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Earthand Life Sci 12 Q2 mod9 introduction to lifescience v4

Stem pre-engineering and pre-architecture (Ateneo de Davao University)

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Senior High School

Earth and Life Science

Quarter 2 – Module 9
Introduction to Life Science

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Earth and Life Science

Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2-Module 9
First Edition, 2020

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Senior
Senior High
High School
School

Earth and Life

Science
Quarter 2 – Module 9
Introduction to Life Science

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed

by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and or/universities. We
encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback,
comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at action@
deped.gov.ph.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

FAIR USE AND CONTENT DISCLAIMER: This SLM (Self Learning Module) is for educational purposes only.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in
these modules are owned by their respective copyright holders. The publisher and authors do not represent nor
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Table of Contents

What This Module is About ................................................................................................ i

What I Need to Know .......................................................................................................... i
How to Learn from this Module ........................................................................................ i
Icons of this Module ........................................................................................................... ii

What I Know ....................................................................................................................... iii

Lesson 1:
Introduction to Life Science
What I Need to Know ....................................................................... 1
What’s New: Learning Activity 1: My Own Origin of Life ................... 1
What Is It.......................................................................................... 2
What’s More: Learning Activity 2: Reading Comprehension Chart ... 3
What is It .......................................................................................... 5
What’s More: Learning Activity 3: It’s Riddle Time! …. ..................... 7
What Have I Learned: Learning Activity 4: Synthesizing
your Learning ................................................................................... 9
What Can I Do: Learning Activity 5: Hygienic High Five ................... 9

Summary…………………………………………………………………………………. 10

Assessment (Post Test) ………………………………………………………………….11

Key to Answer…………………………………………………………………………… 13

References………………………………………………………………………………. 13

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What This Module is About

We live in a vast universe that we have only begun to explore. So far, we only
know that the only planet that has life is Earth. Furthermore, biochemical, genetic, and
metabolic similarities among the Earth’s species imply that all evolved from a common
ancestor that lived billion years ago. There are many things that confuse the people
like what properties of the ancient Earth allowed life to arise, survive, and diversify?
And could these possibly occur in the other planets?

This module will introduce the evidences of the past which will include the
people who worked on theories and made some discoveries out of their works and
studies. This is aimed at introducing the historical development of the concept of life
and the origin of the first life forms with. This chapter will also allow you to value life
by taking good care of all beings, humans, plant, and animals.

You will be guided with symbols (icons) used as you go about in the completion
of this module. Lastly, this module contains varied activities that can help you as a
Senior High School student to be critical thinker. Your responsibility as preserver and
human being who is concerned with the environment will be inculcated too.

The lessons contained in this module:

1. The Origin and Early Forms of Life

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:
explain the evolving concept of life based on emerging pieces of
evidence (S11/12LT-IIa-1).

How to Learn from this Module

To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises
diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

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ii

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What I Know
Pretest
Directions: Read the questions and choose the letter of the correct
answer. Write your answer on separate sheet of paper.

1. What CAN all living organisms do?

A. Use their senses to their environment
B. Use energy to work
C. Grow and change
D. All the above

2. Science is basically based on what?

A. Beliefs B. Consensus C. Evidences D. Opinion

3. What is a theory?
A. An experimental procedure of many observations, facts, and results
B. A testable hypothesis or prediction that is potentially falsifiable
C. A belief shared with many scientists agreeing on the topic
D. An observation on something in the natural world

4. Which of the follow is NOT a possibility of how life started?

A. Extraterrestrial Origin C. Special Creation
B. Homeostasis D. Spontaneous Origin

5. Which of the following theory which says that life-forms may have been put on
Earth by supernatural divine forces?
A. Extraterrestrial Origin C. Special Creation
B. Homeostasis D. Spontaneous Origin

6. What did Charles Darwin stated in the book “On the Origin of the Species”?
A. Extraterrestrial Origin C. Special Creation
B. Theory of Evolution D. Theory of Panspermia

7. Which of the following theory is at the core of most major religions?

A. Extraterrestrial Origin C. Special Creation
B. Theory of Evolution D. Theory of Panspermia

8. Which of the following defined as any process of formation or growth?

A. Evolution B. Homeostasis C. Origin D. Process

9. There is NO exact date of how life started.

A. False B. Maybe C. True D. Undetermined

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iii

10. Which of the following theory as a counterhypothesis to spontaneous

generation?
A. Biogenesis Theory C. Special Creation
B. Evolution Theory D. Theory of Panspermia

