[2] Multiple N Choice Questions QL. The number of dimensions, a solid has: a0 bi ca, 4.3 Q2. The total number of propositions in the elements are: a 13 b. 55 c. 460 d. 465as a 6. a. ae. Qs. quo, qu a. an. au. ‘Lines are parallel if they do not intersect’ is stated in the form of: saefiition——b.anaxiom a proof 4. postulate How many lines passes through two distinct poinst mt be 3 a4 ‘The numberof dimensions a surface has: 20 ba e2 43 ‘Which ofthe following needs a proof? 2 Axiom Theorem € Definition 4 Postulate tis known that, fa-+ b= 4, then a+b + ¢= 4+. Then, Buclid’s axiom that ilustrates this statement is a. axiom b. taxiom Taxiom d.IV axiom Which of these statements do not satisfy Euclid’ axiom? 2: If equals are added to equals, the wholes are equal If equals ae subtracted from equals, the remainders are equal. «Things which are equal to the same thing, are equal to one another. 4. The whole in less than the part. ‘The things which coincide with one another, a. equal », unequal half of same thing 4. triple of one another ‘Two intersecting lines cannot be parallel to the same line, is stated inthe form a. an axiom a definition ‘¢ a postulate da proof Euclid stated that allright angles are equal to ‘each other inthe form of: 2. aproof beanaxiom «. adefnition d.a postulate ‘The things which are double of same thing, are: a. equal ». unequal halves of same thing 4. double ofthe same thing ‘The numberof lines that can passes through a aiven point is: 2 infinitely many only two © only one. <.None of these Euclid stated that ‘things which are equal to the same thing’ are equal to one another in the form of: 2. definition ba postulate d.a proof Q1S. Which of the following statement is incorrect? 2. lie segment has deine length . te cet Ea ty 4 a point. ts oe * ee ee sgiairiautiaeinlisthen See claim hake ee eats mas asa? ee tanta ae eetpasts i ssced ion If the given figure, if r Se a left side of AB s In the adjoining figure, £ AG = DC and CB = CE. Using an Euclid’ axiom, b. AB = 208 4. None of these 7 Assertion and Reason Type Questions Directions (Q. Nos. 21-25): In the folowing questions, @ statement of Assertion (A) i followed by a statement of @ ‘Reason (R). Choase the correct option: ‘8 Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true. land Reason (R) is the correct explanation of ‘Assertion (A) 'b. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R} is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A) «, Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) i false 4. Assertion (A) i alse but Reason () is true. au. aie. au. zo.21. Assertion (A): There can be infinite number of lines that can be drawn through a single point. Reason (R): From a single point, we can draw only two lines. Q22, Assertion (A): According to the Eucids fist axiom, “Things which are equal to the same thing are also equal to one another. Reason (R): If AB = MN and MN = PQ, then AB=PQ. 23. Assertion (A): According to Euclid’ second ‘axiom, when equals are added to equals, then wholes are equal Reason (R): Anil and Mukesh have the same ‘weight. Ifthey each gain welght by 3 kg, second Eudlid’s axiom will be used to compare their weights, 24, Assertion (A) lines AB, AC, AD and AE are parallel tone then the points A, B, C, D and Eare collinear. Reason (R): Infinit lines can be drawn through ‘Aand Parallel to (25. Assertion (A): Euclid fith postulate imply the ‘existence of parallel lines. Reason (R): Ifthe sum ofthe interior angles wil be equal to sum of the two right angles, then two Lines will not meet each other on ether sides and therefore they wil be paralll to each other. Fill in the Blanks Type Questions 26, A point has sun dimension, Q27. The shape of base of pyramid is any a Q28. There aE evens number of Eucla, postulates. 29. Euclid stated that all right angles are equal, cach other in the form of a. (axiom/postulate). 