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Pharmaceutical Education
These are topics useful for students of pharmacy as well as professionals those will add great value to their knowledge. This page is updated
regularly, therefore, don't forget to visit it again.

Generic Pharmaceutical Drugs

Pharmaceutical Labeling Requirements

Bioavailability of Drugs
Transdermal Patches and Their Working
Novel Drug Delivery System
Mechanism of Drug Release from Oral Dosage Forms
Good Clinical Practice (GCP)
Difference between Injection and Infusion
Differences between Syrups and Suspensions
Technology Transfer Guidelines for Pharmaceuticals
Lubricant Concentration in Pharmaceutical Products
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion of Drug
Different Routes of Drug Administration

Different Types of Dosage Forms in Pharmaceuticals

Principles and Mechanisms of Drug Action
Enzyme Induction, Enzyme Inhibition and Kinetics of Elimination
Pharmacokinetics of Drugs
Nature and Source of Drugs
Introduction to Pharmacology : Definition, Historical Landmarks and Scope of Pharmacology
Responsibility of Regulatory Affairs Professionals
Introduction to Platform Technology
Scale Up, Post Approval Changes (SUPAC guidelines)
Pilot Plant Scale-up Considerations for Solids, Liquid orals, Semi solids and Relevant Documentation
Institutional Review Board (IRB) / Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC)
Trial Documents in Clinical Research
Investigational Medicinal Product Dossier (IMPD)
Neurohumoral Transmission, Co-transmission and Classification of Neurotransmitters
Organization and Function of ANS
Drug Discovery and Clinical Evaluation of New Drugs

Drug Interactions (Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic)

Adverse Drug Reactions
Dose Response Relationship, Therapeutic Index, Combined Effects of Drugs and Factors Modifying Drug Action
Transmembrane Enzyme Linked Receptors, Transmembrane JAK-STAT binding Receptor and Receptors that Regulate Transcription
Factors

Drug Receptors Interactions Signal Transduction Mechanisms, G-protein–coupled Receptors, Ion Channel Receptor
Receptor Theories and Classification of Receptors, Regulation of Receptors
Pharmacodynamics- Principles and Mechanisms of Drug Action
Enzyme Induction, Enzyme Inhibition, Kinetics of Elimination
Pharmacokinetics- Membrane Transport, Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion of Drugs
Agonists, Antagonists (competitive and noncompetitive), Spare receptors, Addiction, Tolerance, Dependence, Tachyphylaxis,
Idiosyncrasy, Allergy
Essential Drugs Concept and Routes of Drug Administration
Nature and Source of Drugs
Introduction to Pharmacology- Definition, Historical Landmarks and Scope of Pharmacology
Photolytic Degradation and Its Prevention
Accelerated Stability Testing in Expiration Dating of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
Stabilization of Medicinal Agents Against Common Reactions like Hydrolysis & Oxidation
Physical and Chemical Factors Influencing the Chemical Degradation of Pharmaceutical Product: Temperature, Solvent, Ionic Strength,
Dielectric Constant, Specific & General acid base catalysis
Reaction Kinetics: Zero, Pseudo-zero, First & Second Order, Units of Basic Rate Constants, Determination of Reaction Order
Derived Properties of Powders, Porosity, Packing Arrangement, Densities, Bulkiness & Flow Properties
Particle Shape, Specific Surface, Methods for Determining Surface Area, Permeability, Adsorption
Methods for Determining Particle Size by Different Methods, Counting and Separation Method
Particle Size and Distribution, Mean Particle Size, Number and Weight Distribution, Particle Number
Rheological Properties of Emulsions and Emulsion Formulation by HLB Method
Stability of Emulsions, Preservation of Emulsions
Emulsions and Theories of Emulsification, Microemulsion and Multiple Emulsions
Formulation of Flocculated and Deflocculated Suspensions
Coarse Dispersion: Suspension, Interfacial Properties of Suspended Particles, Settling in Suspensions

