A REPORT ON

ROBOTIC SURGERY

BY RASHMI BHANDAKAR (E310) RUCHIRA BHELEKAR (E311) SHIVANGI JHAVAR (E323) NUPUR RAY (E346) SMRITI SETHI (E352) PRITHVI SHETTY (E55)

USHA MITTAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY S.N.D.T. WOMENS UNIVERSITY MUMBAI-400049 2010-2011

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

CONTENTS Abstract Table of Contents List of figures I. Introduction

1.1 Background..1 1.2 Concept of Cloud Computing..2

II. Overview of Cloud Computing

2.1 Types of Cloud for computing services...3 2.2 Types of Cloud Computing..4 2.3 Architecture..5 2.4 Working of cloud computing6 2.5 Key Benefits of cloud computing..7 2.6 Issues faced by cloud computing..8

III. Conclusion IV. References.9

List of Figures

ABSTRACT

Cloud computing is internet-based computing whereby shared resources, software and information are provided to computers and other devices on demand, like the electricity grid. It basically consists of the concept that your computing power is delivered over the Internet, as opposed to from your local desktop or server. So, the computing power is in the cloud, and typically, accessible by others. You have the notion of a private cloud, which are basically your LAN and classic client-server architecture. It is relatively a recent term that builds on decades of research in virtualization, distributed computing, utility computing and more recently networking, web and software services. It implies a service oriented architecture, reduced information technology overhead for the end-user, great flexibility, reduced total cost of ownership, on-demand services and many other. The applications of cloud computing is in and around the whole economy and technical aspects of the world. It can be rightly summed up that cloud computing is the most happening technology that will grip the world very fast presently.

I. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

The underlying concept of cloud computing dates back to 1960s, when John McCarthy opined that "computation may someday be organized as a public utility". Almost all the modern day characteristics of cloud computing (elastic provision, provided as a utility, online, illusion of infinite supply), the comparison to the electricity industry and the use of public, private, government and community forms was thoroughly explored in Douglas Parkhill's, 1966 book, "The Challenge of the Computer Utility". The actual term"cloud" borrows from telephony in that telecommunications companies, who until the1990s primarily offered dedicated point-to-point data circuits, began offering Virtual Private Network (VPN) services with comparable quality of service but at a much lower cost. By switching traffic to balance utilization as they saw fit they were able to utilisetheir overall network bandwidth more effectively. The cloud symbol was used to denotethe demarcation point between that which was the responsibility of the provider from thatof the user. Cloud computing extends this boundary to cover servers as well as thenetwork infrastructure.Amazon played a key role in the development of cloud computingby modernizing their data centers after the dot-com bubble, which, like most

computernetworks, were using as little as 10% of their capacity at any one time just to leave roomfor occasional spikes. Having found that the new cloud architecture resulted in significantinternal efficiency improvements whereby small, fast-moving "two-pizza teams" couldadd new features faster and easier, Amazon initiated a new product development effort toprovide cloud computing to external customers and launched Amazon Web Service (AWS) on a utility computing basis in 2006. In 2007, Google, IBM, and a number of universities embarked on a large scale cloud computing research project. In early 2008, Eucalyptus became the first open source AWS API compatible platform for deploying private clouds. By mid-2008, Gartner saw an opportunity for cloud computing "to shape the relationship among consumers of IT services, those who use IT services and those who sell them", and observed that organisations are switching from company-owned hardware and software assets to peruse service-based models" so that the "projected shift to cloud computing will result in dramatic growth in IT products in some areas and significant reductions in other areas. In March 2010, Microsoft's CEO, Steve Ballmer, made his strongest statement of betting the company's future in the cloud by proclaiming "For the cloud, we're all in" and further stating "About 75 percent of our folks are doing entirely cloud based or entirely cloud inspired, a year from now that will be 90 percent. Microsoft has also offered details on cloud services for government agencies.