11. What are general early forms of life?

A. cyanobacteria B. microfossils C. microorganisms D. stromatolites

12. What do you call to the remnants of life embedded and trapped on the rocks?
A. cyanobacteria B. microfossils C. microorganisms D. stromatolites

13. What do you call to the cell structures that break down food to produce energy?
A. Chloroplasts
B. Mitochondria
C. Ribosomes
D. Vacuoles

14. Which of the following organelle works as the brain of the cell?
A. Lysosomes
B. Mitochondria
C. Nucleolus
D. Nucleus

15. Which of the following organelles NOT found in the animal cells?
A. Cell membrane
B. Cell wall
C. Mitochondria
D. Ribosomes

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iv

The Origin and Early Forms

Lesson of Life
1
What I Need to Know

How do we define life? We simply describe life as easy as it is recognized to be

but often much harder to define it. The existence of life on Earth was about billions
of years as Scientists believed, though, there is no exact date when life begin on Earth.
Nevertheless, using some pieces of evidence, they can trace how life developed and
evolved. Several attempts have been made from time to time to explain the origin of
the life on Earth and how life really began. As a result, people have come up with
different theories providing their own explanation on the possible mechanism on the
origin of life. These theories can be tested to find out the feasibility of the existence.

This chapter is your introduction to a slice through time. We begin with the
Origin of Life and move to Early Forms of Life in which some emerging evidences that
lead to chemical origins and the evolution of traits present in modern eukaryotes. The
possibilities of how life started are presented to understand the existence of various
early forms of life on Earth. But before going further, try to answer the Activity 1 as
required in the next icon of this lesson.

What’s New

Learning Activity 1: My Own Origin of Life

Make a simple diagram or sketch on how life formed on Earth. Write a short
explanation of your drawing on a separate piece of paper. Simplified criteria are given
below to serve as basis of your output:
Neatness- 5 points
Creativity- 10 points
Relevance -10 points
Total = 25 points

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What Is It

The Origin of Life

There were many theories inferred by different scientists on the origin of life. These
theories may have or may have not scientific basis. Few of these are the Theory of
Special Creation, Theory of Panspermia or the Extraterrestrial Origin, Theory of
Spontaneous Generation, Theory of Evolution, Theory of Biogenesis, Deep Sea
Hydrothermal Vent Theory, and Theory of Biochemical Evolution.

The theory of special creation is at the core of most major religions that life created
by supernatural divine forces. This theory accounts that God created life as written in
the bible. Another possibility proposes that cosmic dust may have carried significant
amounts of complex organic molecules to Earth. Nor is life on other planets ruled out
as according to the theory of panspermia or the extraterrestrial. Meanwhile, the theory
of spontaneous generation says that life may have evolved from inanimate matter
associated to molecules and became complex. The complexity of the molecules
culminated in the evolution of cells. Since forth, the time of Charles Darwin came, and
the theory of evolution has been through more scrutiny for investigation just like the
other scientific claim.

Evolution is defined as any process of formation, growth, or development. Charles

Darwin published a book on evolution in 1859 titled “On the Origin of Species” which
mentioned about natural selection. He also presented great deal of evidences that
evolution occurs. The following are the main pieces of evidence supporting evolution:
1. Species share similarities as sign of their common ancestry,
example: diverse insects have 6 legs.
2. There are progressions of species changing over time, example: wild
mustard associated with other vegetables like broccoli, cabbage, and
cauliflower.
3. Traits shown by species with remnants of past generation, example:
manatees (Trichechus manatus) are closely related to elephants as
shown by fingernails on the flippers and hair on the body.

The theory of biogenesis says that living things come from other living things. This
theory was developed by Rudolf Virchow in 1858 as counterhypothesis to
spontaneous generation. Whereas, the deep-sea hydrothermal vent theory proposed
by Alexander Oparin and John Haldane, mentioned the primordial soup theory. Life
started in a primordial soup of organic molecules. Some form of energy from lightning
combined with the chemicals in the atmosphere to make the amino acids (the building
block of proteins. Finally, the theory of biochemical evolution proposed that at the
molecular level in organisms had changed over a period. These changes caused
deletions, additions, or substitutions of single nucleotides thus the genomes
duplicated.

Now, proceed to the next icon, perform activity 2. Let us check if you really
understand how life started.

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What’s More

Learning Activity 2: Reading Comprehension Chart

Directions: Below is a reading comprehension chart. Answer the guide

questions as stated on each circle. Write your answer on separate sheet
of paper and follow the designed chart. Rubric is provided for giving you
points.