Deformation of Solids: Plastic and Elastic Deformation, Heckel equation, Stress, Strain, Elastic Modulus
Determination of Viscosity, Capillary, Falling Sphere, Rotational Viscometers
Non-Newtonian Systems, Pseudoplastic, Dilatant, Plastic, Thixotropy, Thixotropy in Formulation
Rheology: Newtonian Systems, Law of Flow, Kinematic Viscosity, Effect of Temperature
Effect of Electrolytes, Coacervation, Peptization & Protective Action
Optical, Kinetic & Electrical Properties
Classification of colloids & comparative account of their general properties
Colloidal dispersions: Classification of dispersed systems & their general characteristics, size & shapes of colloidal particles
Anti-inflammatory agents: Diclofenac, Ketorolac, Ibuprofen, Naproxen, Piroxicam, Phenacetin, Acetaminophen, Antipyrine,
Phenylbutazone
Anti-inflammatory agents: Sodium salicylate, Aspirin, Mefenamic acid, Meclofenamate, Indomethacin, Sulindac, Tolmetin, Zomepirac
Narcotic Antagonists: Nalorphine hydrochloride, Levallorphan tartrate, Naloxone hydrochloride
Morphine and related drugs: Fentanyl citrate, Methadone hydrochloride, Propoxyphene hydrochloride, Pentazocine, Levorphanol tartrate
Morphine and Related Drugs: SAR of Morphine analogues, Morphine sulphate, Codeine, Meperidine hydrochloride, Anileridine
hydrochloride, Diphenoxylate hydrochloride, Loperamide hydrochloride
Dissociative anesthetics: Ketamine hydrochloride
Ultra-short Acting Barbitutrates: Methohexital sodium, Thiamylal sodium, Thiopental sodium
Inhalation Anesthetics: Halothane, Methoxyflurane, Enflurane, Sevoflurane, Isoflurane, Desflurane
Miscellaneous: Primidone, Valproic acid, Gabapentin, Felbamate
Benzodiazepines: Clonazepam
Urea and Monoacylureas: Phenacemide, Carbamazepine
Succinimides: Phensuximide, Methsuximide, Ethosuximide
Oxazolidine Diones: Trimethadione, Paramethadione
Barbiturates: Phenobarbitone, Metharbital, Hydantoins: Phenytoin, Mephenytoin, Ethotoin
SAR of Anticonvulsants and Mechanism of Anticonvulsant Action
Benzamides: Sulpiride
Beta amino ketones: Molindone hydrochloride
Fluoro Buterophenones: Haloperidol, Droperidol, Risperidone
Ring Analogues of Phenothiazines: Chlorprothixene, Thiothixene, Loxapine succinate, Clozapine
SAR of Phenothiazines- Promazine hydrochloride, Chlorpromazine hydrochloride, Triflupromazine, Thioridazine hydrochloride,
Piperacetazine hydrochloride, Prochlorperazine maleate, Trifluoperazine hydrochloride
Aldehyde & Their Derivatives: Triclofos sodium, Paraldehyde
Alcohol & their carbamate derivatives: Meprobamate, Ethchlorvynol
Amides & imides: Glutethimide
Synthetic cholinergic blocking agents: Procyclidine hydrochloride, Tridihexethyl chloride, Isopropamide iodide, Ethopropazine
hydrochloride
Synthetic cholinergic blocking agents: Methantheline bromide, Propantheline bromide, Benztropine mesylate, Orphenadrine citrate,
Biperidine hydrochloride
Synthetic cholinergic blocking agents: Tropicamide, Cyclopentolate hydrochloride, Clidinium bromide, Dicyclomine hydrochloride,
Glycopyrrolate
SAR of cholinolytic agents: Solanaceous alkaloids and analogues: Atropine sulphate, Hyoscyamine sulphate, Scopolamine hydrobromide,
Homatropine hydrobromide, Ipratropium bromide
Cholinesterase reactivator: Pralidoxime chloride
Indirect acting: Tacrine hydrochloride, Ambenonium chloride, Isofluorphate, Echothiophate iodide, Parathion, Malathion
Indirect Acting: Physostigmine, Neostigmine, Pyridostigmine, Edrophonium chloride
SAR of Parasympathomimetic Agents: Direct acting agents: Acetylcholine, Carbachol, Bethanechol, Methacholine, Pilocarpine
Cholinergic Receptors (Muscarinic & Nicotinic) and Their Distribution
Biosynthesis and Catabolism of Acetylcholine
SAR of Beta Blockers, Propranolol, Metipranolol, Atenolol, Betazolol, Bisoprolol, Esmolol, Metoprolol, Labetolol, Carvedilol
Alpha adrenergic blockers: Tolazoline, Phentolamine, Phenoxybenzamine, Prazosin, Dihydroergotamine, Methysergide
Agents with Mixed Mechanism: Ephedrine and Metaraminol
SAR of Sympathomimetic Agents: Indirect Acting Agents: Hydroxyamphetamine, Pseudoephedrine, Propylhexedrine
SAR of Sympathomimetic Agents: Direct Acting: Dobutamine, Isoproterenol, Terbutaline, Salbutamol, Bitolterol, Naphazoline,
Oxymetazoline and Xylometazoline
SAR of Sympathomimetic Agents: Direct acting: Nor-epinephrine, Epinephrine, Phenylephrine, Dopamine, Methyldopa, Clonidine
Adrenergic Receptors (Alpha & Beta) and Their Distribution
Biosynthesis and Catabolism of Catecholamine
Drugs Acting on Autonomic Nervous System Adrenergic Neurotransmitters
Factors Affecting Drug Metabolism Including Stereo Chemical Aspects
Drug Metabolism and Drug Metabolism Principles - Phase I and Phase II
Physicochemical Properties in Relation to Biological Action - Protein binding, Chelation, Bioisosterism, Optical and Geometrical isomerism
Physicochemical Properties in Relation to Biological Action - Ionization, Solubility, Partition Coefficient, Hydrogen bonding
History and Development of Medicinal Chemistry
Beckmanns Rearrangement, Schmidt Rearrangement and Claisen-Schmidt Condensation
Oppenauer Oxidation and Dakin Reaction
Wolff Kishner Reduction

