stored energy and preventing the transistor.

Fig.4-Relay Circuit
The open-source Arduino Software (IDE) simplifies code writing and uploading.
Windows, OS X, and Linux support it. Java and open-source Processing power the
environment. Arduino boards can use this software. The Arduino development
environment includes a code editor, message area, text console, toolbar with common
functions, and menus. Uploads and communicates with Arduino hardware. Arduino
sketches are software. Text editor sketches. Sketches are.ino files. It can cut/paste and
search/replace text. The message area displays errors and save/export feedback. The
Arduino console displays error messages and other information. The window's bottom
right corner shows the current board and serial port. Verify and upload programs, create,
open, and save sketches, and open the serial monitor with toolbar buttons.

Results

In this section, we plan the system's structure before putting together the circuit. We use
advanced microcontroller called Arduino (ATmega8). It has a lot of parts built in, like an
analog-to-digital converter, a 16 MHz clock, and shift registers. In this system, we use a
temperature sensor IC called LM35 to figure out the right voltage based on the
temperature. Arduino is given this voltage. Based on the program, it turns the analog
signal into a digital signal and creates a certain voltage level for a certain temperature. The
output, which is the temperature of the area around the LM35, is shown on a 16x2 LCD in
both degrees Celsius and Fahrenheit. At the same time, it sends the information to Relay.
If the temperature goes above the set point, the relay turns on and turns on a cooling device
like a fan. So, it keeps an eye on and controls the temperature.

Fig. 5- Data flow diagram

This part designs temperature monitoring and control. LM35 generates a tiny voltage
based on temperature. Analog voltage is produced. Controllers receive this voltage.
Arduino (ATmega8) controls this. A0 of the Arduino UNO receives this voltage. Arduino
UNO's A to D converter translates analog input into digital information. It translates
analog voltage levels 0–1023. Processes 10 bits. The ATmega328 microprocessor
multiplies the digital data by 0.488 and turns it to a voltage. This is the Celsius
temperature. To convert voltage to Fahrenheit, we multiply the data by 1.8 and add 32.
Digital port data (2, 3, 4, 5). Arduino Uno sends 16x2 LCD data. Section 4.1 provides
paper-working program. Circuit diagram shows microcontroller coupled to 16X2 LCD
(fig.3.1). Arduino connects pin 1 to ground and pin 2 to vcc for LCD activation. LCD
brightness adjustment through 10k ohms on pin 3. Arduino connectivity uses pins 12 and
11 for RS and Enable. LCD displays Celsius and Fahrenheit temperature. Arduino sends
digital port 6 control bit 0 or 1. Controlling component. Arduino outputs 0V and 5V for
bits 0 and 1. Digital port 6 has a relay circuit. Arduino sends logic low to pin 6 if
temperature is below setpoint. However, digital pin 6 receives logic high when current
temperature exceeds set level. Digital pin 6 inputs relay circuit logic. This relay circuit
turns relays on/off. Thus, relay-connected cooling devices switch on/off. Relay turns off at
temperature below predetermined point. This paper controls temperature.
 Fig. 7- Circuit diagram of temperature monitoring and controlling system

Conclusion

In our paper, we designed and built a good system for controlling and monitoring
temperature using an Arduino board. Setting the temperature to different levels and
checking the output showed that the lights turns on and off when the device goes above or
below the set value. It is very helpful for people with disabilities. There is still a lot that
can be done to improve the system and boost its business value. In this literature review,
many components used for development Reak Time Based Temperature Control Using
Arduino. This journal is great for me but I need to be more research journal that related for
my project.

References

Harshavardhan Goud, et al. (no date) Real time based temperature control using Arduino -
IJIET. Available at: https://ijiet.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/30.pdf (Accessed:
January 6, 2023).