Introduction to the Study of Globalization

● Differentiate the competing conceptions of globalization

Slide 1:

What is Globalization?
● The dictionary defines globalization as “worldwide integration and development.”
● It is not a new idea, despite the fact that it gained momentum after 2000.

Explanation:
The dictionary defines globalization as “worldwide integration and development.” According to
international strategies, globalization aims to expand business operations on a global scale and was caused by the
facilitation of global communications. This is due to technological advancements, as well as socioeconomic,
political, and environmental developments. Its concept is actually loosely defined. Nonetheless, it does entail the
fusion of political structures, cultural currents, and economic systems from around the world. Globalization is not
a new idea, despite the fact that it gained momentum after 2000. The phrase "global village" became well-known
following the publication of War and Peace in the Global Village in 1968.

Slide 2:

The Competing conceptions of Globalization

Here are the competing conceptions of globalization according to Steger (2009). It includes Political,
Ecological, Cultural and Environmental. Each segment would be further discussed on the succeeding slides.
Slide 3:
Economic globalization
- the interdependence of countries's economic systems
Pros
- foreign direct investment often grows faster
- Increasing competition spurs the development of new technologies.
- Large businesses are able to achieve economies of scale thanks to increased global trade.
Cons
- Interdependence: can cause local or global instability.
- Sovereignty: is viewed as being threatened by the growth of nation-states, multinational corporations,
and other international organizations.
- Equity distribution: helps to accelerate economic growth over the long run and gives many developing
nations and areas a chance to catch up to more developed economies, it also leads to increased inequality
within and between nations.

Explanation:

Typical products are no longer produced or consumed in a single nation. For example, a Toyota car has
parts made in numerous locations. In general, trade barriers between nations have been reduced in recent decades.
International banking is an example of a globalized industry. Today, corporations are generally global, not
regional or national.

In this picture, this shows the pros and cons of its influence on economic growth. For the pros, When
compared to global trade, foreign direct investment (FDI) often grows faster. The rise of multinational
corporations as well as the transfer of technologies can all benefit from this. In addition to that, Increasing
competition spurs the development of new technologies. The expansion of FDI increases economic output by
streamlining processes. Lastly, Large businesses are able to achieve economies of scale thanks to increased global
trade. Costs and prices are lowered as a result, promoting future growth. To compete domestically, many small
enterprises may suffer as a result.

On the other hand, for the cons, Interdependence between nations can cause local or global instability.
This occurs if local economic fluctuations end up impacting a large number of countries relying on them. For
instance, Ukraine was the fifth-largest exporter of wheat in 2020. When Russia invaded the country, it threatened
food supply chains for countries like Pakistan, Lebanon, and Vietnam that import Ukrainian wheat. Sovereignty,
as part of the cons, is viewed as being threatened by the growth of nation-states, multinational corporations, and
other international organizations. In the end, this might push some leaders toward nationalism. Finally, equity
distribution. While globalization helps to accelerate economic growth over the long run and gives many
developing nations and areas a chance to catch up to more developed economies, it also leads to increased
inequality within and between nations. While the average standard of life rises, the wealth gap between the rich
and the poor also widens. As a result, policymakers should be concerned about equity issues at all times, but
notably in the early years of a regime change in post-socialist transition economies.

Slide 4:
Political Implication
● It is impacted by globalization since it is shifting from a national, territorial system to a unilateral
integrated structure.
● United Nations and the European Union are two prominent examples of this.

Explanation:
The political scene is impacted by globalization since it is shifting from a national, territorial system to a
unilateral integrated structure. According to Global Policy, this enables a much bigger focus on global events,
local crises, human rights, and global development and a much smaller focus on separate rights and economies.

According to Global Policy, political integration schemes enable organizations to operate beyond the
level of the state as a result of the globalization of politics. The United Nations and the European Union are two
prominent examples of this. The World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Trade
Organization are additional interconnected entities. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) participate in
international politics without being a part of any one government. Systems of international communication are the
movement's driving force.

Slide 5:
Cultural Globalization
● opponents assert that the globe is becoming more homogenized or "Americanized."
● Global media networks are becoming more prevalent, which is related to the presence of the global
imaginary.
Explanation:
The intensity and widening of cultural flows throughout the world are investigated in the "cultural
component of globalization." Cultural globalization opponents assert that the globe is becoming more
homogenized or "Americanized." Advocates contend that rather than destroying specialized cultures,
globalization revitalizes them. Global media networks are becoming more prevalent, which is related to the
presence of the global imaginary. Due to the ownership of these networks by a select few multinational
companies, journalistic integrity may be compromised. There are several theories on how linguistic globalization
affects society. Some claim that it results in the safeguarding of regional languages. On the other hand, others
predict the emergence of a "Globish" language.

Slide 6:
● It looks at how international cooperation affects environmental concerns.
● These issues are all global in scope, the outcome of numerous human actions, and call for a concerted
effort to address them.

Explanation:
The ecological impact of globalization looks at how international cooperation affects environmental
concerns. All of mankind is inextricably linked to the planet Earth. Numerous ecological issues, such as resource
and food shortages, overcrowding, diminished biodiversity, pollution, and climate change, have been brought on
by the Industrial Revolution. These issues are all global in scope, the outcome of numerous human actions, and
call for a concerted effort to address them. Despite the fact that there have been advancements, there are still
disagreements over the significance of ecological challenges and the implementation of many global initiatives.

On the other hand, globalism means globalization as an ideology reflecting shared ideas, norms, values
accepted as truth. He adds that there are three kinds of globalism namely:

Market Globalism
- Neoliberal, free-market, consumerist societies are promised by proponents.
Explanation:
A framework called marketing globalization enables businesses to highlight their products as well as
services to clients all over the world with minimum interruption from advertising materials and
campaigns. Companies may gain a lot from globalization's simplified marketing process as a result of this
strategy.