30. Two distinct points In a plane determine , line, 2 True/False Type Questions 081 ‘Things which are halves ofthe same ting, re equa cone snotber In postulate 2 circle cam be drawn with ay centre and any radius. [Aterminated line can be produced indefinite, on bth the ‘Only one line can pas through a single pont two cices are equal, then their radi ae not exval azz a3. as. 935. Solutions 1. (Asoldhas tive dinensons 2 (9 The tal namie of propostions inthe Slovenian, >. (adetaten { {)ntyan in pas rough wo tn points 5 Gate as wo dimers & @) Theorem eed prot 2 Were osbed By ing oto eqs rade to eu Seals are eil srbsecare 4. (The wholes thn the prt do not ‘Satisfy Euclid’s axiom. ee 9. The ting ich conde wth one another Sena 18 (6 oeseing tines cannot be pra ‘these tne cattcoietorahe postulate, neat 11, (@) fuck stated t ‘each other in the 12, (6) The things wh al that allright angle sare equalto form of a postuate ich re double of same thing, ae = 13. The ube of tres thy that can pass ‘Given point is infinitely many, cman 14, (0) Euclid stated that ‘things which are equal to the same thing’ are equal to one another in the form of an axiom, 15. (¢) The incorrect statement is wo lines drawn in 2 plane always intersect at point. {@) The incorrect statement is Only one line can ass through a single point: 17, (@) MC-+CN= MN, 18, (a) Eucld's Fist axiom state that illustrates the relative ages of Sohan and Ram, (b) By Eucla postulates if 21 + 22 < 180", then the lines will eventually intersect atthe point the right side of AB, 20, (a) We have, AC = DC and CB = CE By using Eucids axiom 2, if equals are added to ‘equals, then wholes are equal. C48 = ABS DE (@ Here Assertion (A) is true but Reason (®) false. (@) Here both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) a ‘true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation o Assertion (A), 16. a. 2.ee oth Assertion () and Reason ae tre and Reason (is the covet eanton ‘Assertion (A). faa 4 (9 Aaertion (A: 1 ue to say that fines £8 AG AD ad AE ae paral to ne then the pews A 8.C.Dand are coliner fsa (Rs fe 09 hatte nes can beaten trough Aand paral o£ ene Aseion (tue bt enon tbe, 4 on He both Assertion (A) and Reson te and Reston (2) the conect explanation of Assertion A) poh has ze denon ie thas dene The shape of bate of pyramids ay polygon There ae ve numberof uc’ postulates, {ue stated that al ight anges are eau Sihettern te forno apes, se. unigue Tue tae because given state of porta 3, 3 Toe 3 Toe 3 te Case Study Based (Questions Case Study 1 ‘A National Public School organised an education trip to a museum. Almost all the students of class IX went tothe trp with their teacher of Mathematics. ‘They. saw many pictues of mathematicians and read about their ‘contributions inthe field of Mathematics. Ater visitng the museum, teacher asked the following questions fom the students. a 2% vy. 2. ». 3. Euclid stated that ‘A circle can be drawn with any centre and any radius, is lan: 1. definition b. postulate © axiom 4. proof Q4. In which country Thales belong to? a. Greece ». Eoypt ©. Babylonia Rome Q8. Which ofthe following needs a proof? 2 Definition Theorem, Axiom 4. Postulate 1. (b) Pythagoras was a student of Thales, So, option (bis corect. 2. (a) Euclid mathematician is visible in the last picture So, option (a) is core. 13, (b) Eucil stated that‘ circle can be drawn with any centre and any radu is postulate. So, option (b's corect. 4. (a) Thales belongs to Greece Country. So, option (a is corect. 