What are
you
reading?
(1)

Where are
Why are you
you
reading?
reading?
(3)
(2)
Reading
Comprehension
Chart

What do you
Do you like
understand
what you
from this
are reading?
reading?
(4)
(5)

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3
Rubric: Reading Comprehension Chart

SKILL Advanced Proficient Basic Below Basic

4 3 2 1
Apply Analyzes how Applies Recognizes Disregards or
understanding informational understanding basic does not
of text features of how knowledge of understand
informational contribute to informational informational informational
text features the reader’s text features text features text features
understanding contribute to but does not
of the text understanding to aid
understanding

Make Makes Readily makes Makes Needs

Connections elaborate and text-to-self, personal opportunity to
valid text-to- text-to-text, connections hear others
self, text-to- and/or text-to- to text when share
text, and text- world prompted personal
to-world connections connections
connections before
independently attempting
to state own
Determine Distinguishes Distinguishes Distinguishes Lacks ability
Importance important important ideas important to distinguish
ideas from from details ideas from important
details details ideas from
consistently inconsistently unimportant
details
Evaluate Makes a Makes and Makes a Demonstrates
reasoning and solid, defends judgment uncertainty
ideas and defensible judgment about about the and/or
concepts judgment the reasoning reasoning confusion
related to text about the and/or main and/or ideas when asked to
reasoning ideas in text in text make a
and/or main judgment
ideas related about ideas in
to the text text
Extend Makes Applies Applies Struggles to
information consistent information in information in apply or
beyond text and accurate text to own life text to own misapplies
applications or world life or world information in
of information when text to own life
in own life prompted or world
and world
Adapted/Modified Rubric: Source: Reading Rubrics. (n.d.). IIS Windows Server.
https://docushare.everett.k12.wa.us

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4
What Is It

Early Forms of Life

The divergence that separated the two prokaryotic domains, Bacteria and
Archaea, occurred very rarely in the history of life, and no fossils from before this
divergence have been discovered.

It has been studied that the first form of life is believed to have appeared 3.5
billion years ago. Paleontologists are the scientists who study fossils found
microscopic living cells known as microfossils in rocks that formed 3.5 billion years
ago after Earth cooled and solidified using radioisotope dating (which uses radioactive
materials such as the radioactive components of potassium-argon). The microfossils’
filaments found in Western Australia resemble chains of modern photosynthetic
bacteria and the rocks in which they occur are thought to be remains of ancient
stromatolites which are mounded, layered structure that forms in shallow sunlit water
when a mat of photosynthetic bacteria traps minerals and sediment. These
stromatolites increase in size over time as new layers form over the old. These
organisms have been so abundant 1.25 billion years ago and were common
worldwide.

Figure 1. Example of microfossils of Sulphur-metabolizing

cells in 3.4-billion-year-old rocks of Western Australia

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Many types of bacteria carry out photosynthesis, but only one group,
cyanobacteria, do so by an oxygen-producing pathway. The microfossils of
cyanobacteria were among the easiest to recognize. The forms of these organisms
were remained the same and left chemical fossils in the form of broken products from
pigments. The first microfossil that showed remains of organisms with differences in
structure and characteristics was seen 1.5 billion years ago on the rocks. They are
bigger compared to bacteria and have internal membranes and thicker wall. These
findings marked the beginning of eukaryotic organisms on Earth. The evolution of
oxygen-producing photosynthesis in cyanobacteria had started on early life. About 2.5
billion years ago, oxygen released by these bacteria had begun to accumulate in
Earth’s air and creating a new, global selection pressure. Other species considered
oxygen as toxic thus evolved gradually in its absence.

How did multicellular organisms evolve?

Multicellular organisms are believed to have evolved from unicellular

eukaryotes and until now it is the concept that we believe. Some single eukaryotic
cells, like unicellular algae, formed multicellular aggregates through association with
another cell producing colonies. From colonial aggregates, the organisms evolved in
order to form multicellular organisms through cell specialization. Organisms like
protozoans, sponges, and fungi came to be being. The first fossilized animals which
were discovered 580 million years ago were soft-bodied. The continuous process of
cell specialization brought the emergence of complex and diverse plants and animals,
including human beings. Charles Darwin said that organisms change over time as a
result of adaptation to their environment in order to survive.

Rise of the Eukaryotes

Nucleus is not often preserved during fossilization, but other traits provide
evidence that a fossilized cell was eukaryotic. These eukaryotic cells are generally
larger than the prokaryotic cells. A cell wall with complex patterns, spines, or spikes
probably belonged to eukaryote. Researchers and scientists also look for biomarkers
(substance that occurs only or predominantly in cells of a specific type) for each
eukaryote just like the steroids found present only to eukaryotes.

Difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell
‘pro’= pre, ‘karyon’=nucleus ‘eu’ = true , ‘karyon’= nucleus
Originated about 3.5 billion years ago Originated about 1.2 billion years ago
Primitive forms Advanced
Unicellular Multicellular
Developing nucleus True nucleus present
Small in size Larger in Size
Non-bounded membrane Membrane-bounded

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Fig. 2. A diagram of a Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cell.

Eukaryotic Organelles and Description

Other Organelles Description
▪ Ribosomes - Makes protein
▪ Golgi - Makes and does the packaging and processing of
Apparatus proteins
▪ Lysosomes - It contains enzymes to help break the food down
▪ Endoplasmic - Transports items around the cell
Reticulum
▪ Vacuole - For water or food storage
▪ Chloroplasts - Present in plants only; uses sunlight to make food
through photosynthesis
▪ Cell wall - Rigid; supports the cell
What’s More
Learning Activity 3: It’s Riddle Time!
Find the secret message by answering the 18 guide questions
below. Choose your answer from the table (cell’s organelles with corresponding letter).
Write only the corresponding letter to each box below (with corresponding number) to
answer the riddle: Did you hear the one about a chemist who was reading a book
about helium?
Nucleus Cell Lysosomes Chloroplast Endoplasmic Ribosomes Mitochondria
Membrane Reticulum
P C D L N U O
Vacuole Animal Chromosomes Cytoplasm Golgi Nucleolus Cell Wall
Cell Apparatus
U T T H I E T
Unicellular Eukaryotic Prokaryotic Multicellular
D W N O

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Guide Questions:
1) It is a jelly-like fluid structure inside the cell that provides an area of movement
for all dissolved molecules that keep the cell working.
2) A structure found in the nucleus that helps produce ribosomes.
3) It is a thin layer around the cell but not a rigid one. It has openings to allow
transportation and exchange of materials.
4) When a cell needs energy, it brings in nutrients and break it down and supply
energy to the cell.
5) Cell storage
6) It helps produce food for plants and absorbs light energy from the sun and use
it to convert C02 and H20 into sugar and oxygen.
7) It is the digestive system in an animal cell because it contains enzymes that
break down wastes and other materials.
8) These build proteins in the cell and can be found in several places in the cells
which includes in the cytosol and on the endoplasmic reticulum.
9) They do the DNA synthesis and direct the genetic information of the cell. These
are made of DNA and found in the nucleus and usually in pairs.
10) Brain of the cell.
11) An organelle that serves as the transport system.
12) It is only found in the plant cells that support the plat which is also made of
specialized sugar called cellulose.
13) It gathers molecules and make them more complex. It also stores them or send
them into the cytosol or out of the cell. This organelle also processes the
proteins produced by the endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes.
14) It does not contain cell wall.
15) An organism made up of one cell.
16) Organism composed of many cells
17) An organism that lacks nucleus
18) An organism with true nucleus.
Answer:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 17 12

10 8 14 13 9

15 16 18 11

Message: _______________________________________________________

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What I Have Learned

Learning Activity 4: Synthesizing your Learning.
Directions: Answer the following questions. Be brief and concise. Write
your answer on separate sheet of paper.

1. Why do we need to study the beginning of life? Give at least five (5) reasons.

2. Based on what you learned on the beginning of life forms until how life began,
which among the topics struck you most? Explain by giving your self-realizations.

What I Can Do
Learning Activity 5: Hygienic High Five

Directions:
1. Draw your hand (high five) in a long bond paper.
2. Fill in each finger with hygienic practices to keep yourself safe from the
so-called pandemic, the COVID 19.
3. Write a slogan at the center of your hand as your way to fight against the
pandemic.
4. Simplified rubric is provided below:
Content/ Practices- 10 points
Relevance/ Message -10 points
Total = 20 points

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Summary

• The existence of life on Earth was about billions of years as Scientists

believed and no exact date when life begin on Earth.

• Some emerging pieces of evidence used to trace how life developed and
evolved through the possibilities or theories proposed by scientists, such
as: Theories and possibilities Theory of Special Creation, Theory of
Panspermia or the Extraterrestrial Origin, Theory of Spontaneous Generation,
Theory of Evolution, Theory of Biogenesis, Deep Sea Hydrothermal Vent
Theory, and Theory of Biochemical Evolution.

• Theory of Special Creation is the core of major religions in which life forms
were created through a divine force.

• Theory of Panspermia/Extraterrestrial Origin proposed that life may not

have originated on Earth at all, but because of cosmic dust slammed on Earth
and formed complex of organic molecules.

