①

Problem set 5

group homomorphism
ties !
'
1 . Let f : ↳ → G be a and
'
Show that CHT
f- < G.
'

§ f-
'
Solution . As g- CD =L I C- (H ] .
Let a. b c- (ti ) .

' '
Then f- J-lasf-lb7-flab.IE
H
(a)
,f- (b) C- H .
So .

'

Thus ab f- ( ti) Therefore £-1 ( G.

'
c- .
H ] <

2. Find an
isomorphism f- : Z → 22 .

Solution Define Then kerf { } So

.

f- in )= 2m .
__ o .

f- is
injective f- .
is
clearly onto .
f- cmtn )=2 lmtn)
=
2m + an =
f- ( m ) + f- In ] .
So
£ is an
isomorphism .

3. Show that v18 ) # v40) .

Solution .
U (8) { 1.3.5.7 } and UGo7={ 1>3,79 }
= .

33=1 ( mod 8) 5¥ Cmo D8) 72=1 Gmod 8) .

, ,

3%9 33=7 34=-1 ( mod

,
( mod 107
,
10 )
.
So UC " ) is
cyclic
while v18 ) is not Hence.
V18) # 01102 .

4. Show that 018201122 .

 ②

Solution .
V42 ) =
{ 1,5 7,113 ,
.
Note that 52=-1 ( mood 122 ,

72--49=-1 (mod 122

,
112=121 = toned > 23 .
Note that 5.7 =

35=-11 Cmo d)2) .

Define f- : 0183 → 0112 )

by
f- (3) = 5
f- ( 53=7 .
Then
f-
is an
isomorphism .

5 . Let G- -

{ ZEE :zh=1 fro some n=i } .

Then Gs É

zk
under
multiplication .
Show that fcz> = is onto
4--27
but it is not an
isomorphism .

mn

Solution .

If I =/ = Wm then ⇐ w ) = ¢3m@ "

311 .

Moreover G É 12th roots

Since
of
c-
1
. So G < .
s

are
mapped
% 1
,
f- is not
injective . Now we

show that f- is onto .

Let 5--1 .
Then
"
et
"
%~ l
2 =
92--0,7 . - -

,
n -

.ws?eiII-
,
,

Let Ykn 's

)=
w= e .
Then
few .

Hence f is onto .

6 .
Let k c- Show f : ① → Q f- (E) =
kg is
,

an
automorphism of
the additive
group
Q .

Solution
kcqiqp-kq.s-kzj-J-IEP-flED.SC
f- g. + g.)
.
( =

q3=kq=o←→q=o Iz % as k -1-0 .

f- ( ) =
.

Hence f is an
automorphism .
 ③
7. Find all
automorphisms of Z

Solution .
If g- =3 → 2- is an
automorphism
then But infinite
4- In > = E .
Z is
cyclic .
So

I and -1 are the only cyclic generators of Z .

So

f- ( D= 1 or
g- 113=-1 .
So
f- (a) = n Hn c- Z or

f- In )= - n Fn c- 21 .
These are
the
only Two

automorphisms of Z .

8. show that 5¢ # Dart .

Solution The orders

.

of permutations in Six are

decided the
by partitions of ↳ :

4--1+1+771 Hence orders elements

of are 52,3 ,
↳ .

=
2+1+1
But Dz + has element order
an
of 12 .

31-7
Hence # Dz↳
=

S4 .

=
4 = 27-2

"
9. show that
£ : GL f)B) →
Glen CIR]
f- (A) = (At)
, ,

is an
automorphism .

- '

then
Solution .

If (At) = I A = I .
So
f- is 1-1 .

( ( ( BTJ )t)→=
" '

g- [ ( Bt ) ) = B. So
f- is onto .

'
'
( Bt at 51 [Btj
-

t
f- ( A B) =
( ⇐ B) ) = LA

=
f. I A)
fl B)
isomorphism
.