5. (b) Theorem needs a proof So, option (bis corect. Case Study 2 In a class of Mathematics, the teacher taught chapter "Introduction to Euclid’s Geometry” in ‘which they taught about different postulates and (On the basis of above information, solve the {fellowing questions: How many axioms are exist in Euclid’st ‘Write any one of the Eucli’s postulate. ‘Write Euclid’ axiom 5. By which Euclid’ axiom ‘If x + y= 5, then xty-es5-28 an gz. a3. a. On the basis of above information, solve the folowing questions: 1. Pythagoras wasa student of: a fac be Thales © Arimedes 4. Botha. and b 12. Name of the mathematician who is visible in the last pictur, is a tuchd b Pythagoras © Tales None ofthese ‘Solutions 1, There are seven Euci's axioms exist 2. One ofthe Euclas postulate is Allright angles re equal to one another’ 3, Euclcs axiom 5 is The whole is greater than the part, 4. Byusing Euclid’ axiom 3,'f equals are subtracted from equals the remainders are equal ie, y=5,then e+ y-2=5—22] Very Short Answer Type Questions QL Itisknown that ifx+y~=10, then x+y+2=10 ++ Which Euclid’ axiom is used? Solve the equation x~ 15 = 20. Explain when a system of axioms is called consistent. How many lines can be passed through two distinct points? ‘A point Ps said to lie between the points M and N. Explain it . Define the condition ofa line segment AB, such ‘that point Cs called the mid-point of AB. 1. What isa surface? How can you identify parallel lines? 9. Euclid divided the ‘elements! into how many books? How many number of propositions are therein “The Elements’? ?] Short Answer ‘Type-I Questions Q1. State any two Eucids axioms. Q2. In the given figure, O is the centre of the circle land chord AB is equal to radius of circle. By which Euclid axiom it can be proved that ‘AOAB isan equilateral triangle 3. Inthe given figure, wehave £1= 22, 23= 24. Show that ZABC = ZDBC. State the Euclid’s axiom used. QA. Solve the equation x +4 10 and sate Euclic’s ‘axiom used. QS. Inatriangle PQR, Xand ¥ are the pointson PQ and QR respectively. If PQ = QR and QX = QY, show that PX= RY. Qua. Ife+ y= QL Consider two ‘postulates’ given below: (2. In the given figure, we have ZAB\ 6. IF, Qand Rare th ee points on alin and between Pand then provethat RCRD” 7, Tw salesmen make equal sale daring te ‘month of August. In September cach sale mioes crete Compare their sles In September. 8. Inthe given figure, AC=XD,C inthe mid-point of ABand Dis cf \\ ‘mid-point of XY. Using Euclid’s x ‘axiom, show that AB = XY. \ 9, Inthe given figure, if AC = BD, then prove ta AB=CD. and.x= then show that z+ (Given any two distinct points Aand B, there exists third point C which isin between A and B. (ji) There exists at least three points that are not on the same line. Do these postulates contain any undefined terms? Are these postulates consistent? Do they follow from Euclid’s postulates? Explain. [7] Short Answer FType-ll Questions QL In the given figure, we have ZABC = 2ACB, 23 24 Show that £1= 22. 8 ZA ‘and 23.24. Show that BD =DC. a S e(q3. Which ofthe following statements ae trae and which ae false? Give reasons for your answers () There are an infinite number of ines which ass through two distinct points i) A terminated line can be produced in definitely on both the sides ii In the given figure, f AB PQ and PQ=XY, then AB= XY. ee atl as. (04 Inthe given figure, weave BX = AB,BY = 1 1. BC and AB = BC. Show that BX = BY. ° a 5: Inthe given igure, (0) AB=BC, Misthe mid. point of AB and N is the mid-point of BC. Show that AM=NC. (BM = BN, M is the mid-point of ABandN isthe mid-point of BC. Show that AB=BC U6. PQisalline segment 12em long and Risa point ints terior such that PR= 8 cm. Then find QR, PQ? ~ PR? and PR? + QR? +2PRQR. Q7. In the given figure, AC = BC, ZDCA = 2ECB and 2 DBC» EAC. Prove that triangles DBC and EAC are congruent and hence show that De=EC. ‘ 5 02 a3. a4. € 8. Read the following axioms: (@) Things which are equal to the same things, are equal to one another. (i) If equals are added to equals, the wholes are equal a5. (lid Things which are double of the same things, are equal to one another. {eck whether the gen system of axons i consistent of inconsistent. For given four distinct points in a plane, ind the numberof lines that can be drawn through: () When all four points are collinear. (ii) When three ofthe four points ae coll (lil) When no three of the four points collinear [2] Leng Answer 2 Type Question ” A square figures given ahea ‘show that ED = EC. *y SZ wN. In the igure, 0X =} XY, P=} XZ and On PR then show that XY =. Slate whch ‘om you used here Also ge two more ‘Slnms her than te aoms usedin the above Station. We 4ythen f % Using Buclids axiom, compare lengths AD and [AR, State which axiom you used here. Also give two more axioms other than the axiom used in ‘this situation. KeCoEF ‘A square is a polygon made up of four line segments, out of which, length of three line segments are equal to the length of fourth one and all its angles are right angles: Define the terms used in this definition which ‘you feel are necessary. Are there any undefined terms in this? Can you justify that all angles and sides ofa square are equal? Define the following: (i) Interior point (ii) Between ef (i Bisector of tine (iv) Mid-pointvery Short Answer Type Questions 1, According to Euclid’s second axiom, if equals are added to equals then the wholes are equal Hence, x+y+2=10+2 2 Given, x-15=20 = x-15+15=20415 [adding 15 on both sides) According to Euli’s second axiom, if equals are ‘added to equals, then the wholes are equal. = x35 3. Asystem of axioms is called consistent when itis impossible to deduce from these axioms, {statement that contradicts any axiom or any previously proved statement. 4 Only one line can passthrough two distinct = ghoeraa 5. When three or more points ie on the same line, then they are said to be collinear points. Hence, Points M, Pand N are collinear points 6. Mid-point isan interior point ofa line which OA=08-A8 Hence, AOAB is an equilateral triangle. 3. Given, £1 = 22 and 23 = 24. According to Euclid's second axiom, if equals are ‘added to equals then the wholes are equal. Now, 21+ 23= 22+ 24 = ZABC= 208C Uradi of same cr (give Hence proved 4, Given equation is x+ 4 =10. = x+4-4=10-4 = x6 equals are subtracted from equals the remainders are equal. Hence, Eucid’s third axiom is used here 5. Given, PQ= QR and QX= QY According to Eueli' third axe iFquals fe subtracted from equals, the remainders are also equal. Q PO-ax=aR-aY > PX=RY ‘Hence proved 6. Inthe gue given below coincides wth PR QRS, scoring to El fourth aor things which coincide with one another are equal ‘pone another, eae 7 oF PR-QR=FQ Hence prow! 2. et xand be the sles of wo salesmen inthe month of Aaput sie alIn the month of September, each salesman doubles his sale ofthe month of August ia 2r=2y ‘According to Euclid sith axiom things Which fare double of the same things, are equal to one another Hence, the sales of two salesmen are ‘equal in the month of September Inquestion figure, AB=2AC [os Cis the mid-point of AB) XY = 2X0 > Dis the mid-point of XY] Also, AC = xD gen} = 2AC = 2x0. ‘According to Eucla’ sith axiom, things which tre double of the same things, are equal to one Hence proved {given} AB 4 BC = 8C + CD. According to Fucli’s third avioin if equals ate subtracted from equals, the remainders are a's third axiom, if equals are ‘braced from equals the remainders ar also ‘According to EU equal Oh subtracting y from both sides of eq (1), we get xey-y=10-y 2 x=10-y or z=10-y _ [Fromeg. (2) 3) Now, acording to Eis 300d aio it tua are added to equa the wholes are equal Oh addngyto both ies of eg) we get peyeld-yey = zy-10 Hence proved In postulate (9), between A and B, there remains an Undefined term which appeals to our geometric ition ‘The postulates are consistent. They do not Contact eachother Both ofthese postulates ont foton Fuld’ postulates Howeve they fetow the atom given below ven wo stint pons 0, theres 2. igue neta passes through them Let ab be a stig tine There ore an init umber of pints Composing ts Une. Choose any except the two end points A and 8. This point les between A and B A-—+8 If there are only two points, they can always bbe connected by a straight line (From Euclc’s postulate). Therefore, there have to be at least three points for