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MC Math 13 Module 1

This document provides an introduction to the module on the nature of statistics. It discusses objectives to understand key terms in statistics and probability, differentiate between descriptive and inferential statistics, explain how statistics can be used and misused, and identify importance of technology in statistics. Examples and exercises are provided to help explain concepts.

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Raffy Barotilla
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
184 views

MC Math 13 Module 1

This document provides an introduction to the module on the nature of statistics. It discusses objectives to understand key terms in statistics and probability, differentiate between descriptive and inferential statistics, explain how statistics can be used and misused, and identify importance of technology in statistics. Examples and exercises are provided to help explain concepts.

Uploaded by

Raffy Barotilla
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 1

The Nature of Statistics

Prepared by:
EDWARD B. PESCUELA
Instructor

“Most people use statistics like a drunk man uses a lamppost; more for support than
illumination”
― Andrew Lang

MC MATH 13: ELEMENTARY STATISTICS & PROBABILITY |PESCUELA s. 2021


MODULE 1
The Nature of Statistics

Introduction
This is a learning module intended to discuss statistical techniques that are essential to data
analysis in educational researches. The main goal in this exploration is statistical literacy – the ability to
understand and apply a variety of parametric statistical operations. Topics will cover descriptive statistics,
probability, inferential statistics, regression and correlation. Moreover, this course will enhance students’
ability in using statistical software such as MS Excel to automate data processing. Before each activity,
fast facts and discussions are given to help you understand the concepts and processes involved as well
as to solve problems in each activity. The activities will be done individually. Answers in every assessment
must be written or encoded on a short bond paper following the given format. Please do not forget to
write your significant learning experience at the last part of your output. The submission of Module 1
outputs will be on March 1, 2021. If you have queries, you may reach me through E-mail at
[email protected]. Thank you and have fun!

Format

Name: ______________________________________ Year & Section: ________________


Date: _______________________________________ Instructor: Mr. Edward B. Pescuela

MC Math 13: Elementary Statistics & Probability


Module 1: The Nature of Statistics

Pretest/Exercise1/Activity 1
1.)
2.)
3.)
.
.
.

My Significant Learning Experience


In this module, I have learned that …
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________.

_____________________________
Signature over Printed Name

MC MATH 13: ELEMENTARY STATISTICS & PROBABILITY |PESCUELA s. 2021


Objectives
At the end of the week, the pre-service teacher (PST) should be able to:
1. discuss the contributions of the different statisticians/mathematicians in the continuous
improvement of statistical knowledge and concepts
2. differentiate between
a. Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
b. Population and Sample
3. Identify the types of data and the level of measurement for each variable
4. describe the different data collection methods and sampling techniques
5. create a tree diagram illustrating data and their levels of measurement
6. explain how Statistics can be used and misused
7. point out the importance of using digital technology in Statistics

Pretest

A. Differentiate
1. descriptive statistics from inferential statistics
2. discrete from continuous variables
3. dependent from independent variables
4. nominal from ordinal measurements
5. ratio and interval measurements

B. Classify each of the following data as to discrete and continuous variables. Write “D” if discrete and
write “C” if continuous.
6. I.Q. of college students
7. basketball scores
8. weight of baby in ounces
9. score in an algebra test
10. population of a certain barangay

C. Categorize each of the following as either nominal “N”, ordinal “O”, interval “I”, or ratio “R”
measurement.
11. statistics test scores
12. first place, second place, and third place in a declamation contest
13. metric measurement of electric bills
14. number of death rates in a given year
15. party affiliation as 1-PMP, 2-Lakas NUCD

MC MATH 13: ELEMENTARY STATISTICS & PROBABILITY |PESCUELA s. 2021


D. Classify each of the sampling procedures below.
16. A soccer coach selects six players from a group of boys aged eight to ten, seven players
from a group of boys aged 11 to 12, and three players from a group of boys aged 13 to
14 to form a recreational soccer team.
17. A high school counselor uses a computer to generate 50 random numbers and then
picks students whose names correspond to the numbers.
18. A medical researcher interviews every third cancer patient from a list of cancer patients
at a local hospital.
19. A pollster interviews all human resource personnel in five different high-tech companies.
20. Using a fishbowl to get a random sample of 10 people to estimate the results of
presidential election.

MC MATH 13: ELEMENTARY STATISTICS & PROBABILITY |PESCUELA s. 2021


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4ODDC@SVGHBG$@QR$Q@RGDC -NB@SHNMNEpCQHUDq HDCTLLHDR

LHKDRGNTQ 'QNMS4D@S

178B; 

$@QR VHSG CTLLHDR HM SGD EQNMS RD@SR VDQD BQ@RGDC HMSN @ V@KK @S @ RODDC NE  LHKDR ODQ GNTQ 8D V@MS SN JMNV
SGD OQNONQSHNM NE CTLLHDR HM SGD CQHUDQoR RD@S SG@S VNTKC G@UD G@C GD@C HMITQHDR HE SGDX G@C ADDM @BST@K CQHUDQR
8DRS@QSVHSG@RHLOKDQ@MCNLR@LOKDNEB@QR

1IFONCIH

3BCM=IHN?HNCM;P;CF;<F?@IL@L??;NBNNJ=HRILA=IHN?HN=IF
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5GD FEFKB7J?ED HR@KKB@QRBNMS@HMHMFCTLLHDRHMSGDEQNMSRD@S