1.2 Concept of Cloud computing

Cloud computing is Internet-based computing, whereby shared resources, software, and information are provided to computers and other devices on demand, like the electricity grid. Cloud computing is a paradigm shift following the shift from mainframe to client server in the early 1980s. Details are abstracted from the users, who no longer have need for expertise in, or control over, the technology infrastructure "in the cloud" that supports them. Cloud computing describes a new supplement, consumption, and delivery model for IT services based on the Internet, and it typically involves over-the-Internet provision of dynamically scalable and often virtualized resources. It is a byproduct and consequence of the ease-of-access to remote computing sites provided by the Internet. This frequently takes the form of web-based tools or applications that users can access and use through a web browser as if it were a program installed locally on their own computer. NIST provides a somewhat more objective and specific definition here. The term "cloud" is used as a metaphor for the Internet, based on the cloud drawing used in the past to represent the telephone network and later to depict the Internet in computer network diagrams as an abstraction of the underlying infrastructure it represents. Typical cloud computing providers deliver common business applications online that are accessed

from another Web service or software like a Web browser, while the software and data are stored on servers. A key element of cloud computing is customization and the creation of a user-defined experience.

Figure 2.2 Conceptual diagram of cloud computing

II. OVERVIEW

2.1 Types of clouds for computing services

Cloud is a metaphor for the internet based on how it is in the computer network, diagrams and is an abstraction for complex infrastructure it conceals. Basically, the clouds can be divided depending on how they are been deployed. The figure below us the fair idea.

Figure 2.1 Cloud types

Public Public cloud or external cloud describes cloud computing in the traditional mainstream sense, whereby resources are dynamically provisioned on a fine-grained, self-service basis over the Internet, via web applications/web services, from an off-site third-party provider who shares resources and bills on a fine-grained utility computing basis. Hybrid cloud A hybrid cloud environment consisting of multiple internal and/or external providers will be typical for most enterprises. By integrating multiple cloud services users may be able to ease the transition to public cloud services while avoiding issues such as PCI compliance.Another perspective on deploying a web application in the cloud is using Hybrid Web Hosting, where the hosting infrastructure is a mix between Cloud Hosting for the web server, and Managed dedicated server for the database server.

Private cloud Private cloud and internal cloud are neologisms that some vendors have recently used to describe offerings that emulate cloud computing on private networks. These products claim to "deliver some benefits of cloud computing without the pitfalls", capitalising on

data security, corporate governance, and reliability concerns. They have been criticised on the basis that users "still have to buy, build, and manage them" and as such do not benefit from lower up-front capital costs and less hands-on management, essentially "[lacking] the economic model that makes cloud computing such an intriguing concept". While an analyst predicted in 2008 that private cloud networks would be the future of corporate IT there is some contention as to whether they are a reality even within the same firm.[Analysts also claim that within five years a "huge percentage" of small and medium enterprises will get most of their computing resources from external cloud computing providers as they "will not have economies of scale to make it worth staying in the IT business" or be able to afford private clouds.

2.2 Types of Cloud Computing

There are several kinds of Cloud Computing service offerings. Based on their working they are classified as : Common Services. Some products offer Internet-based servicessuch as storage middleware, collaboration, and database capabilitiesdirectly to users. SaaS.: Software-as-a-service products provide a complete, turnkey application including complex programs such as those for CRM or enterprise-resource management via the Internet. PaaS.: Platform-as-a-service products offer a full or partial development environment that users can access and utilize online, even in collaboration with others.

IaaS. : Infrastructure-as-a-service products deliver a full computer infrastructure via the Internet. DaaS. : Desktop-as-a-service which utilize virtualization of desktop systems serving thin clients.

2.3 Architecture of Cloud Computing

Cloud computing system is divided into two parts namely the front end and the back end. They connect to each other through a network, usually the Internet. The front end is the side the computer user, or client, sees. The back end is the "cloud" section of the system. The front end includes the client's computer (or computer network) and the application required to access the cloud computing system. Not all cloud computing systems have the same user interface. Services like Web-based e-mail programs leverage existing Web browsers like Internet Explorer or Fire fox. Other systems have unique applications that provide network access to clients. On the back end of the system are the various computers, servers and data storage systems that create the "cloud" of computing services. In theory, a cloud computing system could include practically any computer program you can imagine, from data processing to video games. Usually, each application will have its own dedicated server. A central server administers the system, monitoring traffic and client demands to ensure everything runs smoothly. It follows a set

of rules called protocols and uses a special kind of software called middleware. Middleware allows networked computers to communicate with each other. The architecture can be represented through the following picture.

Components that define the cloud computing system can be explained diagrammatically.

