WEEK 1: READING AND WRITING → FIRST PERSON - The story is told by the protagonist or

one of the characters using pronouns I, me, and we.

READING  
- An active process of constructing meanings of words → SECOND PERSON - The author tells the story by using
- Is defined as cognitive process that involves decoding the pronouns you, your, and yours.
symbols to arrive at meaning.
- Reading with a purpose helps the reader to direct  → THIRD PERSON - The narrator is not part of the story
information towards a goal and focuses their attention. but describes the events that happen. The writer uses the
pronouns he, she, him, and her.
WRITING
- A process of using symbols (letters of alphabet,  CONSISTENT VERB TENSE
punctuation, and spaces) to communicate thoughts and - It is needed to make clear to the reader whether the
ideas in a readable form story in the narrative had already happened, has been
happening for some time now, happens on a regular
 Each person’s life revolves around developing basis, is currently happening and will do so indefinitely, or
reading and writing skills, which can include writing will happen sometime in the future.
information on job applications, understanding laws,
and reading road signs.  WELL-DEFINED POINT OR SIGNIFICANCE
 Reading and writing are two parts of that make up - It is similar to theme. The theme is unifying thought or
communication. The better you are in reading and idea born out of all the other elements of the story.
writing, the better chance you will have in your - It is a universal truth that is not usually blatantly said in
future career. It will help your grammar and spelling, a story.
and also develop good skills.
 NARRATIVE DEVICES
PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT IN WRITING - The use of narrative devices is a technique writers
utilize to add flavor and enrich the meaning of the story.
 These patterns, referred to academically as - With these devices, an author can shorten, lengthen,
“rhetorical modes”, mirror the ways in which and/or focus on a particular event in the story.
humans think about their worlds and organize their
thoughts to communicate.  DIALOGUE
- Writers may include dialogue, a word or series of words
1. NARRATION enclosed in a pair of quotation marks, which signal the
characters’ spoken language.
- An especially useful tool for sequencing or putting
details and information into some kind of logical order, 2. DESCRIPTION
usually chronological.
- Recreates, invents, or visually presents a person, place,
COMPONENTS OF A NARRATIVE TEXT event, or action so that the reader can picture which is
being described.
 VIVID DESCRIPTION OF DETAILS - It is heavily based on sensory details: sight, sound, smell,
- Take the reader into the narrative by letting him/her feel, and taste.
feel how it is like in the world of your story by using the
descriptions appealing to the five senses of the human CHARACTERISTICS OF DESCRIPTION
body
- Narration banks so much of how the story are told. - has a clear focus and sense of purpose
- uses sensory details and precise words
 CONSISTENT POINT OF VIEW (POV) - presents details in a logical order
- Point of view (POV) is what the character or narrator
telling the story can see in his/her perspective.
- The three most commonly used points of view are the
first, second, and third

VARIETIES OF DESCRIPTION
 - It is how people understand a word based on their own
 OBJECTIVE personal or consensual experiences.
- It looks into factual and scientific characteristics of what
is being described objectively as possible. EXAMPLES:
- The writes stays away from emotional impressions or
responses and instead, describes the scene as it is. DENOTATION
1. Rose is a particular kind of flower.
 SUBJECTIVE 2. River is a body of water.
- Would normally “paint a picture” of how the author
sees a character, or how they want the reader to see CONNOTATION
character. 1. A rose is seen as a sign romantic love.
- It is also used in literary discourse when there is 2. A river is seen as an unending flow of time.
stereotyped image that can be attributed to a person,
place, or an event. TECHNIQUES TO USE IN WRITING

EXAMPLE:  ANALYSIS
The Acer barbatum is a small to medium-sized, deciduous - Break down a concept into its constituents part.
tree usually ranging from 15 to 25 m. (50 to 80 ft.) tall - It also entails detailing in which one, rather than
when mature. Its bark is light gray and smooth on zooming out and describing the concept as a whole,
younger trees, and it becomes ridged and furrowed with zooms in and focuses on describing the aspects that make
age. Leaves are opposite and shallowly to deeply up a concept.
palmately lobed, with a few blunt teeth but no serrations.
The leaf sinuses are rounded, unlike those of red maple Example: The guitar is a musical instrument that
(Acer rubrum) which are sharply V-shaped. Also, the sides produces sound primarily through strumming its strings.
of terminal leaf lobes are more or less parallel, while Its sounds is modified through the interaction of the
those of red maple are widest at the base, tapering to the strings with the other parts of the guitar, which are
tip. headstock or simply the head, the tuners, the nut, the
sound hole, the body, and the bridge.
EXAMPLE:
My mother had hair so dark that it looked like a waterfall  COMPARISON
of ink. She always kept it in a braid that fell to - Associating the word or expression you are trying to
her slim waist, and always tied with a plain black band. define with something else not necessarily synonymous
The braid of black slung over her shoulder, the plaits with it.
shining like scales. - It is used to make abstract concepts more
understandable by using comparison to appeals to the
3. DEFINITION human senses of sight, sound, smell, taste, and touch.

- Explains not just what something means or is , but also Example: My passion is as hot, strong, almost thick
what something does, what something is used for, or coffee. Coffee unleashes energy, has full- bloodied flavor,
what something looks like. a touch of bitterness unpleasant to other, but delicious to
the drinker.
TWO CONCEPTS OF DEFINITION
 CONTRAST
 DENOTATION - It understands how at least two similar concepts are
- It is the primary, explicit, or literal definition of a word. explains the evolution of a different from each other.
- One can say that denotation is also the meaning of a
word based on a dictionary. Example: Love is softness, passion is smoulder. Love
might be contentment, but passion is adventure.

 ETYMOLOGY
 CONNOTATION - It is the history of a word.
- It is the secondary meaning of a word.
- Explains the evolution of a word or how it has come to
be.  DIVISION works hand-in-hand with analysis, wherein
one breaks down a concept into its constituent parts.
Example: The English term 'Communication' has been This process necessitates separating items - creating
evolved from Latin language. 'Communis and clear distinctions between or among the little things
communicare' are two Latin words related to the word that make up the whole.
communication.
 CLASSIFICATION entails categorization which
 EXEMPLIFICATION enables one to group together items according to
- Is defining something by giving examples. their similarities.