5GD I7CFB; HRSGDB@QR RDKDBSDCAX@RHLOKDQ@MCNLR@LOKD
5GD F7H7C;J;H HR SGD OQNONQSHNM NE CQHUDQ CTLLHDR HE SGDX G@C ADDM QD@K ODNOKD
VGN VNTKC G@UD RTEEDQDC GD@C
HMITQHDRHMSGDONOTK@SHNM
5GD IJ7J?IJ?9 HR OQNONQSHNM NE CQHUDQ CTLLHDR HE SGDX G@C ADDM QD@K ODNOKD
VGN VNTKC G@UD RTEEDQDC GD@C HMITQHDR
HMSGDR@LOKD
5GD L7H?78B; 1  SGD MTLADQ NE CQHUDQ CTLLHDR HE SGDX G@C ADDM QD@K ODNOKD
VGN VNTKC G@UD RTEEDQDC GD@C
HMITQHDR
5GD :7J7 @QDDHSGDQXDR G@CGD@CHMITQX NQMN CHCMNS

$R;GJF?

%DSDQLHMDVG@SSGDJDXSDQLRQDEDQSNHMSGDENKKNVHMFRSTCX
"M HMRTQ@MBD BNLO@MX VNTKC KHJD SN CDSDQLHMD SGD OQNONQSHNM NE @KK LDCHB@K CNBSNQR VGN G@UD ADDM HMUNKUDC HM
NMD NQ LNQD L@KOQ@BSHBD K@VRTHSR 5GD BNLO@MX RDKDBSR  CNBSNQR @S Q@MCNL EQNL @ OQNEDRRHNM@K CHQDBSNQX @MC
CDSDQLHMDRSGDMTLADQHMSGDR@LOKDVGNG@UDADDMHMUNKUDCHM@L@KOQ@BSHBDK@VRTHS

1IFONCIH
5GD FEFKB7J?ED HR@KKLDCHB@KCNBSNQRKHRSDCHMSGDOQNEDRRHNM@KCHQDBSNQX
5GD F7H7C;J;H HR SGD OQNONQSHNM NE LDCHB@K CNBSNQR VGN G@UD ADDM HMUNKUDC HM NMD NQ LNQD L@KOQ@BSHBD RTHSR HM
SGDONOTK@SHNM
5GD I7CFB; HRSGDCNBSNQRRDKDBSDC@SQ@MCNLEQNLSGDOQNEDRRHNM@KCHQDBSNQX
5GD IJ7J?IJ?9 HR SGD OQNONQSHNM NE LDCHB@K CNBSNQR VGN G@UD ADDM HMUNKUDC HM NMD NQ LNQD L@KOQ@BSHBD RTHSR HM SGD
R@LOKD
5GD L7H?78B; 1 SGDMTLADQNELDCHB@KCNBSNQRVGNG@UDADDMHMUNKUDCHMNMDNQLNQDL@KOQ@BSHBDRTHSR
5GD :7J7 @QDDHSGDQXDR V@RHMUNKUDCHMNMDNQLNQDL@KOQ@BSHBDK@VRTHSR NQMN V@RMNS

%N SGD ENKKNVHMF DWDQBHRD BNKK@ANQ@SHUDKX VHSG TO SN ENTQ ODNOKD ODQ FQNTO 'HMC @ ONOTK@SHNM @ R@LOKD SGD O@Q@LDSDQ
SGD RS@SHRSHB @ U@QH@AKD @MC C@S@ ENQ SGD ENKKNVHMF RSTCX :NT V@MS SN CDSDQLHMD SGD @UDQ@FD LD@M
MTLADQ NE FK@RRDR
NE LHKJ BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR CQHMJ ODQ C@X 4TOONRD XDRSDQC@X HM XNTQ &MFKHRG BK@RR XNT @RJDC EHUD RSTCDMSR GNV L@MX
FK@RRDRNELHKJSGDXCQ@MJSGDC@XADENQD5GD@MRVDQRVDQD    @MCFK@RRDRNELHKJ

 U ";N; 1;GJFCHA ;H>4;LC;NCIHCH";N;;H>1;GJFCHA


%@S@ L@X BNLD EQNL @ ONOTK@SHNM NQ EQNL @ R@LOKD 4L@KK KDSSDQR KHJD Y NQ Z FDMDQ@KKX @QD TRDC SN QDOQDRDMS C@S@ U@KTDR
.NRSC@S@B@MADOTSHMSNSGDENKKNVHMFB@SDFNQHDR
` 2T@KHS@SHUD
` 2T@MSHS@SHUD
.K7B?J7J?L; :7J7 @QD SGD QDRTKS NE B@SDFNQHYHMF NQ CDRBQHAHMF @SSQHATSDR NE @ ONOTK@SHNM )@HQ BNKNQ AKNNC SXOD DSGMHB FQNTO
SGD B@Q @ ODQRNM CQHUDR @MC SGD RSQDDS @ ODQRNM KHUDR NM @QD DW@LOKDR NE PT@KHS@SHUD C@S@ 2T@KHS@SHUD C@S@ @QD FDMDQ@KKX
CDRBQHADC AX VNQCR NQ KDSSDQR 'NQ HMRS@MBD G@HQ BNKNQ LHFGS AD AK@BJ C@QJ AQNVM KHFGS AQNVM AKNMCD FQ@X NQ QDC #KNNC
SXOD LHFGS AD "# 0 NQ #  3DRD@QBGDQR NESDM OQDEDQ SN TRD PT@MSHS@SHUD C@S@ NUDQ PT@KHS@SHUD C@S@ ADB@TRD HS KDMCR HSRDKE
LNQDD@RHKXSNL@SGDL@SHB@K@M@KXRHR'NQDW@LOKD HSCNDRMNSL@JDRDMRDSNEHMC@M@UDQ@FDG@HQBNKNQNQAKNNCSXOD
 "' /3$1U2 ,/+(-& -## 3