one of them not to fll on the straight line between the other @ two. Short Answer Ty ions, 1. Given, 23=24 or 2423 a and (ZABC = ZACB 21424222423 @ According to Euclds third axiom if equals are subtracted from equals, then remainders are equal ‘On subtracting eq, (1) from eq. (2), we get 214 24-242 22+ 23-23 Hence proved a 2. Given Q) and ‘According to Euclid’ third axiom, iFequals are “subtracted from equals, ther remainders are also equal, (On subtracting e9, (2) from eq, (1), we get ZABC- 24 = ZACB~ 23 2 Sides opposite to equal angles are equal BD =0C Hence proved 3. @ False; ‘Through two distinct points, only one line can pass. i Te, ‘A terminated ine or line segment can be ‘produced indefinitely on both sides to give Aline True; From the axiom that iftwo things are separately equal toa third thing, then they are equal to each other. Hence, if AB = PQ and PQ=XY then AB = XY wo 4. Given, a Imuitiply both sides by 5 @ According to Euela'esevehth akin thitigs! ofthe same things, are equal #9 From eqs. (1) and (2), we get Bx = BY Hence proved5. (0 Given, AB = BC my wc f and M isthe mid-point of AB According to Euls second axiom. fea, = AM=MB= 48 (2) added to equals then the wholes ae equa || and Nis the mid-point of 8c: = L0cA+ 20Ce= Zee zoe > eN=NC=Jac ® = ZECA= 20¢8 \ From eq, (1), AB = BC WominvaniesaDecansatn | Sy ‘On multiplying both sides by 4, we get = fom ey en by 3: we get BC = AC (aie }ao= Sac and £08 = ZAC ioe According to Eucla Seth anor things ‘ADBCZAEAC' [by ASAcrei, hich ae hates ofthe same things are equal ==> oc ec bc to one anather Hence prow = AM=NC ——tfromegs.(2)and 38, Tocheck given system s consistent or ence proved inconsistent we have to find that whether we (Given, oH w Bn: fa) _candeduce a statement from these axioms wich contradits any axiom or not and Mis the mid-point of 8, ea mia Bioea ae {0 Things which are equal othe same thing, 2) dre equal to one another, aro isthe id: pait FBC 6 ea eae ean te we ° areequ Seated &, (a Things which are double ofthe same thing > 28N=2NC=8C ° are equal to one antes ‘Acorting o Euclid soth axiom, things which So, we cannot deduce any statement from thex fare double of the same things, are equal to axioms which contacts any axiom, Hence, ‘one another. Given sytem of axioms is consistent 25M =28N 9. Consider the points given as A,B, Cando = AB=BC——_fFromegs. (2) and 3 ‘When all the four points are collinear, we Hence proved hhave one line AD- rt 8 (@_ When three ofthe four points are clines wwe have four lines as 1B, BC, BD and AD 6 Given P= 2.6m nd PR= tem a tr, pin es the rer of FQ pee hPa San a congo Ec’ ne vo aun te i ibaa fom equal the rates ae ia Dnsuracing 8 hom both ie fe me r ° on A+ M-801048 (ii) When no three of the four points | esl eisien secre er spite riven pay aa? HEEB Br =144—64 ‘Also, PR? + QR? + 2PR-QR PR ORE 8 +4? = (22 = 144 em? Hence the valyes of QR = em, PQ? PR land PR? + QR" + 2PR-QR= 144 em?4, We know that each adjacent angle ofa square is 1 we wale of a sq ZADC = z8cD leach 90% a) Aso, 3-24 [oiven} (2) ‘according to Euelid’s third axiom, equals are subtracted from equals the remainders ae equal (on, subtracting eq. (2) from eg. (1), we get ‘ZADC~ 23 ZBCD~ 23 2 ZADC~23= 2800-24 thromeq, 2) =) ZeDC= ZeCcD {C_[sides opposite to equal angles are equal) Hence proved Boy and Px = B32 hays be > z according to ESL Berth ge whch are halves ofthe same things ae eal to Siemober ‘wo Other Axioms: 1 Tings coincide wth one another re equa tbone another eg. IAB comet mh XY Sosrthat fal onX and lon, hen nox 2. The whole greater than the pat. eg. st ywhere 720 thenZ> 90d 2> y 3. Fram figure AD prt ofA AO AF cording to Eucfith amy the wholes ‘yeaa hon the port Two More Axioms: 1 equals are aed to equals, the wholes ae cqlegt mcieme2 then meds mesomc2emZ3 2. equals are subtracted fom equals, the tennlnden tea oqua ag at Cie 22, then mei-meiom22—me% 4 The terms that are needed tobe defined are 1 Polygon: A simple closed gure made up of threo or more le segments 2. Une Segment Pat of line wth two end as a. Ainge: A igure formed by two ray wth Common intial point 4. Right angle: Angle whose measures 90! According to Eucids fourth postulate alight angles are equal to one another Imasquare, al angles are right angles, therefore allangles oe equal Tre ine segment are equal to fourth ine segment. tahen) Therefore, ll the fur sdes of» square are teual Aso, according to Euclid frst axiom, things which are equal tthe sme things, are qual to one another 5. “(interior Point A pont Ps called interior pow of tine segment AB, iP AB but Petter les on Aor on Be. + And Pee . (i) Blaector of a Line: A tine passing through mi /\\ Point ofthe ine scaled | Baector ofthe ine, From | figure, 80 = pc / | SoADUthebisectorot ae (i) Between: Point Cs said tole between the point A and 8. (@)A.B and Care colinear (ac cB=A8 () Md-point: The point M scaled mid-point ofthe line segment AB, iM les on AB Such that M's MB" AB and AM = MS CHAPTER TEST tiple Choice Questions 21 ‘Lines are parallel if they do not intersect’ is Stated inthe form of 2. aproot ba definition © apostate d.anatiom 12 nthe adjoining figure, i AB = BC and BX = BY, then 2 a Key b.Ac=x¥ CAV X, d. None of these Assertion and Reason Type Questions Directions (Q. Nos. 3-4) In the following questions, a statement of Asserion A) Is followed by @ statement of Reason Choose the carrect option 2. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true land Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (4). ». Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R} are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion () «. Assertion (A) i true but Reason (@) false 4. Assertion (A) is false but Reason (Ris true3. Assertion (A): For two distinct points, there isa ‘unique line that passes through them. Reaton (R): If A, B and C are three points fon a line and B lies between A and C, then a4. veays greater than the part. Reaton (R): A cake when it is whole or ‘complet, assume that it measure 2 pounds but ‘when a partis taken out from it and measured, its weight will be smaller than the previous ‘measurement, ks fare the assumptions which are ‘obvious universal truth. Q6. ‘Things which are double of the same things, are 19 one another. ~Q7 Infigure if AB=PQ and PQ=XY, then AB =X¥. s i / QB. There are an infinite number of lines which passthrough two distinct points Case Study Based Questions {Q9. A national Public School organised an education ip to 2 museum. Almost all the students of Class IX went 10 the tip with their teacher fof Mathematics. ‘They saw many pictures of ‘mathematics and read about their contributions in the field of Mathematis. After visting the ‘museum, teacher asked the following questions from the students. On the basis of above information, solve the Lolloing questions: (0 Pythagoras was a student of eel Thales co ahhmades dcbatha. and itp hemmtisian wh iie n te ada oes » Pythagoras 4. None ofthese (ii) Euclid stted that ‘A circle can be drawn any centre and any radius. Son] {2 defiition a postulate ¢.anaxiom 4. proof (is) In which country thales belongs tot a. Greece b. Egypt « Babylonia . Rome () Which ofthe following needs a proof? 2, Definition b. Theorem Aviom 4, Postulate ‘Short Answer Type Questions, 10. Solve the equation x~ 10=15. QL. Ifthree pointslies in aline, then how manyline, ‘can be passed through three distinct points? Short Answer Type-l Questions 12, State any two Euclid’s axioms. Q13. Solve the equation y + 6 = 12 and state that Euclid, ‘Short Answer Type-Il Ques (Q14. In the given figure, we have AP o' R Q1S. In the given figure, (@) AB = BC, M is the mid- point of AB and N is the ‘mid-point of BC. Show that AM= NC. (ii) BM = BN, Mis the mid- point of AB and Nis the e mid-point of BC. Show that Al Long Answer Type Question (16. Asquare igureis given below 123 = 24 thet Show that ED =F 8