Example: Books are considered to be credible and PRINCIPLES OF DIVISION AND CLASSIFICATION
reputable resource materials to consult when you are
trying to find the definition of a word. Some examples are  CONSISTENCY
dictionaries, thesauri, encyclopedias, and manuals. - characterized by having parallel similarities in the
divisions made in writing
 NEGATION
- It is a technique used to define a word or concept by  EXCLUSIVENESS
explaining what it is not. - no overlapping between or among the items divided
and classified together
Example: Love is patient and kind; love does not envy or
boast; it is not arrogant or rude. It does not insist on its  COMPLETENESS
own way; it is not irritable or resentful; it does not rejoice - no important part is omitted from the writing
at wrongdoing, but rejoices with the truth. - 1 Corinthians
13:4-6 5. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST

 SYNONYMS  COMPARISON entails dealing with the similarities or

- These are single word or phrase that share almost the likeness of two subject.
same meaning with the concept you are trying to define.
 CONTRAST on the other hand, is tackling the
Example: According to dictionary.com, “mawkish” means differences between or among topics.
“characterized by sickly sentimentality” or “weakly
emotional.” It can be considered synonymous to → Comparison and contrast are complementary to each
“nauseating” and “sickening” due to dependence on too other and are usually inseparable.
much emotion.
TECHNIQUES TO USE FOR COMPARISON AND CONTRAST

 ANALOGY
- delves beneath the surface differences of at least two
subjects expose unperceived and unsuspecting
similarities and/or differences

 FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

✳ SIMILE - done when there is a direct composition

between or among objects withe the use of “like” and
“as”.

Ex. Our soldiers are as brave as a lion.

✳ METAPHOR - a figure of speech that describes an
WEEK 2: READING AND WRITING object or action in a way that isn’t literally true, but helps
explain an idea or make a comparison.
4. DIVISION AND CLASSIFICATION
Ex. Love is a battlefield. - is a way of convincing an audience of an argument by
creating an emotional response to an impassioned plea or
⁕OXYMORON - happens when two seemingly opposite a convincing story
terms are juxtaposed next to - or or near - each other in a
single expression. Ex. “You will never be satisfied in life if you don’t seize
this opportunity. Do you want to live the rest of your
Ex. My room is an organized mess, or controlled chaos, if years yearning to know what would have happened if you
you will. just jumped when you had the chance?”

✳ PERSONIFICATION - done when non-humans are ✳ LOGOS (appeal to logic)

assigned human characteristics and/or actions. - is a way of persuading an audience with reason, using
Personification literally means “the process of making facts and figures.
something human.”
Ex. “The data is perfectly clear, this investment has
Ex. The tired old car coughed and wheezed and crawled consistently turned a profit year-over-year, even in spite
down the street. of market declines in other areas.”

6. CAUSAL ANALYSIS / CAUSE & EFFECT TYPES OF AUDIENCE

- It deals with the study of the relationship or among at  THE SUPPORTIVE AUDIENCE
least two happenings. It answers the question “why” and - It means you have spectators who are already briefed of
“how”. the issue at hand. You can assume that there is a very big
- A cause is what prompted something to happen. An possibility that they will side with your claims and
effect is what was yielded after something else took arguments; hence, they are supportive. Logos is not much
place. needed in this kind of situation. Instead, maximize your
pathos to drive your point home.
THE PURPOSE OF CAUSAL ANALYSIS
 THE WAVERING AUDIENCE
- to inform, which primarily to explain; - It means you have spectators who are not readily accept
- to persuade, which attempts to convince the reader your ideas. They may listen to you but that doesn’t mean
what the writer is saying; and they automatically believe what you’re saying. Make use
- to speculate, which suggests possibilities of your logos and ethos to win their support.

7. PERSUASION  THE HOSTILE AUDIENCE

- This type of audience is the most difficult to please and
- It presents a situation, and takes a stand – either in its win. Make no mistake in your claims and arguments as
favor, or against it – to prove to readers whether it is your audience not only is hard to please, but also adverse
beneficial or harmful for them. to your side of the story. Stick to your logos as you have a
good chance of being somewhat believed— but not
APPEALS OF PERSUASION necessarily sided with— by the hostile audience.

✳ ETHOS (appeal to ethics/credibility)

- is used as a means of convincing and audience via the
authority or credibility of the persuader, be it a notable or
experienced figure in the field or even a popular
celebrity.

Ex. “Based on the dozens of archaeological expeditions

I’ve made all over the world, I am confident that those
potsherds are Mesopotamian in origin.”
✳ PATHOS (appeal to emotion)
PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT
ORGANIZATION - A writing is coherent when all the sentences in a
paragraph are focused on the central thought, which is
- A well-organized text has three main parts—the the topic sentence for a paragraph. (Antonino, 2017)
introduction, the body, and the conclusion. You usually - To achieve coherence, every good paragraph must have
introduce the central idea and preview your main idea a oneness of idea. Sentences in a paragraph are unified
in your introduction. Your main ideas are further and directed by a topic sentence.
elaborated and explained in the body.
- Is the structural framework for writing. It is important to - A writing is cohesive when one idea sticks to another
effective writing because it provides readers with a idea, a sentence sticks to another sentence, and a
framework to help them fulfill their expectations for the paragraph sticks to the next (Antonino, 2017) which
text. means it shows relationship with one another and a
- Is the logical progression and completeness of ideas in a smooth text flow.
text. - To achieve good cohesion, you need to know how to
use cohesive devices, certain words or phrases that
 INTRODUCTION serve the purpose of connecting two statements,
- The introduction serves as "road map" for the reader. It usually by referring back to what you have
should offer the reader to the general idea in your paper previously written or said.
and establish necessary background.
- The introduction should lay-out your central argument TRANSITIONAL DEVICES
in your clear thesis statement.
 CAUSATION - connecting instigator (s) to
✳ HOW TO WRITE AN INTRODUCTION? consequence (s):
• Get the reader interested in your paper.
• Tell the reader what you are writing about. accordingly consequently
• Explain why your topic is relevant. (Without saying since as a result
“I wrote this because”) for that reason therefore
and so hence
✳ TAKE NOTE! thus because
- Do not use “I” when writing an essay. on account of

 BODY / MIDDLE  CHRONOLOGY - connecting what issues in regard to

- The middle of a text or also called body is where the when they occur:
content shall fall. This is where you will discuss the major
points. after later soon
afterwards never subsequently
✳ TAKE NOTE! always next then
- The organization of the middle or body at length now this time
depends on its genre. during once until now
earlier when following
 ENDING / CONCLUSION so far while whenever
- The conclusion should restate/recap your thesis and immediately sometimes
major points, showing how you have proven your
in the meantime simultaneously
position.

✳ TAKE NOTE!
- Do not make vague statements. Reflections are
best left to he readers.

COHERENCE AND COHESION LANGUAGE USE

- Good writing is when the author uses words that are what you have learned about Subject-Verb
appropriate for the situation they are writing about or are Agreement, capitalization, punctuations, spellings,
using words accurately based on their intentions to writing numbers, and such plays a vital role here.
successfully get their message across.
ENGLISH CAPITALIZATION RULES
 CONCRETE AND SPECIFIC, NOT VAGUE AND
ABSTRACT • Capitalize the First Word of a Sentence
- Concrete language includes descriptions which create • Capitalize Names and Other Proper Nouns
tangible images with details the reader can visualize; • Don’t Capitalize After a Colon (Usually)
meanwhile abstract language is vague and obscure, and • Capitalize the First Word of a Quote (Sometimes)
does not bring to mind specific visual images. • Capitalize Days, Months, and Holidays, But Not Seasons
• Capitalize Most Words in Titles
✳ CONCRETE: • Capitalize Cities, Countries, Nationalities, and Languages
- He is lazy and discourteous.
- He is untidy and unclean. WEEK 3: EVALUATING WRITTEN TEXTS
- He doesn’t clean up his own mess. BY ANALYZING CLAIMS

✳ ABSTRACT: CLAIMS OF FACT

- He is a bad roommate.
- Assert that something has existed, exists, or will exist
 CONCISE, NOT VERBOSE based on data. They rely on reliable sources or systematic
- Express desired message in as few words a possible; use procedures to be validated, that makes them different
straightforward and to-the-point language. from inferences.
- Pieces of important information which come from
✳ VERBOSED: reliable and legitimate sources.
- There is a natural desire among adolescents to
experience freedom from authority. EXAMPLE:
- Cancer is a common disease but it is not contagious.
✳ CONCISED: - Social distancing is important during the corona virus
- Adolescents naturally crave freedom from authority. pandemic.
- Pandemic level diseases all come from virus found in
 PRECISE AND CLEAR, NOT OBSCURE wildlife.
- The more precise and clear one's use of language
becomes, the fewer the number of possible ✳ The claims above can be defended and refuted based
interpretations for a message. on data which can be easily accessible. Furthermore ,
specific events or incident may be wed to prove the
✳ EXAMPLE: existence or non-existence of the claims.
- “Is that Acura an expensive car?”
 CLAIMS OF FACT USUALLY ANSWERS A “WHAT”
✳ BEST CLEAR ANSWER: QUESTIONS.
- “Compared to that Honda, Acura is expensive.
Compared to that Lexus, it is inexpensive.” • Is this issue related to a possible cause or effect?
• Is this statement true or false? How can its truthfulness
 CONSTRUCTIVE, NOT DESTRUCTIVE be verified?
- Constructive language phrases a potentially negative • Is this claim controversial or debatable?
message in a positive way, whereas destructive language
directs blame and criticism toward the reader, creating
defensiveness.
CLAIMS OF VALUE

MECHANICS Consist of arguments about moral, philosophical, or

aesthetic topics. These types of topics try to prove that
- It describes the technical aspects of writing. Applying some values are more or less desirable to compared to
others. They make judgments, based on certain • Is the need for the policy established?
standards, on whether something is right or wrong, good • Is the policy the best one available? For whom?
or bad, or something similar. According to whose standards?
• How does the policy solve the problem?
EXAMPLE:
- Nutrition then becomes ingrained in the child’s MAKING A COUNTERCLAIM
experience.
- Counterclaims are claims made to rebut a previous
✳ The claim argues that something is good or bad, or that claim. They provide contrasting perspective to the main
one thing is better than another thing. argument (Tiongson, 2016).

 CLAIMS OF VALUE ATTEMPT TO EXPLAIN HOW • What are the major points on which you and the author
PROBLEMS, SITUATIONS, OR ISSUES OUGHT TO BE can disagree?
VALUED. • What is their strongest argument? What did they say to
defend their position?
• Which claims endorses what is good or right? • What are the merits of their view?
• What qualities should be considered good? Why? • What are the weaknesses or shortcomings in their
• Which of these values contend with others? Which ones argument?
are more important, and why? Whose standards are • Are there any hidden assumptions?
used? • Which lines from the text best support the counterclaim
• What are some concrete examples of such values? you have formulated?

CLAIMS OF POLICY WEEK 4: HYPERTEXT AND INTERTEXT

- These are specific statements on procedures or laws  The Internet has become a powerful tool in
that need to be modified based on certain issues or disseminating information, in conducting research, in
conditions. changing values, and in complementing the learning
- Ask for plans of action to solve current problems most process. The influx of information generated from
the time. the worldwide web is immensely overwhelming
- You can easily identify a claim of policy because they especially so that it caters to the short attention span
often begin with words like must, ought to, and should. of a lot of users. Browsers and other similar
technology have made it easy for readers to obtain
EXAMPLE: the information they want, in the sequence that they
- The death penalty should be abolished because it does prefer, using hypertext as a digital device.
nothing to prevent murder.
- Legislation should be paused to stop the sale of HYPERTEXT
cigarettes.
- The age at which people can get a driver’s license must  A hypertext-enabled text contains highlighted words
be raised to 18. or sequence of words in an online text that when
clicked, takes the reader into another text about the
✳ The claims above are advocate adoption of policies or highlighted sequence of the words. When the
courses of action because problems have arisen that call hypertext is accessed through the internet, it is
for a solution. called a universal resource locator (url) or more
commonly known as the web address (Peña &
Anudin, 2016).