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"LNTMS NE LNMDX OTKRD Q@SD VDHFGS MTLADQ NE ODNOKD KHUHMF HM XNTQ SNVM @MC MTLADQ NE RSTCDMSR VGN S@JD RS@SHRSHBR @QD
DW@LOKDRNEPT@MSHS@SHUDC@S@2T@MSHS@SHUDC@S@L@XADDHSGDQ :?I9H;J; NQ 9EDJ?DKEKI
"KK C@S@ SG@S @QD SGD QDRTKS NE BNTMSHMF @QD B@KKDC GK7DJ?J7J?L; :?I9H;J; :7J7 5GDRD C@S@ S@JD NM NMKX BDQS@HM MTLDQHB@K
U@KTDR *E XNT BNTMS SGD MTLADQ NE OGNMD B@KKR XNT QDBDHUD ENQ D@BG C@X NE SGD VDDJ XNT LHFGS FDS U@KTDR RTBG @R YDQN NMD
SVN NQSGQDD
"KK C@S@ SG@S @QD SGD QDRTKS NE LD@RTQHMF @QD GK7DJ?J7J?L; 9EDJ?DKEKI :7J7 @RRTLHMF SG@S VD B@M LD@RTQD @BBTQ@SDKX
.D@RTQHMF @MFKDR HM Q@CH@MR LHFGS QDRTKS HM RTBG MTLADQR @R Ȏ Ȏ Ȏ Ȏ Ȏ @MC RN NM *E XNT @MC XNTQ EQHDMCR B@QQX
   
A@BJO@BJR VHSG ANNJR HM SGDL SN RBGNNK SGD MTLADQR NE ANNJR HM SGD A@BJO@BJR @QD CHRBQDSD C@S@ @MC SGD VDHFGSR NE SGD
A@BJO@BJR@QDBNMSHMTNTRC@S@

$R;GJF? #;N;2;GJF?I@0O;HNCN;NCP?#CM=L?N?#;N;

5GD C@S@ @QD SGD MTLADQ NE ANNJR RSTCDMSR B@QQX HM SGDHQ A@BJO@BJR :NT R@LOKD EHUD RSTCDMSR 5VN RSTCDMSR B@QQX
SGQDD ANNJR NMD RSTCDMS B@QQHDR ENTQ ANNJR NMD RSTCDMS B@QQHDR SVN ANNJR @MC NMD RSTCDMS B@QQHDR NMD ANNJ 5GD
MTLADQRNEANNJR SGQDD ENTQ SVN @MCNMD
@QDSGDPT@MSHS@SHUDCHRBQDSDC@S@

  5GD C@S@ @QD SGD MTLADQ NE L@BGHMDR HM @ FXL :NT R@LOKD EHUD FXLR 0MD FXL G@R  L@BGHMDR NMD FXL G@R
 L@BGHMDR NMD FXL G@R SDM L@BGHMDR NMD FXL G@R  L@BGHMDR @MC SGD NSGDQ FXL G@R  L@BGHMDR 8G@S SXOD NE
C@S@HRSGHR

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5GD C@S@ @QD SGD VDHFGSR NE A@BJO@BJR VHSG ANNJR HM SGDL :NT R@LOKD SGD R@LD EHUD RSTCDMSR 5GD VDHFGSR HM
ONTMCR
NE SGDHQ A@BJO@BJR @QD      /NSHBD SG@S A@BJO@BJR B@QQXHMF SGQDD ANNJR B@M G@UD CHEEDQDMS
VDHFGSR8DHFGSR@QDPT@MSHS@SHUDBNMSHMTNTRC@S@ADB@TRDVDHFGSR@QDLD@RTQDC

  5GD C@S@ @QD SGD @QD@R NE K@VMR HM RPT@QD EDDS :NT R@LOKD EHUD GNTRDR 5GD @QD@R NE SGD K@VMR @QD  RP EDDS
RPEDDS RPEDDS RPEDDS @MCRPEDDS8G@SSXODNEC@S@HRSGHR

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:NT FN SN SGD RTODQL@QJDS @MC OTQBG@RD SGQDD B@MR NE RNTO  NTMBDR


SNL@SN AHRPTD  NTMBDR KDMSHK @MC 
NTMBDR *S@KH@M VDCCHMF
SVN O@BJ@FDR NE MTSR V@KMTSR @MC OD@MTSR
ENTQ CHEEDQDMS JHMCR NE UDFDS@AKD AQNBBNKH
B@TKHEKNVDQ ROHM@BG @MC B@QQNSR
@MC SVN CDRRDQSR  NTMBDR $GDQQX (@QBH@ HBD BQD@L @MC SVN ONTMCR 
NTMBDRBGNBNK@SDBGHOBNNJHDR