Birch Reduction
Clemmensen Reduction
Metal Hydrid Reduction (NaBH4 and LiAlH4)
Synthesis and Medicinal Uses of Azepines
Synthesis and Medicinal Uses of Purine
Synthesis, Reactions and Medicinal Uses of Pyrimidine
Synthesis, Reactions and Medicinal Uses of Indole
Synthesis, Reactions and Medicinal Uses of Acridine
Synthesis, Reactions and Medicinal Uses of Isoquinoline
Synthesis, Reactions and Medicinal Uses of Quinoline

Synthesis, Reactions and Medicinal Uses of Pyridine and Basicity of Pyridine

Synthesis, Reactions and Medicinal Uses of Thiazole
Synthesis, Reactions and Medicinal Uses of Oxazole
Synthesis, Reactions and Medicinal Uses of Imidazole
Synthesis, Reactions and Medicinal Uses of Pyrazole
Relative Aromaticity and Reactivity of Pyrrole, Furan and Thiophene
Synthesis, Reactions and Medicinal Uses of Thiophene
Synthesis, Reactions and Medicinal Uses of Furan
Synthesis, Reactions and Medicinal Uses of Pyrrole
Heterocyclic Compounds: Nomenclature and Classification
Stereospecific and Stereoselective Reactions
Stereo Isomerism in Biphenyl Compounds (Atropisomerism) and Conditions for Optical Activity
Conformational Isomerism in Ethane, n-Butane and Cyclohexane
Methods of Determination of Configuration of Geometrical Isomers
Geometrical Isomerism- Nomenclature of Geometrical Isomers (Cis-Trans, E-Z, Syn-Anti Systems)
Asymmetric Synthesis: Partial and Absolute
Racemic Modification and Resolution of Racemic Mixture
Reactions of Chiral Molecules
DL and RS System of Nomenclature of Optical Isomers and Sequence Rules
Sequence Rules
Chiral and Achiral Molecules
Elements of Symmetry
Optical Isomerism– Optical Activity, Enantiomerism, Diastereomerism and Meso Compounds
Stereo Isomerism
Basic of Material Handling Systems
Inorganic and Organic Non-metals

Ferrous and Non-ferrous Metals

Theories of Corrosion, Types of Corrosion and Their Prevention
Factors Affecting During Materials Selected for Pharmaceutical Plant Construction
Corrosion and Its Prevention
Materials of Pharmaceutical Plant Construction
Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits, and Demerits of Super Centrifuge
Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits, and Demerits of Semi Continuous Centrifuge
Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Perforated and Non-perforated Basket Centrifuge
Objectives, Principle and Applications of Centrifugation
Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Membrane Filter and Seitz Filter
Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Cartridge Filter
Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Meta Filter
Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Rotary Drum Filter
Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Filter Leaf
Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Plate and Frame Filter
Filter Aids and Filter Media
Filtration: Objectives, Applications, Theories & Factors Influencing Filtration
Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Silverson Emulsifier
Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Paddles
Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Turbines
Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Propellers
Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Planetary Mixers
Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Sigma Blade Mixer
Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Ribbon Blender
Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Twin Shell Blender
Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Double Cone Blender
Mechanism of Solid Mixing, Liquids Mixing and Semisolids Mixing
Difference between Solid and Liquid Mixing
Objectives, Applications and Factors Affecting Mixing
Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Freeze Dryer
Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Vacuum Dryer
Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Fluidized Bed Dryer (FBD)
Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Spray Dryer
Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Drum Dryer
Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Tray Dryer
Rate of Drying Curve
Measurements & Applications of Equilibrium Moisture Content
Objectives, Applications and Mechanism of Drying Process
Basic Principle and Methodology of Molecular Distillation
Basic Principle and Methodology of Distillation Under Reduced Pressure and Steam Distillation
Basic Principle and Methodology of Flash and Fractional Distillation
Basic Principle and Methodology of Simple Distillation
Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Multiple Effect Evaporator and Its Economy
Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Forced Circulation Evaporator
Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Climbing Film Evaporator
Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Horizontal Tube Evaporator
Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Steam Jacketed Kettle
Differences Between Evaporation and Other Heat Process
Evaporation: Objectives, Applications and Factors Influencing Evaporation
Heat Interchangers and Heat Exchangers
Fourier’s Law, Heat Transfer by Conduction, Convection and Radiation
Heat Transfer: Objectives, Applications and Heat Transfer Mechanisms
Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Air Separator, Bag Filter and Elutriation Tank
Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Sieve Shaker and Cyclone Separator
Official Standards of Powders, Sieves and Size Separation
Size Separation: Objectives, Applications & Mechanism of Size Separation
Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Edge Runner Mill and End Runner Mill
Principle, Construction, Working, Uses, Merits and Demerits of Hammer Mill, Ball Mill and Fluid Energy Mill
Size Reduction: Objectives, Mechanisms & Laws Governing Size Reduction and Factors Affecting Size Reduction
Orifice Meter, Venturi Meter, Pitot Tube and Rotameter
Bernoulli’s Theorem and Its Applications and Energy Loss
Reynolds Number and Its Significance
Flow of Fluids: Types of Manometers
Application of Cell Cultures in Pharmaceutical Industry and Research
Primary, Established and Transformed Cell Cultures
Growth of Animal Cells in Culture, General Procedure for Cell Culture
Evaluation of Microbial Stability of Formulations
Preservation of Pharmaceutical Products using Antimicrobial Agents
Assessment of Microbial Contamination and Spoilage
Sources and Types of Microbial Contaminants
Types of Spoilage, Factors Affecting the Microbial Spoilage of Pharmaceutical Products
Assessment of a New Antibiotic
Methods for Standardization of Antibiotics, Vitamins and Amino Acids
Principles and Methods of Different Microbiological Assay
Clean Area Classification
Different Sources of Contamination in an Aseptic Area and Methods of Prevention
Designing of Aseptic Area and Laminar Flow Equipment
Sterility Testing of Products (Solids, Liquids, Ophthalmic and Other Sterile Products) According to IP, BP and USP
Evaluation of Bactericidal & Bacteriostatic
Factors Influencing Disinfection, Antiseptics and Their Evaluation
Classification and Mode of Action of Disinfectants
Morphology, Classification, Reproduction/Replication and Cultivation of Viruses
Morphology, Classification, Reproduction/Replication and Cultivation of Fungi
Sterility Indicators
Equipments Employed in Large Scale Sterilization
Evaluation of the Efficiency of Sterilization Methods
Principle, Procedure, Merits, Demerits and Applications of Mechanical Method of Sterilization
Principle, Procedure, Merits, Demerits and Applications of Gaseous and Radiation Sterilization
Principle, Procedure, Merits, Demerits and Applications of Chemical Methods of Sterilization
Principle, Procedure, Merits, Demerits and Applications of Physical Methods of Sterilization
Identification of Bacteria using Staining Techniques (Simple, Gram’s & Acid-fast Staining) and Biochemical Tests (IMViC)
Phase Contrast Microscopy, Dark Field Microscopy and Electron Microscopy
Quantitative Measurement of Bacterial Growth (Total & Viable Count)
Cultivation of Anaerobes
Isolation and Preservation Methods for Pure Cultures
Physical Parameters for Bacterial Growth and Growth Curve
Nutritional Requirements and Raw Materials used for Culture Media

Ultra-structure and Morphological Classification of Bacteria

Introduction to Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Branches, Scope and Importance of Microbiology
Introduction and History of Microbiology
Reactions of Cyclopropane and Cyclobutane
Coulson and Moffitt’s Modification, Sachse Mohr’s Theory (Theory of Strainless Rings)
Stabilities – Baeyer’s Strain Theory, Limitation of Baeyer’s Strain Theory
Structure and Medicinal Uses of Diphenylmethane, Triphenylmethane and Their Derivatives
Structure and medicinal uses of Naphthalene, Phenanthrene, Anthracene
Polynuclear Hydrocarbons: Synthesis and Reactions

Significance and Principle Involved in Determination of Iodine Value, Acetyl Value, Reichert Meissl (RM) Value
Significance and Principle Involved in Determination of Acid Value, Saponification Value, Ester Value
Hydrolysis, Hydrogenation, Saponification and Rancidity of oils, Drying oils
Acidity, Effect of Substituents on Acidity and Important Reactions of Benzoic Acid
Basicity of Amines, Effect of Substituents on Basicity, and Synthetic uses of Aryl Diazonium Salts
Qualitative Tests, Structure and Uses of Phenol, Cresols, Resorcinol, Naphthols

Acidity of Phenols, Effect of Substituents on Acidity

Structure and Uses of DDT, Saccharin, BHC and Chloramine T
Substituents, Effect of Substituents on Reactivity and Orientation of Mono Substituted Benzene Compounds Towards Electrophilic
Substitution Reaction
Friedel Crafts Alkylation-reactivity, Limitations, Friedel Crafts Acylation

Reactions of Benzene - Nitration, Sulphonation, Halogenation- Reactivity

Orbital Picture, Resonance in Benzene, Aromatic Characters, Huckel’s Rule
Analytical, Synthetic and Other Evidences in the Derivation of Structure of Benzene
Environmental Pollution: Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Soil Pollution
Aquatic Ecosystems (Ponds, Streams, Lakes, Rivers, Oceans, Estuaries)
Forest Ecosystem; Grassland Ecosystem, Desert Ecosystem
Introduction, Types, Characteristic Features, Structure and Function of the Ecosystems
Concept of an Ecosystem, Structure and Function of an Ecosystem
Role of an Individual in Conservation of Natural Resources
a) Forest resources b) Water resources c) Mineral resources d) Food resources e) Energy resources f) Land resources
Natural Resources and Associated Problems
Renewable and Non-renewable Resources
The Multidisciplinary Nature of Environmental Studies, Natural Resources
Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) and Text Information Management System (TIMS)
Computers as Data Analysis in Preclinical Development: Chromatographic Data Analysis (CDS)
Concept of Bioinformatics, Impact of Bioinformatics in Vaccine Discovery
Introduction, Objective of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Databases
Diagnostic System - Lab-diagnostic System, Patient Monitoring System, Pharma Information System

Mobile Technology and Adherence Monitoring

Barcode Medicine Identification and Automated Dispensing of Drugs
Hospital and Clinical Pharmacy, Electronic Prescribing and Discharge (EP) Systems
Pharmacokinetics, Mathematical Model in Drug Design
Drug Information Storage and Retrieval