 This allows the readers to access information

 THESE CLAIMS DEFEND ACTIONABLE PLANS, particularly suited to their needs. For example, if a
USUALLY ANSWER “HOW” QUESTIONS. reader still needs more background on a particular
term being used in a text, the reader can choose to
• Does the claim suggest a specific remedy to solve the click the highlighted term and access a page that
problem? defines it. Here are some ways on hypertext helps us
• Is the policy clearly defined? in learning.
 INTERTEXT
INFORMATION DISSEMINATION
 The interface of text and intertextuality, according to
 In order to ensure that credible and reliable sources Richard Nordquist, refers to a process in which
are consulted, take note of the following: independent texts are interfaced with another text
to produce meaning.
a. There is an identifiable author(s);  A matrix of meanings established in other works that
b. The publisher/source of the information could be provide points and terms of reference familiar to
identifiable; both the author and the reader (Gabelo, 2016).
c. The date of posting/modification is indicated;  An intertextual approach to reading plays a vital
d. The material is produced by a reputable institution or roles in improving message transmission and
group; message reception. Eventually, you shall find
e. The sources cited could be validated through links; significance of this prior knowledge in relation to the
f. The links could easily be retrievable; and text’s presentation with other texts. This process
g. Type of site (database, personal home page, news or activates your prior knowledge as you try to
journalistic, special interests, commercial, etc.) determine the message transmitted through the
text.
CONDUCTING RESEARCH  Intertextuality can be applied in both media and
literary texts.
 Here are some things you need to watch out for to
avoid getting accused of plagiarism: INTERTEXTUALITY IN FILMS

● Get accurate information regarding the sources;  The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe by C.S. Lewis
● Acknowledge the source by citing the author’s name adapts Jesus Christ’s crucifixion and resurrection by
and year of publication in your work; using the character of Edmund, one who betrayed
● Write in your own words, the read and quoted his savior to suffer, in the character of Aslan. The film
materials; and has cinematically presented the use of significant
● Summarize lengthy paragraphs and use appropriate events in The New Testament of the Holy Bible and
referencing tools. transformed them into a story of hope and
redemption. It introduced viewers to interwoven
CHANGING VALUES themes and exhibited motives by characters such as
freedom of man, reality of evil, losing innocence, and
 The appreciation for the printed materials was redemption.
evident before as the habit of reading a printed page
was a delight for most students. INTERTEXTUALITY IN NEWSPAPER/PRINTED MATERIALS

 As other things such as audio and video resources,  The use of editorial cartoons published daily in
broadcasts, games, and smart phones application tabloid and broadsheets is a highly opinionated
have claimed their places in the life of these representation of issues and problems plaguing the
students, the temptation of merely copying and society. It stimulates intellectual discussion on timely
pasting reading materials has overrun diligence and subjects and topics using sketched caricature and
resilience among students. image.

COMPLEMENTING THE LEARNING PROCESS INTERTEXTUALITY IN ADVERTISING

 To be able to be globally competitive, you must  Print advertising has taglines, headlines, and
expose yourself to various technologies to aid in your captions that have reference to previously utilized
learning. In this way, the internet has become one of concepts, ideas, and message. Your knowledge on
the technological tools that open the avenue for allusion and parody could be a helpful tool. Visual
learning and development. images, including symbols as represented in logos,
drawings, images, used in advertising could be
influenced by previously created materials.

MIDTERMS WEEK 1: COUNTERCLAIMS

TERMINOLOGIES TO REMEMBER

1. FACT

 information that is certain and can be proven based

on documents, historical data, research, and
 observation; difficult to refute because the bases are
founded  Distinguishing a good claim is important as it helps
you be critical in reading the information presented
2. OPINION to you.

 judgment or belief formed about something that 1. ARGUMENTATIVE AND DEBATABLE

may not necessarily be based on fact or knowledge;
could be based on preference, subjective view of  When a writer makes a claim, they are making a case
things around us for a particular perspective on the topic.
 Readers expect to be able to raise objections to your
3. ARGUMENT claim, they can only raise objections if the claim is
something that can be reasonably challenged.
 presentation of opinion about something using  Claims that are only factual or based on opinion, thus
language; needs to be supported by evidence; the are not debatable.
stand of a writer on certain issues is developed in a
form of argument that is complemented by evidence 2. SPECIFIC AND FOCUSED

4. PERSUASION  If a claim is unfocused, the paper will be too broad in

scope and will lack direction and a clear connection
 an emotional state wherein the intended reader is to the support provided.
moved to agree with a belief or position through  It may also lead to over generalizations and vague
argument, appeal, or course of action assertions.

5. DEBATABLE CLAIM 3. INTERESTING AND ENGAGING

 an opinion based on personal experience and values  It should hook the reader, who may or may not
that should be supported with evidence agree with you, to encourage them to consider your
perspective and learn something new from you.
6. EVIDENCE
4. LOGICAL
 details, facts, reasons, statistics, expert research, and
personal experience that directly relate to and  It should result from reasonable weighing of support
support a debatable claim provided.
 Here are some questions to help you determine the
7. CREDIBLE SOURCES writer’s claim while you are reading the text:
• What is the author’s main point?
 cited and properly attributed websites, reports, and • What is the author’s position regarding it?
articles developed by experts

8. REFUTE

 to disprove a statement or theory

GUIDELINES IN MAKING A CLAIM
9. REBUT
1. THE CLAIM MUST BE DEBATABLE.
 to claim or prove something is false
 Your must not only present facts but it must be open
10. THESIS for varied opinions and perspectives.

 main idea, opinion, or theory of a speaker or writer, 2. THE CLAIM MUST BE NARROW.
who then attempts to prove it
 It must not be too broad that it is difficult to explain
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD CLAIM or too narrow that it could no longer be explained.
 Remember that your claim needs to have evidence in
order for you to persuade or convince your reader 4. DO NOT CROSS-REFERENCING
regarding your position or stand in an issue or
problem.  Validate the statements and claims by checking the
information published in books, posted via electronic
3. THE CLAIM MUST HAVE A CREDIBLE SOURCE. resources, reports, and other references to avoid
misinformation.
 Arguments need to have evidence. Credible sources
could be taken from varied websites, reports, CLAIM VS COUNTERCLAIM
research, and articles developed by experts and even
journalists.  Claims and counterclaims are same in nature but
different in purpose. A claim is used to argue the
4. RESOURCES MUST BE PROPERLY CITED. position you are defending in your writing while a
counterclaim takes the opposing viewpoint meaning
 Good referencing facilitates appropriate attribution it is an argument against another argument.
and citation that adds to the credibility of the  There are times that you can also use a counterclaim
argument. in your writing, not only to rebut other’s claims but
 The style sheet could be taken from the American to also strengthen yours.
Psychological Association (APA), Modern Language
Association (MLA), and Chicago, to name a few. CLAIM COUNTERCLAIM
Make the claim. The counterclaim itself –
PREPARATION IN MAKING A CLAIM which states an opposing
Provide evidence or logical argument.
1. BE ATTENTIVE arguments supporting the
claim. Evidence that people, in
 Pay attention to the details and structure of the text. fact, holding this view is
 Guide yourself using these questions: Where desired, follow this very much welcomed.
• What could I deduce from this text? with rhetorical tools such
• Is the text logically arranged that it helps me in as appeals to emotion or An explanation as to why
reading it without difficulty? logic to further convince people may hold this view.
the audience.
2. CHECK THE FACTS Finally, a rebuttal, in which
you explain why the
 Verify the facts and supporting details used in the counterclaim is weak, and
text based on documents, research, and observation. your original position is
 Be guided with the following questions: correct.
• Are the authors properly cited?
• Are the given examples factual?
• Are the documents/data objective?
• Are there claims that could support the
argument? MAKING A COUNTERCLAIM
3. BE KEEN IN LANGUAGE USE
 As previously mentioned about counterclaims, being
 Read the text carefully and try to get the meaning of able to provide one shows your thorough
the words used. consideration of the topic at hand and your
 Here are questions that will help determine the willingness to engage in different viewpoints while
vividness of pictures of ideas presented in an being objective.
argument:
• Are apt examples provided? 1. PLACE YOUR CLAIM
• Are words used appropriately?
• Are words defined for easy understanding?  In the beginning of your essay, introduce your thesis
• Are there varied illustrations that support the statement, and begin making claims – which you will
argument? back up with evidence and further arguments.
 Place your counterclaims after this portion of the
essay.  A book review is a critical assessment of a book
 In short essays, counterclaims are usually found based on key points like content, style, plot, author,
near the end. quality, and others. It is not a mere summary but a
 Summarize your main argument succinctly and write commentary, because you are allowed to evaluate
a striking conclusion in the paragraphs that follow and to judge the author’s work (Antonino et al,
your counterclaim paragraph. 2017).
 A book review is both a description and evaluation of
2. LENGTH OF YOUR COUNTERCLAIM the book. It should focus on the book’s purpose,
content, and authority. It tells not only what a book
 The amount and length of the counterclaims you is all about but also how successful the book is in
need to include will depend on how long you aim terms of delivering its message to the readers
your essay to be. (Gabelo et al, 2016).
 Typically, at least a short paragraph is needed to be  A book review gives a thorough analysis and
able to give justice to your counterclaim because evaluation of the book itself by examining the
aside from stating the disagreements you are also contents, understanding the plot, grasping the main
explaining why. message, determining the weak and strong sides of
 You can write a short rebuttal in the same the book, and sharing one’s personal opinion about
paragraph, though you can also choose to do so in it.
the following one.  This is commonly given to students as a way to
practice their careful analytic reading.
3. FIND OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
FOUR STAGES IN WRITING A BOOK REVIEW
 It is important that you understand the arguments
opposing your claims to be able to write an effective BEFORE READING
counterclaim.
 Do not simply turn your thesis around but also  There are elements that you need to consider before
research as to why people disagree with your point you start writing your book review. Considering
and on what basis. these elements will help you in writing.
 If possible, try to find out common these
disagreements are. a. Author
• Who is the author?
4. PRESENT OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS FAIRLY • What is his or her nationality?
• What other books has the author written?
 You know you are finally ready to make a good • What is his or her typical style in writing?
counterclaim once you have truly understood the • Is the author affiliated with any organization?
arguments against your claim. • Has the author won any awards?
 Try to write how you would rebut your original claim • Why did the author write the book?
if you sincerely held that opposing view.
5. WRITE b. Title
• How does the title fit in?
 Before you present your counterclaim, you need to • Is it relevant in the work?
introduce the fact that you will be doing this by • How was it applied in the work?
making a smooth transition. • Does it encapsulate the message of the text?
 You might find the following phrases useful for this. • Is it interesting as to catch the attention of the readers?