/@LDC@S@RDSRSG@S@QDPT@MSHS@SHUDCHRBQDSD PT@MSHS@SHUDBNMSHMTNTR @MCPT@KHS@SHUD

1IFONCIH
0MD1NRRHAKD4NKTSHNM
r 5GD SGQDD B@MR NE RNTO SVN O@BJ@FDR NE MTSR ENTQ JHMCR NE UDFDS@AKDR @MC SVN CDRRDQSR @QD PT@MSHS@SHUD
CHRBQDSDC@S@ADB@TRDXNTBNTMSSGDL

3BCM=IHN?HNCM;P;CF;<F?@IL@L??;NBNNJ=HRILA=IHN?HN=IF
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r 5GD VDHFGSR NE SGD RNTOR  NTMBDR  NTMBDR  NTMBDR


@QD PT@MSHS@SHUD BNMSHMTNTR C@S@ ADB@TRD XNT
LD@RTQDVDHFGSR@ROQDBHRDKX@RONRRHAKD
r 5XODRNERNTOR MTSR UDFDS@AKDR@MCCDRRDQSR@QDPT@KHS@SHUDC@S@ADB@TRDSGDX@QDB@SDFNQHB@K
5QXSNHCDMSHEX@CCHSHNM@KC@S@RDSRHMSGHRDW@LOKD

$R;GJF?

5GD C@S@ @QD SGD BNKNQR NE A@BJO@BJR "F@HM XNT R@LOKD SGD R@LD EHUD RSTCDMSR 0MD RSTCDMS G@R @ QDC A@BJO@BJ
SVN RSTCDMSR G@UD AK@BJ A@BJO@BJR NMD RSTCDMS G@R @ FQDDM A@BJO@BJ @MC NMD RSTCDMS G@R @ FQ@X A@BJO@BJ 5GD
BNKNQRQDC AK@BJ AK@BJ FQDDM @MCFQ@X@QDPT@KHS@SHUDC@S@

  5GD C@S@ @QD SGD BNKNQR NE GNTRDR :NT R@LOKD EHUD GNTRDR 5GD BNKNQR NE SGD GNTRDR @QD VGHSD XDKKNV VGHSD QDC
@MCVGHSD8G@SSXODNEC@S@HRSGHR

,-2#
:NT L@X BNKKDBS C@S@ @R MTLADQR @MC QDONQS HS B@SDFNQHB@KKX 'NQ DW@LOKD SGD PTHY RBNQDR ENQ D@BG RSTCDMS @QD QDBNQCDC
SGQNTFGNTSSGDSDQL"SSGDDMCNESGDSDQL SGDPTHYRBNQDR@QDQDONQSDC@R" # $ % NQ'

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8NQJ BNKK@ANQ@SHUDKX SN CDSDQLHMD SGD BNQQDBS C@S@ SXOD PT@MSHS@SHUD NQ PT@KHS@SHUD


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C@S@@QDBNMSHMTNTRNQCHRBQDSD)HMS%@S@SG@S@QDCHRBQDSDNESDMRS@QSVHSGSGDVNQCRSGDMTLADQNE
@ SGDMTLADQNEO@HQRNERGNDRXNTNVM
A SGDSXODNEB@QXNTCQHUD
B VGDQDXNTFNNMU@B@SHNM
C SGDCHRS@MBDHSHREQNLXNTQGNLDSNSGDMD@QDRSFQNBDQXRSNQD
D SGDMTLADQNEBK@RRDRXNTS@JDODQRBGNNKXD@Q
E SGDSTHSHNMENQXNTQBK@RRDR
F SGDSXODNEB@KBTK@SNQXNTTRD
G LNUHDQ@SHMFR
H ONKHSHB@KO@QSXOQDEDQDMBDR
I VDHFGSRNERTLNVQDRSKDQR
J @LNTMSNELNMDX HMCNKK@QR
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K MTLADQNEBNQQDBS@MRVDQRNM@PTHY
L ODNOKDRo@SSHSTCDRSNV@QCSGDFNUDQMLDMS
M *2RBNQDR 5GHRL@XB@TRDRNLDCHRBTRRHNM

1IFONCIH
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L@QDPT@KHS@SHUD
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ENQ SGD MTLADQ NE B@QR HM @ O@QJHMF KNS *MCHB@SD
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" RS@SHRSHBR OQNEDRRNQ BNKKDBSR HMENQL@SHNM @ANTS SGD BK@RRHEHB@SHNM NE GDQ RSTCDMSR @R EQDRGLDM RNOGNLNQDR
ITMHNQR NQ RDMHNQR 5GD C@S@ RGD BNKKDBSR @QD RTLL@QHYDC HM SGD OHD BG@QS $CAOL?  8G@S SXOD NE C@S@ CNDR SGHR
FQ@OGRGNV

$CAOL?