Figure 2.3 Layers

Cloud Client: A cloud client consists of computer hardware or computer software that relies on cloud computing for application delivery, or that is specifically designed for delivery of cloud services and that, in either case, is essentially useless without it. Examples include some computers, phones and other devices, operating systems and browsers[ Application: Cloud application services or "Software as a Service (SaaS)" deliver Software as a service over the Internet, eliminating the need to install and run the application on the customer's own computers and simplifying maintenance and support. People tend to use the terms SaaS and cloud interchangeably, when in fact they are 2 different things. Key characteristics include:

Network-based access to, and management of, commercially available software.

Activities that are managed from central locations rather than at each customer's site, enabling customers to access applications remotely via the Web.

Application delivery that typically is closer to a one-to-many model (single instance, multi-tenant architecture) than to a one-to-one model, including architecture, pricing, partnering, and management characteristics Centralized feature updating, which obviates the need for downloadable patches and upgrades.

Platform: Cloud platform services or "Platform as a Service (PaaS)" deliver a computing platform and solution stack as a service, often consuming cloud infrastructure and

sustaining cloud applications]It facilitates deployment of applications without the cost and complexity of buying and managing the underlying hardware and software layers. Infrastructure: Cloud infrastructure services, also known as "Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)", delivers computer infrastructure - typically a platform virtualization environment - as a service. Rather than purchasing servers, software, data-center space or network equipment, clients instead buy those resources as a fully outsourced service. Suppliers typically bill such services on a utility computing basis and amount of resources consumed (and therefore the cost) will typically reflect the level of activity. IaaS evolved from virtual private server offerings. Server: The servers layer consists of computer hardware and computer software products that are specifically designed for the delivery of cloud services, including multi-core processors, cloud-specific operating systems and combined offerings.

2.4 Working of Cloud Computing

Cloud computing works by storing data 'in the cloud', not on your computer. The data is transferred to your computer through an Internet connection. Your data is stored on massive servers held by the companies that you are using, or by companies that they in turn contact. However, as the data is stored in the cloud, it can then be accessed from anywhere, meaning you will never be faced with forgetting or loosing your files. Cloud computing services generally require you to sign up for an account on the site for you to use them. Others do not. Some are free to use, but some are paid for. In reality, it all depends. The figure given below represents how a client can access the cloud through networks.

Figure 2.4 Working of cloud computing

In a cloud computing system, there's a significant workload shift. Local computers no longer have to do all the heavy lifting when it comes to running applications. The network of computers that make up the cloud handles them instead. Hardware and software demands on the user's side decrease. The only thing the user's computer needs to be able to run is the cloud computing system's interface software, which can be as simple as a Web browser, and the cloud's network takes care of the rest.

2.5 Key Benefits of Cloud Computing

The factors that make cloud computing an edge over the other computing is its efficiency to work. The factors can be listed in brief below.

Clients would be able to access their applications and data from anywhere at any time. They could access the cloud computing system using any computer linked to the Internet. Data wouldn't be confined to a hard drive on one user's computer or even a corporation's internal network.

It could bring hardware costs down. Cloud computing systems would reduce the need for advanced hardware on the client side. You wouldn't need to buy the fastest computer with the most memory, because the cloud system would take care of those needs for you. Instead, you could buy an inexpensive computer terminal. The terminal could include a monitor, input devices like a keyboard and mouse and just enough processing power to run the middleware necessary to connect to the cloud system. You wouldn't need a large hard drive because you'd store all your information on a remote computer.

Corporations that rely on computers have to make sure they have the right software in place to achieve goals. Cloud computing systems give these organizations companywide access to computer applications. The companies don't have to buy a set of software or software licenses for every employee. Instead, the company could pay a metered fee to a cloud computing company.

Servers and digital storage devices take up space. Some companies rent physical space to store servers and databases because they don't have it available on site. Cloud computing gives these companies the option of storing data on someone else's hardware, removing the need for physical space on the front end.

Corporations might save money on IT support. Streamlined hardware would, in theory, have fewer problems than a network of heterogeneous machines and operating systems.

If the cloud computing system's back end is a grid computing system, then the client could take advantage of the entire network's processing power. Often, scientists and researchers work with calculations so complex that it would take years for individual computers to complete them. On a grid computing system, the client could send the calculation to the cloud for processing. The cloud system would tap into the processing power of all available computers on the back end, significantly speeding up the calculation.

2.6 Issues faced by Cloud Computing Technology

The cloud computing overview might have projected two primary concerns with the use of the cloud computing platform: security and privacy.

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES