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Bearing Capacity of Foundation Math

The document discusses bearing capacity and settlement of foundations. It provides equations and factors for calculating the ultimate bearing capacity of soils based on Terzaghi's theory. It discusses how the water table affects bearing capacity and provides examples of bearing capacity calculations. It also discusses immediate/elastic and consolidation settlements of foundations, noting consolidation settlement takes longer and comprises primary and secondary phases.

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Tanvir A Mridha
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65 views

Bearing Capacity of Foundation Math

The document discusses bearing capacity and settlement of foundations. It provides equations and factors for calculating the ultimate bearing capacity of soils based on Terzaghi's theory. It discusses how the water table affects bearing capacity and provides examples of bearing capacity calculations. It also discusses immediate/elastic and consolidation settlements of foundations, noting consolidation settlement takes longer and comprises primary and secondary phases.

Uploaded by

Tanvir A Mridha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Bearing Capacity of Foundation

Bearing Capacity of Foundation

The soil must be capable of carrying the loads from any


engineered structure placed upon it without a shear failure
and with the resulting settlements being tolerable for that
structure.

It is necessary to investigate both base shear resistance


and settlements for any structure.
In many cases settlement criteria will control the allowable
bearing capacity; however, there are also a number of cases
where base shear(in which a base punches into the ground
– usually with a simultaneous rotation) dictates the
recommended bearing capacity.
Allowable Bearing Capacity

The recommendation for the allowable bearing capacity


to be used for design is based on the minimum of either:

• Limiting the settlement to a tolerable amount


• The ultimate bearing capacity, which considers soil
strength, as computed in the following sections.

The safety factor is based on the type of soil (cohesive or


cohesionless), reliability of the soil parameters, structural
information (importance, use, etc.), and consultant caution.
Bearing Capacity Equation
Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity Theory – for rough shallow
foundations (continuous/strip footing)

According to this theory, a foundation is shallow if its depth,


is less than or equal to its width B.

B
Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity Theory: Assumptions
• Soil is semi-infinite, homogeneous and isotropic;
• The problem is two-dimensional;
• The base of footing is rough;
• The failure is by general shear;
• The load is vertical and symmetrical;
• The ground surface is horizontal;
• The effect of soil above the bottom of the foundation may
also be assumed to be replaced by an equivalent
surcharge, q = γ Dƒ, where γ is the unit weight of soil.
• The principle of superposition is valid, and
• Coulomb’s law is strictly valid, that is, = + tan
Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity Theory: Assumptions
Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity Equation – for general
shear failure

• c = unit cohesion
• Nc, Nq, Nγ = bearing capacity factors for strip footing
depending on the frictional angle ϕ
• Sc, Sq and Sγ= shape factors
• df = depth of foundation
• B= width of footing
• γ = effective unit weight of soil
Bearing Capacity Factors of Terzaghi
Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity Equation – for general
shear failure

Shape factors: Sc, Sq and Sγ for Terzaghi equations

For cohesive soil (ϕ=0)


Nq = 1,
Nγ = 0, and
Nc = 1.5π+1 = 5.71
Meyerhof ’s Bearing Capacity Equation

There are also other methods.


• Hansen’s Bearing Capacity Equation
• Vesic’s Bearing Capacity Equation
Bearing Capacity Factors
Shape and Depth Factors
Effect of Water Table on Bearing Capacity

In case the water table lies at any intermediate depth less


than the depth ( +B), the bearing capacity equations are
affected due to the presence of the water table. So, net
ultimate bearing capacity,

Two cases may be considered: (1) when the WT lies above


the base of the foundation, (2) when the WT lies within the
depth B below the base of the foundation.
Effect of Water Table on Bearing Capacity
Effect of Water Table on Bearing Capacity
Bearing Capacity Determination
Problem 1: A strip footing of width 3 m is founded at a depth of 2 m
below the ground surface in a (c-ϕ) soil having a cohesion c=30
kN/ and angle of shearing resistance ϕ=35⁰. The water table is at a
depth of 5 m below the ground surface. The moist weight of the soil
above the water table is 17.25 kN/ . Determine (a) the ultimate
bearing capacity of the soil, (b) the net bearing capacity and (c) the
net allowable bearing pressure for a factor of safety 3. Use the general
shear failure theory of Terzaghi.

c = 30 kN/ , = 17.25 kN/

For ϕ=35⁰, Nc = 57.8, Nq = 41.4. N = 42.4


Bearing Capacity Factors of Terzaghi
Bearing Capacity Determination
A strip footing of width 3 m is founded at a depth of 2 m below the ground surface in
a (c-ϕ) soil having a cohesion c=30 kN/ and angle of shearing resistance ϕ=35⁰.
The water table is at a depth of 5 m below the ground surface. The moist weight of
the soil above the water table is 17.25 kN/ . Determine (a) the ultimate bearing
capacity of the soil, (b) the net bearing capacity and (c) the net allowable bearing
pressure for a factor of safety 3. Use the general shear failure theory of Terzaghi.

For strip footing, shape factors =1


Bearing Capacity Determination
A strip footing of width 3 m is founded at a depth of 2 m below the ground surface in
a (c-ϕ) soil having a cohesion c=30 kN/ and angle of shearing resistance ϕ=35⁰.
The water table is at a depth of 5 m below the ground surface. The moist weight of
the soil above the water table is 17.25 kN/ . Determine (a) the ultimate bearing
capacity of the soil, (b) the net bearing capacity and (c) the net allowable bearing
pressure for a factor of safety 3. Use the general shear failure theory of Terzaghi.

For strip footing, shape factors =1


Bearing Capacity Determination
Problem 2: If the WT in Ex. 1 occupies any of the positions:
(a) 1.25 m below ground level or
(b) 1.25 below the base level of the foundation, what will be the net
safe bearing pressure?
All the other data remain the same as given in Ex. 1. Assume: =
18.5 kN/ and γ = (above WT)= 17.5 kN/ .
Bearing Capacity Determination
If the WT in Ex. 1 occupies any of the positions:
(a) 1.25 m below ground level or
(b) 1.25 below the base level of the foundation, what will be the net safe bearing pressure?
All the other data remain the same as given in Ex. 1. Assume: = 18.5 kN/ and γ =
(above WT)= 17.5 kN/ .

Case 1: When the WT is 1.25


m below the GL

= 0.5(1+1.25/2) = 0.813

=0.5(1+0/3) = 0.5
Bearing Capacity Determination
If the WT in Ex. 1 occupies any of the positions:
(a) 1.25 m below ground level or
(b) 1.25 below the base level of the foundation, what will be the net safe bearing pressure?
All the other data remain the same as given in Ex. 1. Assume: = 18.5 kN/ and γ =
(above WT)= 17.5 kN/ .

= 3538
Bearing Capacity Determination
If the WT in Ex. 1 occupies any of the positions:
(a) 1.25 m below ground level or
(b) 1.25 below the base level of the foundation, what will be the net safe bearing pressure?
All the other data remain the same as given in Ex. 1. Assume: = 18.5 kN/ and γ =
(above WT)= 17.5 kN/ .

Case 2: When the WT is 1.25 m


below the base of foundation

= 0.5(1+1) = 1

=0.5(1+1.25/3) = 0.71
Bearing Capacity Determination
If the WT in Ex. 1 occupies any of the positions:
(a) 1.25 m below ground level or
(b) 1.25 below the base level of the foundation, what will be the net safe bearing pressure?
All the other data remain the same as given in Ex. 1. Assume: = 18.5 kN/ and γ =
(above WT)= 17.5 kN/ .

= 4064
Bearing Capacity Determination
Problem 3: A square footing of side 4 m is founded at a depth of 2 m
below the ground surface in a (c-ϕ) soil having a cohesion 20 kN/
and angle of shearing resistance ϕ=35⁰. The water table is at a depth
of 1.25 m below the ground surface. The moist weight of the soil
above the water table is 17.25 kN/ . Determine bearing capacity of
the soil. Use the general shear failure theory of Terzaghi. Determine
the factor of safety used by the designer if 8000 KN load is transferred
from the column to foundation.

= 3709
Bearing Capacity Determination
Problem 3: A square footing of side 4 m is founded at a depth of 2 m below the ground
surface in a (c-ϕ) soil having a cohesion 20 kN/ and angle of shearing resistance ϕ=35⁰.
The water table is at a depth of 1.25 m below the ground surface. The moist weight of the soil
above the water table is 17.25 kN/ . Determine bearing capacity of the soil. Use the general
shear failure theory of Terzaghi. Determine the factor of safety used by the designer if 8000
KN load is transferred from the column to foundation.
Foundation Settlements
Introduction
- Foundation settlements must be estimated with great care
for buildings, bridges, towers, power plants, and similar
high-cost structures.
-For structures such as fills, earthdams, levees, braced
sheeting, and retaining walls a greater margin of error in
the settlements can usually be tolerated.

- The settlement of a shallow foundation can be divided into


two major categories: (a) elastic, or immediate,
settlement and (b) consolidation settlement.

- Immediate, or elastic, settlement of a foundation takes


place during or immediately after the construction of the
structure.
Introduction

- Consolidation settlement or those that are time-


dependent and take months to years to develop. Pore-
water is extruded from the void spaces of saturated
clayey soils submerged in water.

- The total settlement of a foundation is the sum of the


elastic settlement and the consolidation settlement.
Introduction

- Consolidation settlement comprises two phases: primary


and secondary.
- Secondary consolidation settlement occurs after the
completion of primary consolidation caused by slippage
and reorientation of soil particles under a sustained
load.

- Primary consolidation settlement is more significant


than secondary settlement in inorganic clays and silty
soils.
- However, in organic soils, the secondary consolidation
settlement is more significant.
Immediate settlement

- Immediate settlement analyses are used for all fine-


grained soils including silts and clays with a degree of
saturation S ≤ 90 % and for all coarse-grained soils with
a large coefficient of permeability.

- Based on the Theory of Elasticity, the elastic settlement


of a shallow foundation can be estimated by using the
theory of elasticity.
Immediate settlement

Based on the theory of elasticity, the where, elastic


settlement beneath the corner of a uniformly loaded flexible
surface footing with base dimensions B’ and L’ can be
computed as follows:
Immediate settlement

is a function of the L/B ratio of the foundation, and the


thickness H of the compressible layer. Terzaghi has given a
method of calculating from curves (Fig.) derived by
Steinbrenner (1934)

Where F1 and F2 are factors which depend on the ratios of


H/B and L/B (Fig. 1). For intermediate values of μ, the value
of can be computed by means of interpolation or by the
Equation:
Immediate settlement

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