“Critics have argued that…” c. Genre

“Some people may conclude that…” • What type of book is it? Fiction, non fiction, etc?
“The opposing viewpoint states that…” • What is the purpose of the work?
“On the other side of the argument, people are
concerned that…” d. Preface
• Does the author provide any hint of what the book is
MIDTERMS WEEK 2: BOOK REVIEW about?
• Is the preface well-written? c. Theme
• Does the author present his or her purpose for writing • What are the story’s themes?
the book? • How are the themes developed?
• Is the theme traditional and familiar?
e. Introduction • Is the theme new and original?
• Does the author himself provide the introduction? • Are the themes effective or not?
• Is there another author guest that provided the • How do they contribute to the work?
introduction?
• Is there any revealing information provided by the d. Plot
author in this part? • How did the author handle the various elements of the
plot?
f. Table of Contents • What devices are used in the complication and
• Is the arrangement by chapters or sections? resolution?
• What are the elements of mystery and suspense?
g. Book Cover/Jacket • Is there a subplot?
• Does the book jacket provide a synopsis? • How is it related to the main plot?
• Does it provide pictures of anything that can catch the
readers’ attention? e. Style
• What style does the author use?
h. Abstract or Summaries • How effective is the dialogue?
• It is easy to understand the author’s point of view?
• Is it difficult? f. Argument
• How is it helpful for the readers? • How is the work’s argument set up?
• Is the author refuting earlier works? • How does the author support his or her findings?
• Does the work support its arguments?
WHILE READING
g. Quotes
 This time, pay more attention to the Introduction • What quotes are used in the work?
and Preface. If at first you just considered checking • Is there a particular quote that stands out?
these parts, that is to give you an idea of the
author’s perspectives or his or her reasons for h. Index
writing the book. Take note too of the book’s genre, • Is the index accurate?
include the characters, settings, dialogue, plots, etc. • What sources does the author use – primary?
that you need to evaluate too. But remember that Secondary?
not all of these will be included in your review as it
still depends on what kind of book you are using:
fiction or non-fiction, etc.
WRITING
a. Characters
• Are there characters in the work?  Begin with a couple of sentences describing what the
• How does each character affect the story? books is about. This will give your audience or
• Is there a main character? readers a background of the work. Consider the
• Does each character develop? following hints in writing the review:
• What type of character are they? Flat, round, static,
dimensional, etc? a. Include the title of the book, its author, publisher,
publication, etc.
b. Setting b. Remember that your readers may not have read the
• What is the setting? book on review yet, so be careful not to give spoilers that
• Is it significant in the work? would reveal twists that should not be revealed.
• Are the scenic effects used? c. If it is a story or novel, work on a main character to a
• Are they effective? few characters only – those that you think are important
• Has the setting affected or influenced the characters or or have given an impact on the story. Recall their
the plot?
dialogues or anything they have done to present their main idea of your critique. The main idea of the
personalities. general evaluation must be supported specific points
d. Discuss what you particularly liked and did not like in that you want to make about the writing which you
the book. could further support by including sample lines from
e. Choose only one or a few points to discuss. the article.
f. Your conclusion should summarize and should not
introduce a new material. PURPOSE AND AUDIENCE
g. Summarize your thoughts of the book by suggesting or
recommending the book for reading.  The main purpose of an article critique is to persuade
readers of a particular genre or researchers in a
REVISING specific field to either read or not read the article. To
a certain extent, the critique tells how useful and
 After having written your draft, it is now time to credible a piece of writing is.
revise. Make changes or modifications in you paper
after at least a day before doing so. This will help you PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT
see the missed typos and other mistakes committed
in the review. After allowing time to pass, read your  Having said that the purpose of a critique is to
paper again and check for grammar, spelling, and persuade. You have already learned that when using
punctuation mistakes. Check for unity, organization, this pattern, you are to first state a general argument
and logical development. Make sure you have as your main idea. Then you must support that main
explained your point well. idea with specific points which need to be backed up
by relevant details such as quotations from the
ARTICLE REVIEW article or notes from other sources.

 A book review and an article critique are probably

the best proof of how well you read and write,
considering that you have to be able to read critically
for understanding before you can evaluate a text
fairly through writing.
 Now that we have seen an in-depth guide on how
you can write a book review, here are some pointers
on how you should write an article critique as well. In
either writing a book review or article critique, you
will have to demonstrate your understanding of the
text by first summarizing the content of the article or
of the book. Then you will need to interpret the
ideas which you will have to argue about by making MIDTERMS WEEK 3: LITERATURE REVIEW
assertions and supporting them. Sometimes, you will
also need to state the relevance of the book to its  Literature reviews discuss and assess some of the
subject are and include endorsement. Your main important published literature on a specific topic or
purpose here is to argue for or against the ideas area. They plan an important role in most disciplines
presented by the author. by summarizing, classifying, comparing, and
evaluating the key existing work on a topic, area, or
CONSIDERATIONS IN WRITING AN ARTICLE CRITIQUE issue. Many literature reviews stand alone while
other literature reviews may be incorporated in a
UNIQUE FEATURES OF A ARTICLE CRITIQUE proposal, article, report, or a chapter of a thesis or
dissertation (Gabelo et al, 2016).
 A critique intends to provide critical evaluation of a  According to Cenizal-Raymundo (2016), a literature
piece of writing. The author of an article writes a review can also be defined as an evaluative report of
summary of the content of a book, including previous studies related to the subject matter of an
pertinent details about the article such as the title academic paper. It describes, summarizes, and
and author. You, as the writer, should also state your evaluates such studies in connection with the topic
general evaluation of the article which will be the of the paper. It also gives a theoretical basis for the
 research and helps the author determine the nature,
scope, and limitation of his or her own study. CONSIDER THE SOURCES
 Literature reviews are essential in research papers
since they provide credibility and additional  If there is a portion where you can indicate the
information for the readers. specific year/s of your search, it is an advantage on
your part since you can easily trace the development
TYPES OF LITERATURE REVIEW or status of the topic.

STAND ALONE LITERATURE REVIEW CONSIDERATIONS IN WRITING A LITERATURE REVIEW

 provides an overview and analysis of the current  Here the considerations in writing a literature review
state of research on a topic or question according to Cenizal-Raymundo (2016):
 normally just an assignment for a college class not
intended to be part of a thesis or dissertation UNIQUE FEATURES

PART OF A RESEARCH PROPOSAL  Content (from different published papers)

- The content of a literature review is information
 important in demonstrating how a proposed taken from different published papers about a
research will be useful to a particular field particular subject.
 used in class projects, research, thesis, and  Organization (Thematic, Chronological)
dissertations - Its organization may depend on the type of
information to be presented. The information
PART OF A RESEARCH REPORT may be arranged either thematically or
chronologically.
 provides the context to which a researcher’s work is  Thematically arranging the information
a contribution means organizing the information according
to points made or by topic.
PREPARATIONS IN WRITING A LITERATURE REVIEW  On the other hand, chronological
arrangement means sequencing the pieces
CLARIFY of information based on the date they were
published.
 Ask for specific clarifications from your teachers if
the assignment is not very specific.
 Ask about the following concerns:
PURPOSE AND AUDIENCE
a. How many sources should I include?
b. What type of sources are to be included (journal  Purpose: to inform
articles, books, websites)?  Audience: academics, researchers
c. Should I summarize, synthesize, or critique your
sources by discussing a common theme? - Your intended audience are primarily readers (or
d. Should I evaluate sources? researchers) who want to find out more information
e. Should I provide subheadings and other background about the subject of your study. In addition, a literature
information such as definition or history of it? review may be written for professionals who would like
to become updated with the latest trends in their field.
FIND MODELS
PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT
 Look for available literature reviews on the topic that
you are working on.  You may use different patterns

NARROW THE TOPIC - For instance, you may use the

exemplification/classification pattern of development in
 When searching catalog or online, type specific key writing since you will have to organize the information
words. you have obtained in a general to specific manner – that
is, beginning with a general point or classification and
supporting it with specific examples. You may use
description or definition, when necessary, and even
comparison-and-contrast and cause-and-effect in some
cases.