1IFONCIH
5GHROHDBG@QSRGNVRSGDRSTCDMSRHMD@BGXD@Q VGHBGHR GK7B?J7J?L;:7J7

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5GD C@S@ GD BNKKDBSR @QD RTLL@QHYDC HM SGD GHRSNFQ@L 5GD BK@RR ANTMC@QHDR @QD  SN KDRR SG@M   SN KDRR SG@M 
SNKDRRSG@M SNKDRRSG@M @MCSNKDRRSG@M

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8G@SSXODNEC@S@CNDRSGHRFQ@OGRGNV

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DMQNKKDC ENQ SGD ROQHMF  PT@QSDQ 5GD S@AKDR CHROK@X BNTMSR EQDPTDMBHDR
@MC ODQBDMS@FDR NQ OQNONQSHNMR QDK@SHUD
EQDPTDMBHDR
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VHSG SGD MTLADQR HR NESDM GDKOETK ATS HS HR O@QSHBTK@QKX HLONQS@MS VGDM BNLO@QHMF RDSR NE C@S@ SG@S CN MNS G@UD SGD R@LD
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RSTCDMSR@S'NNSGHKK$NKKDFDHRBNLO@QDCSN%D"MY@$NKKDFD

"?HT;!IFF?A? $IINBCFF!IFF?A?
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HMCHUHCT@KRHMD@BGB@SDFNQX
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 ADB@TRD RSTCDMSR B@M AD HM LNQD SG@M NMD B@SDFNQX " A@Q FQ@OG HR @OOQNOQH@SD SN BNLO@QD SGD QDK@SHUD RHYD NE SGD
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SGDSNS@KMTLADQNERSTCDMSR*MSGHRRHST@SHNM BQD@SD@A@QFQ@OG@MCMNS@OHDBG@QS

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5GD ENKKNVHMF FQ@OG HR SGD R@LD @R SGD OQDUHNTR FQ@OG ATS SGD p0SGDQ6MJMNVMq ODQBDMS 
G@R ADDM HMBKTCDC 5GD
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5GHRHRHLONQS@MSSNJMNVVGDMVDSGHMJ@ANTSVG@SSGDC@S@@QDSDKKHMFTR
5GHR O@QSHBTK@Q A@Q FQ@OG HM $CAOL?  B@M AD CHEEHBTKS SN TMCDQRS@MC UHRT@KKX 5GD FQ@OG HM $CAOL?  HR @ 1@QDSN BG@QS
5GD1@QDSNBG@QSG@RSGDA@QRRNQSDCEQNLK@QFDRSSNRL@KKDRS@MCHRD@RHDQSNQD@C@MCHMSDQOQDS

$CAOL? ;L%L;JBQCNB-NB?L3HEHIQH!;N?AILS

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 5GD
BG@QS HM $CAOL? < HR NQF@MHYDC AX SGD RHYD NE D@BG VDCFD VGHBG L@JDR HS @ LNQD UHRT@KKX HMENQL@SHUD FQ@OG SG@M SGD
TMRNQSDC @KOG@ADSHB@KFQ@OGHM $CAOL?;

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NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM  I7CFB; I>EKB: >7L; J>; I7C; 9>7H79J;H?IJ?9I 7I J>; FEFKB7J?ED ?J ?I H;FH;I;DJ?D= .NRS RS@SHRSHBH@MR
TRD U@QHNTR LDSGNCR NE Q@MCNL R@LOKHMF HM @M @SSDLOS SN @BGHDUD SGHR FN@K 5GHR RDBSHNM VHKK CDRBQHAD @ EDV NE SGD LNRS
BNLLNM LDSGNCR 5GDQD @QD RDUDQ@K CHEEDQDMS LDSGNCR NE H7D:EC I7CFB?D= *M D@BG ENQL NE Q@MCNL R@LOKHMF D@BG
LDLADQ NE @ ONOTK@SHNM HMHSH@KKX G@R @M DPT@K BG@MBD NE ADHMF RDKDBSDC ENQ SGD R@LOKD &@BG LDSGNC G@R OQNR @MC BNMR 5GD
D@RHDRS LDSGNC SN CDRBQHAD HR B@KKDC @ I?CFB; H7D:EC I7CFB; "MX FQNTO NE D HMCHUHCT@KR HR DPT@KKX KHJDKX SN AD BGNRDM AX
@MX NSGDQ FQNTO NE D HMCHUHCT@KR HE SGD RHLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKHMF SDBGMHPTD HR TRDC *M NSGDQ VNQCR D@BG R@LOKD NE SGD R@LD
RHYD G@R @M DPT@K BG@MBD NE ADHMF RDKDBSDC 'NQ DW@LOKD RTOONRD -HR@ V@MSR SN ENQL @ ENTQODQRNM RSTCX FQNTO GDQRDKE
@MC SGQDD NSGDQ ODNOKD
EQNL GDQ OQDB@KBTKTR BK@RR VGHBG G@R  LDLADQR MNS HMBKTCHMF -HR@ 5N BGNNRD @ RHLOKD Q@MCNL
R@LOKD NE RHYD SGQDD EQNL SGD NSGDQ LDLADQR NE GDQ BK@RR -HR@ BNTKC OTS @KK  M@LDR HM @ G@S RG@JD SGD G@S BKNRD GDQ
DXDR @MC OHBJ NTS SGQDD M@LDR " LNQD SDBGMNKNFHB@K V@X HR ENQ -HR@ SN EHQRS KHRS SGD K@RS M@LDR NE SGD LDLADQR NE GDQ BK@RR
SNFDSGDQVHSG@SVNCHFHSMTLADQ @RHM 2;<F?