Hence
f- is an .
 ④

to show that
f É is automorphisms
↳ G
fix >
: →
.

= > an
,

Gis abelian .

Solution .
Let 9 be abelian .
Then f- say )=⇐yJ= =

homomorphism If
' "
I
> =
fix fcy) . So
f- is a .

fcx > =fhD

'=j
'
then d- terce
'
I .

say .
So
f- is 1-1 .

fix )=x .

Hence f. is onto .

Conversely let f be an isomorphism .

Then
]fcj3= g- cÉj )= 4-155
'
'

fix
×

xy =

t c- 5 Hence Er is abelian
-1
× .
.
,

Ant has in the lecture notes

( S3) -
proved
11 been
.

Sz .

Show that )=x3

given by fcx
V46 )
12 .

f- : UCI b) →

is an
automorphism . D- so the
maps fix
] - →
5

and
g- ix.
it automorphisms ? .

Solution .
UCI G) =
{ 1,3 5,7, ,
9
,
II. 13,15} Note that

f- ( xy) = ✗
3-13=4×33 as 0116 ) is abelian .

23=1 then
Kes f= { x EU ( lo ) : ✗
3=1 } .

If
0 Cx ) =L or 3 . But ocx) -1-3 for any ✗ c- V11 6) .
Hence

f- injective Thus f- too the

is .
is
susjectire .

By
same reasons ✗ → ✗
£
and x→x7 are also

automorphisms F U 1163 .
 ⑤

13 Show that the additive Z and Qi

.

groups
are not isomorphic -

Solution Z not
.
is a

cyclic group .
But Q is

cyclic .

If 0=2%7 , gcedcaib> =] -
Then Q={n,§ :

NEZ } .
Let t ,
,
- .

;D, be prime factors of b.

If q
is a
prime number and q -1-12 for any E

then not
tg f- n
% for any
n c- Z . Hence Q is

cyclic .
Thus Z and Q are not
isomorphic .

show
14 .
that
fix> =
¥ and
gex > =

x-_÷ generate
under composition of functions = 53
group
a
,
"

Solution .
Note that f. c =x .
Hence 0 (f) = 2 .

g- 4¥ )/x-÷= ÷ s% =
÷÷÷
ix > = -
i .

= [1-1+7] /, = x .
Hence 0 (9) =3 .

check =xt
:
fgfg = Id
,
Id be > × .

and
Define y :S
>
→ Lf ,g > 4 Had =
f
4C
ch3D=g .
check that
y
is an isomorphism .

15 . Let
y : G → G' be a
surjective group homomorphism .
 ⑥
HOG means to is a normal subgroup of 9 .

normal cs→oÉ
Show that
for any subgroup N< G
, q
Solution Let x c- G ! Then I G such that
g
c-
.

7cg )=x .
Than so
pcn3É= 9193 gloss 9153
'
NDG gnj 4 '
c-
Ntg y(gn5 ) CNJ
c-
. c-
if
'
Thus pens D G .

16 . Let a EG and Ia : G → G be defined as

'
ia I g) =
ag
a-
tg c- G. Show that Iae Aute ) .

of
Let BIG > =

group bijection of G.
Defense
Y G BLED ✗ (a) Ia Shoo that 7 is
by
: → =
.

group homomorphism and Ker -1=-3 (G) .

Show that Im +⇐ ICED 8 Aut (G) .

,ÉagÉ=ias
'
Solution Ia ( g a-
.

, g.) =
a
g. g-
=
as , )I
Hence ia is a
homomorphism .

Kasia =
{ 9 c-
G) Zac g) =
I
} .

injective
'
ial9)=L ag
a- = I
⇐ g =) .
So ia is .

'
Ia is onto ' '
as Zal a-
g a)
= a
[ a- ga > a-
=g .

Thus i
a
:c, → s is an
automorphism .

T : G → B (G) ✗ (a) La is
= a

group hrmomssj .