Introduction to Databases, MYSQL, MS ACCESS, Pharmacy Drug Database

Introduction to Web Servers and Server Products
Introduction to HTML, XML, CSS and Programming Languages
Planning and Managing the Project
Process Specifications, Input/Output Design, Process Life Cycle
Information Gathering, Requirement and Feasibility Analysis, Data Flow Diagrams
Binary Addition, Binary Subtraction – One’s Complement, Two’s Complement Method, Binary Multiplication, Binary Division
Conversion Decimal to Binary, Binary to Decimal, Octal to Binary
Binary number system, Decimal number system, Octal number system, Hexadecimal number systems
Sexually Transmitted Diseases: AIDS, Syphilis, Gonorrhea

Infectious Diseases: Tuberculosis, Urinary Tract Infections

Infectious Diseases: Meningitis, Typhoid, Leprosy
Principles of Cancer: Classification, Etiology and Pathogenesis of Cancer
Disease of Bones and Joints: Rheumatoid Arthritis, Osteoporosis and Gout
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Jaundice, Hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E, F) and Alcoholic Liver Disease

Gastrointestinal System: Peptic Ulcer

Psychiatric Disorders: Depression, Schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s Disease
Nervous System: Epilepsy, Parkinson’s Disease, Stroke
Diabetes, Thyroid Diseases, Disorders of Sex Hormones
Endocrine System
Thalassemia, Hereditary Acquired Anemia, Hemophilia
Hematological Diseases: Iron Deficiency, Megaloblastic Anemia (Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid), Sickle Cell Anemia
Acute and Chronic Renal Failure
Renal System
Respiratory System: Asthma, Chronic Obstructive Airways Diseases
Ischemic Heart Disease (Angina, Myocardial Infarction, Atherosclerosis and Arteriosclerosis)

Hypertension, Congestive Heart Failure

Cardiovascular System
Basic Principles of Wound Healing in the Skin, Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis
Mechanism of Inflammation – Alteration in Vascular Permeability and Blood Flow, Migration of WBC’s, Mediators of Inflammation
Introduction, Clinical Signs of Inflammation, Different Types of Inflammation
Enzyme Leakage and Cell Death Acidosis & Alkalosis, Electrolyte Imbalance
Cell Swelling, Intra Cellular Accumulation and Calcification
Morphology of Cell Injury – Adaptive Changes (Atrophy, Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Dysplasia)
Causes of Cellular Injury and Pathogenesis (Cell membrane damage, Mitochondrial damage, Ribosome damage, Nuclear damage)
Introduction, Definitions, Homeostasis, Components and Types of Feedback systems
Basic Principles of Cell Injury and Adaptation
Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications of Enzymes and Isoenzymes
Coenzymes: Structure and Biochemical Functions
Regulation of Enzymes: Enzyme Induction and Repression, Allosteric Enzymes Regulation
Enzyme Kinetics (Michaelis-Menten plot, Line-Weaver Burke plot) Enzyme Inhibitors with Examples
Introduction, Properties, Nomenclature and IUBMB Classification of Enzymes
Genetic Code, Translation or Protein Synthesis and Inhibitors
Transcription or RNA Synthesis

DNA Replication (Semi Conservative Model)

Structure of DNA and RNA and Their Functions
Organization of Mammalian Genome
Catabolism of Purine Nucleotides and Hyperuricemia and Gout Disease
Biosynthesis of Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleotide
Nucleic Acid Metabolism and Genetic Information Transfer
Catabolism of Heme, Hyperbilirubinemia and Jaundice
Synthesis and Significance of Biological Substances: 5-HT, Melatonin, Dopamine, Noradrenaline, Adrenaline
Catabolism of Phenylalanine and Tyrosine and Their Metabolic Disorders (Phenylketonuria, Albinism, Alkaptonuria, Tyrosinemia)
Urea Cycle and Its Disorders
Transamination, Deamination and Decarboxylation

General Reactions of Amino Acid Metabolism

Hypercholesterolemia, Atherosclerosis, Fatty Liver and Obesity
Biological Significance of Cholesterol and Conversion of Cholesterol into Bile Acids, Steroid, Hormone and Vitamin D
De novo synthesis of fatty acids (Palmitic acid)
Formation and Utilization of Ketone Bodies; Ketoacidosis
β-Oxidation of Saturated Fatty Acid (Palmitic Acid)
Inhibitors ETC and oxidative phosphorylation/Uncouplers
Oxidative Phosphorylation & Its Mechanism and Substrate Level Phosphorylation
Electron transport chain (ETC) and its mechanism
Hormonal regulation of blood glucose level and Diabetes mellitus

Glycogen metabolism Pathways and glycogen storage diseases (GSD)

HMP Shunt and Its Significance- Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency
Citric Acid Cycle- Pathway, Energetics and Significance
Gluconeogenesis- Pathway and its significance
Glycolysis- Pathway, Energetics and Significance
Energy rich compounds; classification; biological significances of ATP and cyclic AMP