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 &@BG Q@MCNL MTLADQ L@X NMKX BNMSQHATSD NMD BK@RR LDLADQ *E RGD MDDCDC SN -HR@ BNTKC G@UD FDMDQ@SDC LNQD Q@MCNL
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,J>;H M;BB ADEMD H7D:EC I7CFB?D= C;J>E:I 7H; J>; IJH7J?<?;: I7CFB; J>; 9BKIJ;H I7CFB; 7D: J>; IOIJ;C7J?9
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EQNL D@BG RSQ@STL 'NQ DW@LOKD XNT BNTKC RSQ@SHEX FQNTO
XNTQ BNKKDFD ONOTK@SHNM AX CDO@QSLDMS @MC SGDM BGNNRD @
OQNONQSHNM@SD RHLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKD EQNL D@BG RSQ@STL D@BG CDO@QSLDMS
SN FDS @ RSQ@SHEHDC Q@MCNL R@LOKD 5N BGNNRD
@ RHLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKD EQNL D@BG CDO@QSLDMS MTLADQ D@BG LDLADQ NE SGD EHQRS CDO@QSLDMS MTLADQ D@BG LDLADQ NE
SGD RDBNMC CDO@QSLDMS @MC CN SGD R@LD ENQ SGD QDL@HMHMF CDO@QSLDMSR 5GDM TRD RHLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKHMF SN BGNNRD
OQNONQSHNM@SD MTLADQR EQNL SGD EHQRS CDO@QSLDMS @MC CN SGD R@LD ENQ D@BG NE SGD QDL@HMHMF CDO@QSLDMSR 5GNRD MTLADQR
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RSQ@SHEHDCR@LOKD
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"KK SGD LDLADQR EQNL SGDRD BKTRSDQR @QD HM SGD BKTRSDQ R@LOKD 'NQ DW@LOKD HE XNT Q@MCNLKX R@LOKD ENTQ CDO@QSLDMSR
EQNL XNTQ BNKKDFD ONOTK@SHNM SGD ENTQ CDO@QSLDMSR L@JD TO SGD BKTRSDQ R@LOKD %HUHCD XNTQ BNKKDFD E@BTKSX AX CDO@QSLDMS
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R@LOKHMF"KKLDLADQRNESGDENTQCDO@QSLDMSRVHSGSGNRDMTLADQR@QDSGDBKTRSDQR@LOKD
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ONOTK@SHNM 'NQ DW@LOKD RTOONRD XNT G@UD SN CN @ OGNMD RTQUDX :NTQ OGNMD ANNJ BNMS@HMR   QDRHCDMBD KHRSHMFR :NT
LTRS BGNNRD  M@LDR ENQ SGD R@LOKD /TLADQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM l  @MC SGDM TRD @ RHLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKD SN OHBJ @
MTLADQ SG@S QDOQDRDMSR SGD EHQRS M@LD HM SGD R@LOKD 5GDM BGNNRD DUDQX EHESHDSG M@LD SGDQD@ESDQ TMSHK XNT G@UD @ SNS@K NE 
M@LDR XNT LHFGS G@UD SN FN A@BJ SN SGD ADFHMMHMF NE XNTQ OGNMD KHRS
 4XRSDL@SHB R@LOKHMF HR EQDPTDMSKX BGNRDM ADB@TRD
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" SXOD NE R@LOKHMF SG@S HR MNMQ@MCNL HR BNMUDMHDMBD R@LOKHMF EDL;D?;D9; I7CFB?D= HMUNKUDR TRHMF QDRTKSR SG@S @QD
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FNNCHMRNLDB@RDR@MCGHFGKXAH@RDC E@UNQBDQS@HMNTSBNLDR
HMNSGDQR
4@LOKHMF C@S@ RGNTKC AD CNMD UDQX B@QDETKKX $NKKDBSHMF C@S@ B@QDKDRRKX B@M G@UD CDU@RS@SHMF QDRTKSR 4TQUDXR L@HKDC SN
GNTRDGNKCR @MC SGDM QDSTQMDC L@X AD UDQX AH@RDC SGDX L@X E@UNQ @ BDQS@HM FQNTO
 *S HR ADSSDQ ENQ SGD ODQRNM BNMCTBSHMF SGD
RTQUDXSNRDKDBSSGDR@LOKDQDRONMCDMSR
5QTD Q@MCNL R@LOKHMF HR CNMD M?J> H;FB79;C;DJ 5G@S HR NMBD @ LDLADQ HR OHBJDC SG@S LDLADQ FNDR A@BJ HMSN SGD
ONOTK@SHNM @MC SGTR L@X AD BGNRDM LNQD SG@M NMBD )NVDUDQ ENQ OQ@BSHB@K QD@RNMR HM LNRS ONOTK@SHNMR RHLOKD Q@MCNL
R@LOKHMF HR CNMD M?J>EKJ H;FB79;C;DJ 4TQUDXR @QD SXOHB@KKX CNMD VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS 5G@S HR @ LDLADQ NE SGD
ONOTK@SHNM L@X AD BGNRDM NMKX NMBD .NRS R@LOKDR @QD S@JDM EQNL K@QFD ONOTK@SHNMR @MC SGD R@LOKD SDMCR SN AD RL@KK HM
BNLO@QHRNM SN SGD ONOTK@SHNM 4HMBD SGHR HR SGD B@RD R@LOKHMF VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX SGD R@LD @R R@LOKHMF
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` SGDBG@MBDNEOHBJHMF@CHEEDQDMSRDBNMCODQRNMENQSGHRR@LOKDHRNTSNE  