• Theory of Spontaneous Generation states that life evolved from molecules

which then more complex associations were formed due to their stability.

• Theory of Evolution is most associated with Charles Darwin whom published

a book about the diversity of life due to natural selection.

• Theory of Biogenesis tells that living things originated from other living things
and was developed by Rudolf Virchow in 1858.

• Deep Sea Hydrothermal Vent Theory were proposed by Alexander Oparin

and John Haldane whom tells that organic molecules were once the primal
source of life in which energy from lightning combined with the chemicals in the
atmosphere to make the building block of proteins.

• Theory of Biochemical Evolution mentioned that organisms’ molecular level

had changed over a period due to deletions, additions, or substitutions of single
nucleotides thus the genomes duplicated.

• Early forms of life were microscopic.

• Prokaryotic cells are primitive, unicellular, small in size, and non- bounded
membrane. Whereas, eukaryotic cells are advanced, multicellular, true
nucleus present, larger in Size, and membrane-bounded.

• Eukaryotic cells have organelles with specific functions to keep the life of
every organism.

10

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Assessment (Post -Test)

Directions: Read the questions carefully. Choose the letter which

corresponds to the correct answer. Use separate answer sheet for this
assessment.

1. Which of the following theory states that life was created by God as a source
of supernatural forces?
A. Evolution theory C. Special Creation
B. Extraterrestrial Origin D. Spontaneous Origin

2. Which of the following theory states that life may be infected Earth from some
other planet?
A. Evolution theory C. Special Creation
B. Extraterrestrial Origin D. Spontaneous Origin

3. Who published a book titled “On the Origin of Species” in 1859?

A. Aristotle
B. Charles Darwin
C. Rudolf Virchow
D. Not mentioned in the lesson

4. Which of the following statement is NOT evidence supporting evolution?

A. Similarities and common traits from their ancestry shared by species.
B. Species with the same environment have the same scientific names.
C. There remnants of past generation’s traits of the species.
D. Species progressed and changed over time.

5. Which of the following evolution resulted to the increase in the levels of

atmospheric oxygen?
A. aerobic respiration C. photosynthesis that releases oxygen
B. DNA-based genomes D. sexual reproduction

6. Who study fossils found in microscopic living cells?

A. explorer C. microbiologist
B. geneticists D. paleontologist

7. Which of the following is NOT the characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

A. Developing nucleus C. Non-bounded membrane
B. Multicellular D. Unicellular

11

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8. What is the function of ribosomes?

A. Make proteins C. Provide rigidity of the wall
B. Powerhouse of the cell D. Transport system

9. A stromatolite is a structure ____________.

A. produced by endosymbiosis
B. that formed only on the early Earth
C. consisting of layered bacteria and sediment
D. that expels hot water from deep in the Earth

10. What is the purpose of biomarkers?

A. To provide evidence
B. To study the fossilized form
C. To explain the early forms of life
D. All the above

11. Which of the following are said to be evolutions of wild mustard?

A. Broccoli
B. Cabbage
C. Cauliflower
D. All the choices

12. Which of the following evidence share SIMILARITIES of traits from its
ancestry?
A. Insects with 6 legs C. wild mustard
B. Flattened foot of the elephant D. All the above

13. What do you call to the structure having MOST organized structure of life?
A. Biologically structured C. Unicellular organism
B. Multicellular organism D. None of the above

14. Who were the proponents of the primordial soup related theory?
A. Alexander Oparin and John Haldane
B. Alexander Oparin and Rudolf Virchow
C. Aristotle and Charles Darwin
D. Not mentioned in the lesson

15. Who was the author of the biogenesis theory?

A. Aristotle
B. Alexander Oparin
C. John Haldane
D. Rudolf Virchow

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Key to Answer

15. D
15. B 14. A
14. D 13. B
13. B 12. A
12. D 11. D
11. C 10. D
10. A 9. C
9. C 8. A
8. A 7. B
7. C 6. C
6. B 5. C
5. C 4. B
4. B 3. B
3. B 2. B
2. C 1. C
1. D Post Test/ Assessment
Pre-Test

REFERENCES

Biology.iupui.edu. n.d. Practice Exam 1. [online] Available at:

<https://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/CL4preexamanswer2k4.html>
[Accessed 24 June 2020].

Canoy, Warlito. 2016. "Lesson 4.1 The Evolving Concept Of Life |

Facebook". Web.Facebook.Com. https://web.facebook.com/notes/earth-and-life-
science/lesson-41-the-evolving-concept-of-life/1831983763704938/?_rdc=1&_rdr.

Choi, C. Q. (2016, March 24). 7 theories on the origin of life.

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