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Quiz 2 - Eliciting Requirements

This document discusses eliciting requirements from stakeholders. It identifies three types of requirements sources: stakeholders, documents, and existing systems. Stakeholders include users, developers, customers, and others impacted by the system. Identifying relevant stakeholders is important, as overlooking stakeholders can lead to missed requirements and increased costs. The document outlines best practices for managing stakeholders, such as maintaining stakeholder lists, selecting key stakeholders, and establishing individual agreements to define roles and responsibilities.
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
43 views14 pages

Quiz 2 - Eliciting Requirements

This document discusses eliciting requirements from stakeholders. It identifies three types of requirements sources: stakeholders, documents, and existing systems. Stakeholders include users, developers, customers, and others impacted by the system. Identifying relevant stakeholders is important, as overlooking stakeholders can lead to missed requirements and increased costs. The document outlines best practices for managing stakeholders, such as maintaining stakeholder lists, selecting key stakeholders, and establishing individual agreements to define roles and responsibilities.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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