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` SGDBG@MBDNEOHBJHMF@CHEEDQDMSRDBNMCODQRNMHRNTSNE  

` XNTCNMNSQDOK@BDSGDEHQRSODQRNMADENQDOHBJHMFSGDMDWSODQRNM
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CDBHL@KOK@BDR SGDRDMTLADQR@QDDPTHU@KDMS 

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<EH 7DO F7HJ?9KB7H I7CFB; SGDM SGD BG@MBD NE OHBJHMF SGD EHQRS ODQRNM HR SDM NTS NE  @MC SGD BG@MBD NE OHBJHMF @ CHEEDQDMS
RDBNMCODQRNMHRMHMDNTSNE XNTQDOK@BDSGDEHQRSODQRNM

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ADHMF BGNRDM
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RSTCHDC

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SGDR@LOKD

1IFONCIH
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f 0MXNTQB@KBTK@SNQ OQDRR.@SG@MC@QQNVNUDQSN13#
f 'NQ BNKTLM  1QDRR Q@MC*MS @MC DMSDQ  
 1QDRR &/5&3 3DBNQC SGD MTLADQ 1QDRR &/5&3  LNQD
SHLDR DUDM SGD QDOD@SR
 3DBNQC SGDRD MTLADQR 3DBNQC SGD SGQDD PTHY RBNQDR HM BNKTLM NMD SG@S BNQQDRONMC
SNSGDRDSGQDDMTLADQR
f 3DOD@SENQBNKTLMRSVNSGQNTFGRHW
f 5GDRDPTHYRBNQDR@QD@RSQ@SHEHDCR@LOKD
 $QD@SD@BKTRSDQR@LOKDAXOHBJHMFSVNNESGDBNKTLMR6RDSGDBNKTLMMTLADQRNMDSGQNTFGRHW
f 1QDRR."5)@MC@QQNVNUDQSN13#
f 1QDRRQ@MC*MS @MCDMSDQ 
1QDRR&/5&33DBNQCSGDMTLADQ1QDRR&/5&3@MCQDBNQCSG@SMTLADQ
f 5GDSVNMTLADQR@QDENQSVNNESGDBNKTLMR
f 5GDPTHYRBNQDR NESGDL
HMSGDRDBNKTLMR@QDSGDBKTRSDQR@LOKD
 $QD@SD@RHLOKDQ@MCNLR@LOKDNEPTHYRBNQDR
f 6RDSGDMTLADQHMFNMDSGQNTFG
f 1QDRR."5)"QQNVNUDQSN13#1QDRRQ@MC*MS @MCDMSDQ 


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f 1QDRR&/5&3SHLDR@MCQDBNQCSGDMTLADQR
f 3DBNQCSGDPTHYRBNQDRSG@SBNQQDRONMCSNSGDRDMTLADQR
f 5GDRDPTHYRBNQDR@QDSGDRXRSDL@SHBR@LOKD
 $QD@SD@RXRSDL@SHBR@LOKDNEPTHYRBNQDR
f 6RDSGDMTLADQHMFNMDSGQNTFG
f 1QDRR."5)"QQNVNUDQSN13#1QDRRQ@MC*MS @MCDMSDQ 

f 1QDRR &/5&3 3DBNQC SGD MTLADQ @MC SGD EHQRS PTHY RBNQD 'QNL SG@S MTLADQ BNTMS SDM PTHY RBNQDR @MC
QDBNQC SG@S PTHY RBNQD ,DDO BNTMSHMF SDM PTHY RBNQDR @MC QDBNQCHMF SGD PTHY RBNQD TMSHK XNT G@UD @ R@LOKD
NEPTHYRBNQDR:NTL@XVQ@O@QNTMC FNA@BJSNSGDADFHMMHMF


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A "ONKKRSDQHMSDQUHDVR@KKGTL@MQDRNTQBDODQRNMMDKHMEHUDCHEEDQDMSGHFGSDBGBNLO@MHDR
B " GHFG RBGNNK DCTB@SHNM@K QDRD@QBGDQ HMSDQUHDVR  GHFG RBGNNK EDL@KD SD@BGDQR @MC  GHFG RBGNNK L@KD
SD@BGDQR
C "LDCHB@KQDRD@QBGDQHMSDQUHDVRDUDQXSGHQCB@MBDQO@SHDMSEQNL@KHRSNEB@MBDQO@SHDMSR@S@KNB@KGNROHS@K
D " GHFG RBGNNK BNTMRDKNQ TRDR @ BNLOTSDQ SN FDMDQ@SD  Q@MCNL MTLADQR @MC SGDM OHBJR RSTCDMSR VGNRD
M@LDRBNQQDRONMCSNSGDMTLADQR
E " RSTCDMS HMSDQUHDVR BK@RRL@SDR HM GHR @KFDAQ@ BK@RR SN CDSDQLHMD GNV L@MX O@HQR NE ID@MR @ RSTCDMS NVMR
NMSGD@UDQ@FD

1IFONCIH
@RSQ@SHEHDCABKTRSDQBRSQ@SHEHDCCRXRSDL@SHBDRHLOKDQ@MCNLEBNMUDMHDMBD

  %DSDQLHMDSGDSXODNER@LOKHMFTRDC RHLOKDQ@MCNL RSQ@SHEHDC RXRSDL@SHB BKTRSDQ NQBNMUDMHDMBD



" GHFG RBGNNK OQHMBHO@K ONKKR  EQDRGLDM  RNOGNLNQDR  ITMHNQR @MC  RDMHNQR QDF@QCHMF ONKHBX BG@MFDR ENQ
@ESDQRBGNNK@BSHUHSHDR