The capacity to compete with multinational businesses is a further advantage of employing globalization
approaches in marketing. Entering international markets exposes your company to new consumers, and
 employing globalization strategies to appeal to those countries might provide you a competitive edge over
rival businesses that don't take cultural and linguistic variations into account. To find the most effective
ways to market your products, you can conduct in-depth market research on the demographics, needs, and
wants of your target market around the world.

Justice Globalism:
- envisions a civic society with more equitable interactions and environmental protections
Explanation:
Justice globalists assert that there are universal moral standards that apply to all nations, regardless of
ideology or religion. According to this perspective, democracy, human rights, and the rule of law are
basic universal values. The objective of global justice is achieved by subjecting everyone to international
laws that are upheld by national or international tribunals. On the other hand, deviations to the rule of law
erode justice and jeopardize international peace.

Religious Globalism
- Aims to establish a superior worldwide religious order than the secular structures.

● Identifying the underlying philosophies of the varying definitions of globalization

Intro: The basic idea, wisdom or understanding about the different given meanings of globalization; globalization
describe as wide variety of phenomenon

- in this regard, some significant scholars of globalization, or the globalist offer the following definitions -
Globalization is a process by which original economies, societies and cultures have become integrated
through a global-spanning network of communication and trade

According to (lule, 2017): a set of multiple uneven, and sometimes overlapping historical processes,
including economics, politics and culture that have combined with the evolution of technology to create the
conditions under which the Globe itself can be understood as an imagined community

Explanation: The world nowadays is very much different from the world 20 years ago, starting from its economic
status, social life of the people, political practices and the cultural life of the people. these differences are mainly
caused by the people’s way of life specifically because of the continuous improvement of many countries
nowadays brought about by many scientific and electronic discoveries like the information technology

supporting ideas:
- The contemporary world where we are living nowadays shows the undeniable relationship of
globalization and media in spreading cultures globally.
- Jack Lule convincingly shows that globalization could not have occurred without the media. media
plays a great role in helping globalization to spread global cultures, knowledge and ideas
- media disseminates information mostly through news broadcast on radio TV, as well as columns of the
newspaper or magazines . The media provides education and information. It provides education in
different subjects, the people of in on levels
- media is a powerful tool in delivering changes within our community. Hence, it is more important to
determine the functions in our lives to the society.
 For steger (2005): globalization refers to the expansion and intensification of social relations and
consciousness across world-time and world- space.

Explanation: the expansion & intensification of social relations and consciousness across world-time and across
world- space. (Steger)

supporting ideas:
- we try to expand our reach/social connections to other people/communities/countries. we want to make
our market a global market. the integration of the national markets to a wider global market signified by
the increase free trade. Importation and exportation from other countries to our country and vice versa –
free trade
example: by doing free trade, we are making our market a global market kasi iniintroduce natin
yung services/products natin not only in our country, ineextend natin sya sa ibang bansa.

Four (4) distinct qualities of GLOBALIZATION

Creation of new and the multiplication of existing social networks and activities.

* social network – is an interaction between people/communities. Social media is a tool/medium/device na

ginagamit to communicate. Part lang sya ng social network.

* Expansion and the stretching of social relation, activities, and interdependencies.

Example: online selling - thru online shopping, it could reach different places/locations even w/out going
there like shopee *franchise, fastfood

* Intensification and acceleration of social changes and activities.

Example: global pandemic. Because of the advancement of technology, we receive updates all over the
world real time.

* Creation, expansion, and intensification of social interconnections and interdependencies do not occur
merely on an objective, material level.
supporting: a culture from a certain country is definitely different from another country

For barber (1992): defiance globalization is the opposite of localization. he argues that 4 imperatives make
up the dynamic of McWorld: Market, Resource, Information Technology, and Ecological Imperatives

Explanation: according to him, each of these can be considered a factor to shrinking the world, and diminishing
the salience of national borders

- With the emergence of our markets, we have come up with international laws and treaties in order to
maintain stability and efficiency in the interconnected economy. Resources are also an imperative aspect
in the McWorld, where autarky seems insufficient and inefficient in presence of globalization. The
information-technology of globalization has opened up communications to people all over the world,
allowing us to exchange information. Also, technology is now systematically integrated into everyone's
lives to the point where it "gives every person on earth access to every other person".

● Agree on a working definition of globalization for the course

- The environment, culture, political structures, economic success, and physical well-being of people all have an
impact on this process.
 - Parochialism, or having a viewpoint that is restricted to one's own neighborhood, can be corrected by studying the
outside world.
- This course attempts to push the bounds of your creativity and viewpoint by teaching you about the
world.
- This teaches you more about yourself
- Understanding about other nations enables you to evaluate other societies in relation to your own.
- You won't be able to view your own society the same way after learning about other societies.
- Since you'll be engaging with the world, you need to learn about it.
- Globalization is a process that involves the interaction of several nations on an economic, political, and cultural
level, this is unavoidable.

References:

How Does Globalization Affect Politics?, https://www.reference.com/world-view/globalization-affect-politics-

b82ec66230669d33. Accessed 18 January 2023.

Kuepper, Justin. “Effects of Globalization.” The Balance, 18 September 2022,

https://www.thebalancemoney.com/globalization-and-its-impact-on-economic-growth-1978843. Accessed 18

January 2023.

“What are the competing conceptions of globalization?” eNotes.com,

https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-are-the-competing-conceptions-of-1865797. Accessed 18 January

2023.

“What Is Marketing Globalization? (With Benefits and Strategies).” Indeed, 29 September 2022,

https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/what-is-marketing-globalization.