' '
Since for
a
,
b c- G
, Laib (g) = a
Cbg b- Jai
'

432g Cabj
=

=
Iab -
 ⑦
Krs 1- =
{ a c- 4 ?
t.ca ) = Id
} .

If i.
a
: ↳ → G
'
is the then
identity my
>
to (g) =g= agi
Ag EG .
Hence
ga= agtg
£9 a c- ZCED .

Thus Ker 1- = 2 (G) .

I (G) =
{ ia : a c- G } .
We shoo I G) 0 Ant G.

Let ¢ :
↳ → 5 be an
automorphism of ↳ .

Then ¢ ice 5) (g) =

-41 a
4-
'
(g) a-
'
)

41 a) É (G)
g locos
=
=
C- I
(a)
Henie I (G) o Aut (G) .

17 Prove that the of

subgroup -0 GL 111=-71 D8
.

, .

Solution
{ [:& I ]
de
}
u =
.

: abc -1-0 a. b. c c- Its

,

{ [:3:& ] c- it .
}
= ' -
:
xx ,

It is clean that 101=23--8 .

We know that

Dog =
{ 1
, t.si?r3 ,
S
,
sr.sn?sr3,s4--I=sZ}
D. SRS =3

Find elements of order 2 and order 4 in V.

E. :& ][ a) [
as b.

]
' ' a + × +
city
=
0 i 1
0 c -3 Z

o o I
0 0 J
" "
A B
 ⑧

We write thas too y 2) [ a. b. c)

as -
,
=

fatxgb-cxi-y.ch .

AEI then
Suppose
trip ,
2) ( x ,Y , 2) =
(24,27-7×2,22)
= ( og ✗ 2,0 ) =
( 0,0 ,
0 ) .

Hence 2=0 or 2--0 .

So these are 4

elements of order 2
, namely
B
,

E : :| .fi:1#::.H::i.I
element
Now we
find an
of order 4 .
Let 01*3=4 .

Then A2= So and

( 0
,
✗ 2,02 -1--10,0.
,
0 ) -
✗ = 2=1
-1=0 or 1 .

i.AE ( 1
,
Y , 1) 10,107=(1,1+7,1) AKI .

" "
A an
i. A-
&! ?] has order 4 .

check a- • F- ±
.
[É¥][÷:]=[;ij :?)
-
i
CABJE.fi , 1+4,0 ) ( 1 ,
b-
7. D= ( o
,
o
,
o ) =I .

Hence ↳ b- HID satisfies the defining

potations of Dg .
So Gb
,
E) D8 .
 ⑤

Show that Dg and group of quaternions

18 .
the

are not
isomorphic .

Solutions .
Q= {± '
>
±i,±j,±k } .
Since

k?
ñ=j ? -1
,
01+-27=0 [ ±j 3=01+-127--4 .

06-17=2 .
But D8 has only 2. elements of
order 4 .
Hence D # Q -

19 Let G be finite abelian that has element

group
.
a no

of order show that auto

"
-2 G G 9cg)=g is
ya → an
.

morphism Show that .

if G is infinite y
need not be

an
automorphism .

Solution .

4cg , 5,7=(9,9-5--9,3%4 429,3412) T

S, got
G- tense
4
is a
homomorphisms .

If y (g) =3
then But has element
=) 0153=1 or 2 . G no
of
order Hence Kes 13 is
p= {
Since
g=1
So
if
2 .
. .

G is finite onto Thus

and p is
is
injective ,
y .
an

automorphism .

Let 5=21 then

9 (a) = are is an
injective
group homomorphism
but is not onto
p .
 ④

20 Let G be and c- G ZEZCG) Show

group g.
-
.
.

that
igomdzzg are

equal .

" '
Solution
rizgcx g) xlzgj
=L -
igloo gxg
.
= >

' '

= ( 25 ?
gxoj as
2. ÉEZC↳ ) -

grog IgG Hence

ñg= zizg
-
= . .

-
→ →