*E VD VDQD SN DW@LHMD SVN R@LOKDR QDOQDRDMSHMF SGD R@LD ONOTK@SHNM DUDM HE VD TRDC Q@MCNL R@LOKHMF LDSGNCR ENQ SGD
R@LOKDR SGDX VNTKC MNS AD DW@BSKX SGD R@LD +TRS @R SGDQD HR U@QH@SHNM HM C@S@ SGDQD HR U@QH@SHNM HM R@LOKDR "R XNT ADBNLD
@BBTRSNLDCSNR@LOKHMF SGDU@QH@AHKHSXVHKKADFHMSNRDDLM@STQ@K

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4TOONRD "#$ $NKKDFD G@R   O@QSSHLD RSTCDMSR SGD ONOTK@SHNM


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S@RJ
4TOONRDVDS@JDSVNCHEEDQDMSR@LOKDR
'HQRS VD TRD BNMUDMHDMBD R@LOKHMF @MC RTQUDX SDM RSTCDMSR EQNL @ EHQRS SDQL NQF@MHB BGDLHRSQX BK@RR .@MX NE
SGDRD RSTCDMSR @QD S@JHMF EHQRS SDQL B@KBTKTR HM @CCHSHNM SN SGD NQF@MHB BGDLHRSQX BK@RR 5GD @LNTMS NE LNMDX SGDX
RODMCNMANNJRHR@RENKKNVR

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Evaluation
Part I. CRITICAL THINKING
A. Choose the appropriate term for each definition below.

Purposive Sampling voluntary response sampling direct sampling


continuous data discrete data qualitative data
sampling experimental group placebo
control group dummy variable quantitative data

____________1. a method of sampling in which the respondents themselves decide whether to


be included
____________2. quantitative data whose all possible values form an interval
____________3. a process of obtaining a sample from the population
____________4. in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment
____________5. a fake drug used in the testing of medication

B. Classify a statistical study as either an observational or a designed experiment.


____________1. A study of child care enrolled 1364 infants and followed them through their sixth
year in school. Later, the researchers published an article in which they stated that 'the more time
children spent in child care from birth to age four-and-a-half, the more adults tended to rate them,
both at age four-and-a-half and at kindergarten, as less likely to get along with others, as more
assertive, as disobedient, and as aggressive.'

____________2. A 30-year study was conducted with nearly 90,000 female participants.8 During
a 5-year screening period, each woman was randomized to one of two groups: in the first group,
women received regular mammograms to screen for breast cancer, and in the second group,
women received regular non-mammogram breast cancer exams. No intervention was made
during the following 25 years of the study, and we'll consider death resulting from breast cancer
over the full 30-year period.

C. In statistics, a population is a set of similar items or events which is of interest for some question
or experiment and a sample is a set of data collected from a population by a defined procedure.
In the following examples of statistical studies, identify the population of interest and the sample
and provide the sample size.
1. In a study of the relationship between socio-economic class and unethical behavior, a group
of five students from a local community college were asked to identify themselves as having
low or high social-class by comparing themselves to others with the most (least) money, most
(least) education, and most (least) respected jobs. They were also presented with a jar of
individually wrapped unicorn candies and informed that the candies were for children in a
nearby laboratory, but that they could take some if they wanted. After completing some
unrelated tasks, participants reported the number of candies they had taken. It was found that
those who were identified as upper-class took more candy than others.
Population: _____________
Sample size: ___________

MC MATH 13: ELEMENTARY STATISTICS & PROBABILITY |PESCUELA s. 2021


2. The Buteyko method is a shallow breathing technique developed by Konstantin Buteyko, a
Russian doctor, in 1952. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the Buteyko method can reduce
asthma symptoms and improve quality of life. In a scientific study to determine the
effectiveness of this method, researchers recruited three hundred asthma patients aged 18-
69 who relied on medication for asthma treatment. These patients were split into two research
groups: one practiced the Buteyko method and the other did not. Patients were scored on
quality of life, activity, asthma symptoms, and medication reduction on a scale from 0 to 10.
On average, 24% participants in the Buteyko group experienced a significant reduction in
asthma symptoms and an improvement in quality of life.
Population: _____________
Sample size: ___________

3. The 2010 General Social Survey asked the question, "After an average work day, about how
many hours do you have to relax or pursue activities that you enjoy?" to a random sample of
nine thousand Californians. The average relaxing time was found to be 1.96 hours.
Population: _____________
Sample size: ___________

D. Classify each of the sampling procedures below.


1. A soccer coach selects six players from a group of boys aged eight to ten, seven players from
a group of boys aged 11 to 12, and three players from a group of boys aged 13 to 14 to form
a recreational soccer team.

2. A high school counselor uses a computer to generate 50 random numbers and then picks
students whose names correspond to the numbers.

3. A medical researcher interviews every third cancer patient from a list of cancer patients at a
local hospital.

4. A pollster interviews all human resource personnel in five different high-tech companies.

E. Classify each of the following data as to discrete and continuous variables. Write “D” if discrete
and write “C” if continuous.

1. instantaneous speed of a car


2. time
3. average grade in business statistics

F.

MC MATH 13: ELEMENTARY STATISTICS & PROBABILITY |PESCUELA s. 2021

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