Relationship between Free Energy, Enthalpy and Entropy; Redox potential

Concept of Free Energy, Endergonic and Exergonic Reaction
Introduction, Classification, Chemical Nature and Biological Role of Proteins
Introduction, Classification, Chemical Nature and Biological Role of Amino Acids and Proteins
Introduction, Classification, Chemical Nature and Biological Role of Nucleic Acids
Introduction, Classification, Chemical Nature and Biological Role of Lipids
Introduction, Classification, Chemical Nature and Biological Role of Carbohydrate, Lipids
Qualitative Test, Structure and Uses of Ethanolamine, Ethylenediamine, Amphetamine
Basicity and Effect of Substituent on Basicity
Structure and Uses of Benzyl benzoate, Dimethyl phthalate, Methyl salicylate and Acetyl salicylic acid

Structure and Uses of Citric acid, Succinic acid. Oxalic acid, Salicylic acid, Benzoic acid
Structure and Uses of Acetic acid, Lactic acid, Tartaric acid
Inductive Effect and Qualitative Tests for Carboxylic Acids, Amide and Ester
Acidity of Carboxylic Acids, Effect of Substituents on Acidity
Qualitative Tests, Structure and Uses of Benzaldehyde, Vanillin, Cinnamaldehyde
Qualitative Tests, Structure and Uses of Chloral hydrate, Hexamine

Qualitative Tests, Structure and Uses of Formaldehyde, Paraldehyde, Acetone

Benzoin Condensation and Perkin Condensation
Cannizzaro Reaction and Crossed Cannizzaro Reaction
Nucleophilic Addition, Electromeric Effect, Aldol Condensation, Crossed Aldol Condensation
Qualitative Tests, Structure and Uses of Cetosteryl Alcohol, Benzyl Alcohol, Glycerol, Propylene Glycol
Qualitative Tests, Structure and Uses of Ethyl Alcohol, Methyl Alcohol, Chlorobutanol
Structure and Uses of Dichloromethane, Tetrachloromethane and Iodoform

Structure and Uses of Ethyl Chloride, Chloroform, Trichloroethylene, Tetrachloroethylene

SN1 versus SN2 Reactions, Factors Affecting SN1 and SN2 Reactions
Stereochemistry and Rearrangement of Carbocations
SN1 and SN2 Reactions - Kinetics, Order of Reactivity of Alkyl Halides
Free Radical Addition Reactions of Conjugated Dienes, Allylic Rearrangement

Stability of Conjugated Dienes, Diel-Alder, Electrophilic Addition

Free Radical Addition Reactions of Alkenes, Anti- Markownikoff’s Orientation
Ozonolysis, Electrophilic Addition Reactions of Alkenes, Markownikoff’s Orientation
E1 verses E2 Reactions, Factors Affecting E1 and E2 Reactions
Rearrangement of Carbocations, Saytzeff’s Orientation and Evidences
E1 and E2 Reactions – Kinetics, Order of Reactivity of Alkyl Halides
Stabilities of Alkenes, sp2 Hybridization in Alkenes
sp3 Hybridization in Alkanes, Halogenation of Alkanes, Uses of Paraffins
Alkanes, Alkenes and Conjugated Dienes
Structural Isomerism in Organic Compounds
Common and IUPAC Systems of Nomenclature of Organic Compounds (up to 10 Carbons Open Chain and Carbocyclic Compounds)

Classification of Organic Compounds

Protein Synthesis and Genetic Pattern of Inheritance
Chromosomes, Genes and DNA
Physiology of Menstruation, Fertilization, Spermatogenesis, Oogenesis, Pregnancy and Parturition
Functions of Male and Female Reproductive System and Sex Hormones
Anatomy of Female Reproductive System
Anatomy of Male Reproductive System
Structure, Functions and Disorders of Pineal Gland and Thymus
Structure, Functions and Disorders of Adrenal Gland and Pancreas
Structure, Functions and Disorders of Pituitary Gland, Thyroid Gland, Parathyroid Gland
Classification of Hormones, Mechanism of Hormone Action
Role of RAS in Kidney and Disorders of Kidney
Physiology of Urine Formation, Micturition Reflex and Role of Kidneys in Acid Base Balance
Functions of Kidney and Urinary Tract
Anatomy of Urinary Tract with Special Reference to Anatomy of Kidney and Nephrons
Artificial Respiration and Resuscitation Methods

Lung Volumes and Capacities and Transport of Respiratory Gases

Mechanism of Respiration and Regulation of Respiration
Anatomy of Respiratory System with Special Reference to Anatomy of Lungs
Formation and Role of ATP, Creatinine Phosphate and BMR
Movements of GIT, Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients and Disorders of GIT
Anatomy and Functions of Salivary Glands, Pancreas and Liver
Small Intestine and Large Intestine
Anatomy of GI Tract with Special Reference to Anatomy and Functions of Stomach
Spinal Cord (Gross Structure, Functions of Afferent and Efferent Nerve Tracts, Reflex Activity)
Structure and Functions of Brain (Cerebrum, Brain Stem, Cerebellum)
Meninges, Ventricles of Brain and Cerebrospinal Fluid
Nerve Impulse, Receptors, Synapse and Neurotransmitters
Classification and Properties of Nerve Fiber, Electrophysiology and Action Potential
Neuron and Neuroglia
Organization of Nervous System
Group Discussion: Introduction, Communication Skills in Group Discussion, Do’s and Don’ts of Group Discussion
Delivering Your Presentation, Techniques of Delivery
Giving Presentations: Dealing with Fears, Planning your Presentation, Structuring Your Presentation