1. What is a literature review? Literature reviews discuss

and assess some of the important published literature on
a specific topic or area; Literature review can also be
defined as an evaluative report of previous studies
related to the subject matter of an academic paper.

2. How is it essential in the field of research? They

provide credibility and additional information for the
readers.

3. How many types of literature review is there? Three:

Stand Alone Literature Review; Part of a Research
Proposal; Part of a Research Report.

4. For what purpose are they used? Stand Alone

Literature Review: overview and analysis of the
current state of research on a topic or question; Part of a
Research Proposal: demonstrates how a proposed
research will be useful to a particular field; Part of a
Research Report: provides context to a researcher’s work
as a contribution.

PREFINALS WEEK 1: WRITING A RESEARCH REPORT

6. What patterns of development can be used in writing a
literature review? Why? Exemplification/classification  According to the University of Melbourne, research
pattern of development in writing since you will have to reports generally follow similar structures with
organize the information. Can also be description or common elements with particular purpose for each.
definition, comparision-and-contrast and cause-and-  Meanwhile, the University of Adelaide (2014) divides
effect. these elements and groups them into three broad
sections for easy classification of content:
preliminary material, body of report, and
supplementary material.

ELEMENTS OF A RESEARCH REPORT

PRELIMINARY MATERIAL

TITLE OF THE REPORT

 Concise heading indicating what the report is about

 Topic-specific and informative, clearly indicate the
purpose and scope of the study
TABLE OF CONTENTS  Consider the practical implications of results and any
recommendations that could be made
 List of major sections and heading with page
numbers RECOMMENDATIONS

ABSTRACT/SYNOPSIS  Sometimes included in the conclusion

 Concise summary of main findings SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL

 Be brief, written in a single paragraph and cover: the
scope and purpose of your report; overview of  The last section contains all the references and other
methodology; a summary of the main findings or sources used in the research report
results; principal conclusions or significance of the
findings; and recommendations made REFERENCES OF BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Must be presented in the same order as the
elements in the report  All references used in the report or referred to for
 Usually written last after developing arguments and background information
synthesized the results  Bibliography contains all other resources consulted
(but not necessarily cited) during the preparation of
BODY OF REPORT the work

 As this is the body of the report itself, this contains APPENDICES

the largest part of the work
 Relevant letters, background reports, raw data,
INTRODUCTION detailed calculations
 Each appendix must be titled, labelled with a number
 Outline of research questions and hypothesis; or letter, and referred to in the body of the referred
assumptions or propositions the research will test to in the body of the report
 The contents of this element are generally not
included in the word count
CONSIDERATIONS IN WRITING A RESEARCH REPORT
LITERATURE REVIEW
 Here are the considerations in writing a research
 Should be a selection of carefully organized, focused report according to Cenizal-Raymundo (2016):
and relevant literature that develops a narrative
about your topic UNIQUE FEATURES

METHODOLOGY  According to Cenizal-Raymundo (2016), a research

report may also be called scientific report.
 Briefly describe the subjects (if appropriate), any  Discusses topics under the sciences which often uses
equipment or materials used and the approach taken the IMRD (Introduction, Method, Results, Discussion)
format
RESULTS  The page for the list of sources may have different
headings depending on the style of citation used.
 Concise, factual summary of findings listed under According to the University of Pittsburgh Library
headings appropriate to the research questions System (2022), the way of citing sources depends on
the academic discipline involved.
DISCUSSION  APA (American Psychological Association) is
used by Education, Psychology, and Sciences;
 Relevance of the results and how it fits with other  MLA (Modern Language Association) style is
research in the area used by the Humanities; and
 Chicago/Turabian style is generally used by
CONCLUSION Business, History, and the Fine Arts.
 5. What patterns of development can be used in writing a
PURPOSE AND AUDIENCE research report? How are they relevant? Narration or
Process, to be able to explain the nature of the research
 Purpose: to contribute new ideas and how it is done.
 Audience: academics, researchers
WEEK 2: WRITING A PROJECT PROPOSAL
 A research report’s general purpose is to contribute
new, interesting, and objective ideas to a body of  Suggested course of action by a researcher
knowledge of a specific field. Although the specific  A project proposal is basically a problem-solution
purpose depends on the research itself, its aim is text that aims to persuade its reader to grant funding
discussed in the introduction. It can also be written on the project or the accomplishment of the solution
as a requirement of a course in which a professor or to the problem. It has five basic parts: title page,
an evaluator will be the audience. It can also be project summary, qualification, budget justification,
written for professional advancement with a wider and project narrative.
audience concerned with replicating the study and  It includes visuals such as Gantt charts for timetable,
not just evaluating it. and tables for budget justification and avoids
confusing terms such as jargons, acronyms, and
PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT abbreviations specific to a field of study (Cenizal-
Raymundo, 2016).
 You may use different patterns (e.g. description -
body of report)  Title Page - name of the project and the person who
wrote the proposal
 A research report’s general purpose is to contribute  Project Summary - details of the research
new, interesting, and objective ideas to a body of  Qualifications - proposal writer’s profile
knowledge of a specific field. Although the specific  Project Narrative - brief description of the project
purpose depends on the research itself, its aim is  Budget Justification - details about the expected
discussed in the introduction. It can also be written expenses in doing the project
as a requirement of a course in which a professor or
an evaluator will be the audience. It can also be FORMATTING THE PROJECT PROPOSAL
written for professional advancement with a wider
audience concerned with replicating the study and  According to Tiongson & Rodriguez (2016) proposals
not just evaluating it. are primarily categorized according to their length.
An informal proposal is about 2-4 pages long.
QUIZ BITS Meanwhile, a formal proposal has 5 or more pages.