Interview Skills: Purpose of an interview, Do’s and Don’ts of an interview

Writing effectively: Subject Lines, Put the Main Point First, Know Your Audience, Organization of the Message
Complexity of the Topic, Amount of Discussion Required, Shades of Meaning and Formal Communication
Effective Written Communication: Introduction and When and When Not to Use Written Communication
Basic Listening Skills: Introduction, Self-Awareness, Active Listening, Becoming an Active Listener, Listening in Difficult Situations

Communication Styles: Introduction, The Communication Styles Matrix with example for each Direct, Spirited, Systematic, Considerate
Communication Style
Elements of Communication: Introduction, Face to Face Communication - Tone of Voice, Body Language, Verbal Communication,
Physical Communication
Introduction, Visual perception, Language, Other factors affecting our perspective - Past Experiences, Prejudices, Feelings, Environment
Psychological Barriers and Emotional Barriers to Communication

Gender Barriers and Interpersonal Barriers to Communication

Physiological Barriers, Physical Barriers, Cultural Barriers, Language Barriers to communication
The Communication Process – Source, Message, Encoding, Channel, Decoding, Receiver, Feedback, Context
Communication Skills: Introduction, Definition and the Importance of Communication
Storage Conditions, Precautions & Pharmaceutical Application of Radioactive Substances
Radio Isotopes and Study of Radio Isotopes- Sodium Iodide I131
Radiopharmaceuticals: Radio activity, Measurement of radioactivity, Properties of α, β, γ radiations

Astringents: Zinc Sulphate, Potash Alum

Poison and Antidote: Sodium thiosulphate, Activated charcoal, Sodium nitrite

Half-life of Radiopharmaceutical Preparations

Hematinics: Ferrous sulphate, Ferrous gluconate
Emetics: Copper sulphate, Sodium potassium tartrate
Expectorants: Potassium iodide, Ammonium chloride
Antimicrobials: Mechanism, Classification, Potassium permanganate, Boric acid, Hydrogen peroxide, Chlorinated lime, Iodine and its
preparations
Cathartics: Magnesium sulphate, Sodium orthophosphate, Kaolin and Bentonite
Antacid: Ideal Properties of Antacids, Combinations of Antacids, Sodium Bicarbonate, Aluminum hydroxide gel, Magnesium hydroxide
mixture
Acidifiers: Ammonium chloride and Dil. HCl
Desensitizing Agents, Calcium carbonate, Sodium fluoride, and Zinc eugenol cement
Dentifrices, Role of Fluoride in the Treatment of Dental Caries
Physiological Acid Base Balance
Electrolytes Used in the Replacement Therapy: Sodium chloride, Potassium chloride, Calcium gluconate and Oral Rehydration Salt
(ORS)
Functions of Major Physiological Ions
Buffered Isotonic Solutions, Measurements of Tonicity, Calculations and Methods of Adjusting Isotonicity
Buffers in Pharmaceutical Systems, Preparation, Stability of Buffers
Buffer Equations and Buffer Capacity in General
Modified Limit Test for Chloride and Sulphate
Principle Involved in the Limit Test for Chloride, Sulphate, Iron, Arsenic, Lead, and Heavy Metals
Buffers in Pharmaceutical and Biological Systems and Buffered Isotonic Solutions

Applications of Buffers, Buffer Equation and Buffer Capacity

Sorensen’s pH Scale, pH Determination (Electrometric and Calorimetric)
Crystalline Structures of Complexes and Thermodynamic Treatment of Stability Constants
Introduction and Classification of Complexation, Applications and Methods of Analysis
HLB Scale, Solubilization, Detergency and Adsorption at Solid Interface
Spreading Coefficient, Adsorption at Liquid Interfaces and Surface Active Agents
Surface Free Energy and Measurement of Surface & Interfacial Tensions

Liquid Interface, Surface & Interfacial Tensions

Dissociation Constant, Determinations and Applications
Dielectric Constant and Dipole Moment
Optical Rotation and Optical Activity
Refractive Index

Solid- crystalline, Amorphous and Polymorphism

Liquid Complexes, Liquid Crystals and Glassy States
Eutectic Mixtures, Gases and Aerosols– Inhalers
Latent Heats, Vapor Pressure and Sublimation Critical Point
State of Matter and Changes in the State of Matter
Distribution Law, Its Limitations and Applications
Raoult’s Law and Real Solutions
Partially Miscible Liquids, Critical Solution Temperature and Applications
Solubility of Gas in Liquids and Solubility of Liquids in Liquids (Binary solutions, Ideal solutions)
Diffusion Principles in Biological Systems
Factors that Affect the Solubility of Drugs

Solvation and Association

Ideal Solubility Parameters
Solubility Expressions and Mechanisms of Solute Solvent Interactions
Excipients Used in Semi Solid Dosage Forms and Evaluation of Semi Solid Dosages Forms
Preparation of Ointments, Pastes, Creams and Gels

Definition, Classification, Mechanism and Factors Influencing the Dermal Penetration of Drugs
Definition, Classification, Physical, Chemical and Therapeutic Incompatibilities with Examples
Methods of Preparation, Displacement Value, Its Calculation and Evaluation of Suppositories
Definition, Types, Advantages and Disadvantages of Suppositories
Stability Problems of Emulsions and Methods to Overcome
Methods of Preparation of Emulsions

Test for Identification of Type of Emulsion

Definition, Classification of Emulsion and Emulsifying Agents
Definition, Classification, Advantages and Disadvantages of Suspensions
Preparation of Flocculated and Deflocculated Suspensions, Stability Problems and Methods to Overcome
Definition and Preparation of Syrups, Elixirs, Liniments and Lotions

Definition and Preparation of Ear Drops, Nasal Drops and Enemas

Definition and Preparation of Gargles, Mouthwash and Throat Paint
Solubility Enhancement Techniques
Excipients Used in Formulation of Liquid Dosage Forms
Advantages and Disadvantages of Liquid Dosage Forms

Eutectic mixtures and geometric dilutions

Dusting Powders, Effervescent, Efflorescent and Hygroscopic Powders
Simple & Compound Powders– Official Preparations
Definition, Classification, Advantages and Disadvantages of Powders
Isotonic Solutions Based on Freezing Point and Molecular weight
Calculations Involving Percentage Solutions, Allegation and Proof Spirit

Weights and Measures - Imperial and Metric System

Pediatric Dose Calculations Based on Age, Body Weight and Body Surface Area
Introduction to Pharmacopoeias
Construction and Working of Dropping Mercury Electrode & Rotating Platinum Electrode and Applications
Polarography - Principle and Ilkovic Equation
Methods to Determine End Point of Potentiometric Titration and Applications
Potentiometry- Electrochemical Cell, Construction and Working of Reference and Indicator Electrodes

Conductometry- Introduction, Conductivity Cell, Conductometric Titrations, Applications

Cerimetry, Iodimetry, Iodometry, Bromometry, Dichrometry and Titration with Potassium-iodate
Concepts of Oxidation & Reduction and Types of Redox Titrations (Principles and Applications)
Basic Principles, Methods and Application of Diazotization Titration
Purity of the Precipitate: Co-precipitation & Post precipitation and Estimation of Barium Sulphate

Principle and Steps Involved in Gravimetric Analysis

Masking & Demasking Reagents and Estimation of Magnesium Sulphate, and Calcium Gluconate
Classification of Complexometric Titration and Metal ion Indicators
Mohr’s method, Volhard’s method, Modified Volhard’s method, Fajan’s method of Precipitation Titration
Estimation of Sodium Benzoate and Ephedrine Hydrochloride
Solvents, Acidimetry and Alkalimetry Titration

Theory Involved in Titrations of Strong, Weak, and Very Weak Acids and Bases and Neutralization Curves
Theories of Acid Base Indicators and Classification of Acid Base Titrations
Limit Tests
Pharmacopoeia and Sources of Impurities in Medicinal Agents
Methods of Minimizing Errors in Analysis, Accuracy, Precision and Significant Figures

Sources and Types of Errors

Preparation and Standardization of Various Molar and Normal Solutions
Primary and Secondary Standards
Methods of Expressing Concentration
Different Techniques of Analysis
Pharmaceutical Analysis: Definition and Scope
Electrocardiogram and Disorders of Heart
Regulation of Blood Pressure and Pulse
Heart Regulation by Autonomic Nervous System, Cardiac Output and Cardiac Cycle
Elements of Conduction System of Heart and Heartbeat
Structure and Functions of Artery, Vein and Capillaries
Blood Circulation and Blood Vessels
Anatomy of Heart
Structure and Functions of Nose & Tongue and Their Disorders
Structure and Functions of Eye & Ear and their Disorders
Origin and Functions of Spinal and Cranial Nerves

Structure and Functions of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System

Classification of Peripheral Nervous System
Lymphatic Vessels, Lymph Circulation and Functions of Lymphatic System
Lymphatic Organs and Tissues
Reticuloendothelial System

Blood Grouping, Rh Factors, Transfusion, Its Significance and Disorders of Blood

Hemopoiesis, Formation of Hemoglobin, Anemia and Mechanisms of Coagulation
Body Fluids, Composition and Functions of Blood
Structural and Functional Classification, Types of Joints Movements and Its Articulation
Organization of Skeletal Muscle, Physiology of Muscle Contraction, Neuromuscular Junction
Salient Features and Functions of Bones of Axial and Appendicular Skeletal System

Divisions of Skeletal System and Types of Bone

Structure and Functions of Skin
Location and Functions of Epithelial, Muscular, Nervous and Connective Tissues
Classification and Structure of Tissues
 Forms of Intracellular Signaling
General Principles of Cell Communication, Intracellular Signaling Pathway Activation by Extracellular Signal Molecule
Cell Division and Cell Junctions
Structure and Functions of Cell and Transport Across Cell Membrane
Basic Life Processes, Homeostasis and Basic Human Anatomical Terminology
Levels of Structural Organization and Human Body Systems
Definition and Scope of Human Anatomy and Physiology
Definition and Factors Affecting Posology

Definition, Parts, Handling and Errors in Prescription

Introduction, Classification and Definitions of Dosage Forms
Pharmacy as a Career
History of Pharmacy
 
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