1. What is research report? It is a paper that discusses 1. INTRODUCTION

topics under the sciences which often uses the IMRD
(Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion) format.  This part involves the background necessary for
understanding the project
2. How is it different from a research proposal? A
research report is written once a research proposal has RATIONALE
been conducted and the project is already completed
while a research proposal needs approval in order to  Identifies the problem to be addressed and shows
continue. the need to solve it
 What your report is about
3. How many sections was the research report divided  Summary of your project proposal
into according to the University of Adelaide? There are
three sections; Preliminary Material, Body of Report, and OBJECTIVES
Supplemental Material.
 Reveals what the project intends to achieve in terms
4. According to what purpose were they divided? They of results
are divided for easy classification of content.  Gives the reader an idea of the intended solution
 Good objectives are SMART (specific, measurable,
attainable, results oriented, and bound with realistic  The institutions that are willing to grant funding
time frame)
 How will you solve the problem? QUIZ BITS
 What problems are there to address?
1. What is the purpose of a project proposal?
BENEFITS - To request funding for a project
2. What are the standard parts of a project proposal?
 Shows what the reader or target audience can gain - Introduction and Project Description; Introduction
from the proposal, may be improvements in contains the Rationale, Objectives, and Benefits; and
processes or systems, or an increase in revenue, or a Project Description contains the Methodology, Schedule,
change in behavior of the beneficiaries of the and Budget
proposal 3. What patterns of development in writing can be used
 What’s in it for them? (e.g. investors) in writing project proposal?
 Selling the strategy to them - Cause/Effect, Problem-Solution, Causal Analysis

2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION = BASIC PARTS: Title page, project summary, qualification,

budget justification, and project narrative
 This section gives specific information about the = CATEGORY: length (informal: 2-4 pages, formal: 5 or
project itself. It indicates how the project will more)
address the identifies problem = ELEMENTS: Introduction, Project Description

METHODOLOGY  A research proposal typically describes a question or

hypothesis that is chosen to be explored while a
 Details the different activities the project will take project proposal would describe something intended
on, including the manpower (i.e., the people to be produced. Both of these proposals involve
involved and their duties) and resources to be research.
utilized, and the expected output WEEK 3: WRITING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL
 Ways/strategies for the project
 According to Antonino (2016), research is a tool that
SCHEDULE will help all people in discovering and explaining
facts that may be the reason why a modification in
 Discusses the task duration and expected start and almost everything is happening.
end dates of each activity in the project  Research helps us discover more sides and aspects
 Chronology/dates
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RESEARCH
BUDGET
1. It is accurate. The data are correct, true and not
 Presents an analysis of all the costs anticipated in the fabricated.
project, which can be itemized or shown as a whole,
depending on the needs of the project 2. It is logical and objective. It deals with facts and not the
 Lets your investors know about how much the opinion of the researcher.
budget of the project is
3. It is relevant. It can be used to improve conditions and
CONSIDERATIONS IN WRITING A PROJECT PROPOSAL solve problems.

1. UNIQUE FEATURES OF A PROJECT PROPOSAL 4. It is patiently done. The researcher devoted enough
time to gather his data carefully.
 Considering that a project proposal asks for funding,
one of its unique features is the part where the 5. It is specific, measurable and attainable.
budget for accomplishing the project is specified.
6. It is systematic and carefully planned.
2. PURPOSE AND AUDIENCE
7. It is timely. The topic is new and can be useful to other
at present. ---> Exploratory or Assessment
---> Descriptive or Correlation
8. It is clear. It made use of the correct language and has ---> Experimental
no stumbling blocks.
 It is done to find out pertinent variables.
9. It is complete. All the basic parts of a research are  Ex.: Factors Affecting Water Contamination
included in the paper.
 It is done to find our the relationship of two
10. It is presentable. The physical quality from the variables.
margin, spacing, paper quality, paper size, etc., is neat.  Ex.: Online Games and Academic Performance

TYPES OF RESEARCH  It is done to find out the effect of one variable to

another.
 Ex.: Selected Herbal Medicines and Hypertensive
BASIC RESEARCH Residents of Cebu City

 This is also called as fundamental or pure research. It 2. ACCORDING TO CHOICE OF ANSWERS TO PROBLEM
seeks to discover basic truths and principles.
---> Evaluation
 Michael Faraday discovered the principles of ---> Developmental
electromagnetic induction, that is the
relationship between electricity and magnetism.  It is done to measure the efficacy of one work
Today’s many electrical devices like radios, method.
generators and alternators trace their roots to  Ex.: Waste Segregation Project in Davao City
the basic research conducted by Michael
Faraday.  It is done to design better work method.
 Ex.: Automated Water Sprayer in Del Monte
APPLIED RESEARCH Philippines

 This is useful when seeking for new application 3. ACCORDING TO STATISTICAL CONTENT
about a scientific knowledge, or finding a solution to
a specific problem, such as using a new device, or a ---> Quantitative
new method to solve the problem. ---> Qualitative

 Louis Pasteur successfully inoculated a patient  It is done with the use of Inferential Statistics.
with rabies vaccine. Jonas Salk developed a  Ex.: Motorist Helmet and Accident Survival Rate
vaccine for polio in 1953.
 It is done with the use of Descriptive Statistics.
DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH  Ex.: Extent of Awareness on Global Warming

 This is decision-oriented research involves the PARTS OF A RESEARCH PAPER

application of the steps of the scientific method in
response to an immediate need to improve existing  WRITING AN EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH PAPER
practices. ---> according to Boston College Libraries

 Gillette company spends quite a bit on R&D each 1. Title / Cover Page - Contains the paper’s title, the
year in ongoing attempts to design a more author’s name, address, phone number, e-mail, and the
effective shaver. day’s date.

CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH 2. Abstract - abstracts generally provides a broad

overview and is never more than a page. It describe the
1. ACCORDING TO LEVELS OF INVESTIGATION essence, the main theme of the paper. It includes the
research question posed, its significance, the
methodology, and the main results or findings. Footnotes
or cited works are never listed in an abstract. This part
must impress with a strong content, good style, and
general aesthetic appeal.

3. Introduction and Statement of the Problem - A good

introduction states the main research problem and thesis
argument.

4. Limitations of the Study

5. Methodology
6. Literature Review
7. Main Body of
Paper/Argument
8. Conclusion
9. Appendices

QUIZ BITS

1. How is research imperative in our lives? It helps us with

discoveries and improvements of certain concepts and
ideas in different fields for advancement.

2. What are the three types of research? Basic Research,

Applied Research, Developmental Research

4. How are researches classified? They are classified

according to the methods that are used in conducting the
research.

1. A research intends to contribute fresh concepts. (T)

2. A research has three parts. (F)
3. The longest section of the research
report is the body. (T)
4. A research has three types. (T)
5. The classifications and types
of research are the same. (F)