Department of Computer Science

Basic Computer Terminology Access time - The performance of a hard drive or other storage device - how long it takes to locate a file. Active program or window - The application or window at the front (foreground) on the monitor. Alert (alert box) - a message that appears on screen, usually to tell you something went wrong. Alias - an icon that points to a file, folder or application (System 7). Apple menu - on the left side of the screen header. System 6 = desk accessories System 7 = up to 50 items. Application - a program in which you do your work. Application menu - on the right side of the screen header. Lists running applications. ASCII (pronounced ask-key ) - American Standard Code for Information Interchange. a commonly used data format for exchanging information between computers or programs. Background - part of the multitasking capability. A program can run and perform tasks in the background while another program is being used in the foreground. Bit - the smallest piece of information used by the computer. Derived from "binary digit". In computer language, either a one (1) or a zero (0). backup - a copy of a file or disk you make for archiving purposes. boot - to start up a computer. bug - a programming error that causes a program to behave in an unexpected way. bus - an electronic pathway through which data is transmitted between components in a computer. byte - a piece of computer information made up of eight bits. card - a printed circuit board that adds some feature to a computer. cartridge drive - a storage device, like a hard drive, in which the medium is a cartridge that can be removed. CD-ROM - an acronym for Compact Disc Read-Only Memory. Chooser - A desk accessory used to select a printer, or other external device, or to log onto a network. Clipboard - A portion of memory where the Mac temporarily stores information. Called a Copy Buffer in many PC applications because it is used to hold information which is to be moved, as in word processing where text is "cut" and then "pasted". Clock Rate (MHz) - The instruction processing speed of a computer measured in millions of cycles per second (i.e., 200 MHz). command - the act of giving an instruction to your Mac either by menu choice or keystroke. command (apple) key - a modifier key, the Command key used in conjunction with another keystroke to active some function on the Mac. compiler - a program the converts programming code into a form that can be used by a computer. compression - a technique that reduces the size of a saved file by elimination or encoding redundancies (i.e., JPEG, MPEG, LZW, etc.) control key - seldom used modifier key on the Mac. control panel - a program that allows you to change settings in a program or change the way a Mac looks and/or behaves. CPU - the Central Processing Unit. The processing chip that is the "brains" of a computer. crash - a system malfunction in which the computer stops working and has to be restarted. cursor - The pointer, usually arrow or cross shaped, which is controlled by the mouse. daisy chaining - the act of stringing devices together in a series (such as SCSI). database an electronic list of information that can be sorted and/or searched. data - (the plural of datum) information processed by a computer. defragment - (also - optimize) to concatenate fragments of data into contiguous blocks in memory or on a hard drive. desktop - 1. the finder. 2. the shaded or colored backdrop of the screen. desktop file - an invisible file in which the Finder stores a database of information about files and icons. dialog box - an on-screen message box that appears when the Mac requires additional information before completing a command.

Department of Computer Science

digitize - to convert linear, or analog, data into digital data which can be used by the computer. disk - a spinning platter made of magnetic or optically etched material on which data can be stored. disk drive - the machinery that writes the data from a disk and/or writes data to a disk. disk window - the window that displays the contents or directory of a disk. document - a file you create, as opposed to the application which created it. DOS - acronym for Disk Operating System - used in IBM PCs. DPI - acronym for Dots Per Inch - a gauge of visual clarity on the printed page or on the computer screen. Download - to transfer data from one computer to another. (If you are on the receiving end, you are downloading. If you are on the sending end, you are uploading). drag - to move the mouse while its button is being depressed. drag and drop - a feature on the Mac which allows one to drag the icon for a document on top of the icon for an application, thereby launching the application and opening the document. driver - a file on a computer which tells it how to communicate with an add-on piece of equipment (like a printer). Ethernet a protocol for fast communication and file transfer across a network. expansion slot - a connector inside the computer which allows one to plug in a printed circuit board that provides new or enhanced features. extension - a startup program that runs when you start the Mac and then enhances its function. fibre channel - as applied to data storage and network topology - link to FC Glossary. file - the generic word for an application, document, control panel or other computer data. finder - The cornerstone or home-base application in the Mac environment. The finder regulates the file management functions of the Mac (copying, renaming, deleting...) floppy - a 3.5 inch square rigid disk which holds data. (so named for the earlier 5.25 and 8 inch disks that were flexible). folder - an electronic subdirectory which contains files. font - a typeface that contains the characters of an alphabet or some other letterforms. footprint - The surface area of a desk or table which is occupied by a piece of equipment. fragmentation - The breaking up of a file into many separate locations in memory or on a disk. freeze - a system error which causes the cursor to lock in place. get info - a Finder File menu command that presents an information window for a selected file icon. gig - a gigabyte = 1024 megabytes. hard drive - a large capacity storage device made of multiple disks housed in a rigid case. head crash - a hard disk crash caused by the heads coming in contact with the spinning disk(s). high density disk - a 1.4 MB floppy disk. highlight - to select by clicking once on an icon or by highlighting text in a document. icon - a graphic symbol for an application, file or folder. initialize - to format a disk for use in the computer; creates a new directory and arranges the tracks for the recording of data. insertion point - in word processing, the short flashing marker which indicates where your next typing will begin. installer - software used to install a program on your hard drive. interrupt button - a tool used by programmers to enter the debugging mode. The button is usually next to the reset button. K - short for kilobyte. keyboard shortcut - a combination of keystrokes that performs some function otherwise found in a pulldown menu. kilobyte - 1024 bytes. landscape - in printing from a computer, to print sideways on the page. launch - start an application. Measurements (summary) *a bit = one binary digit (1 or 0) *"bit" is derived from the contraction b'it (binary digit) -> 8 bits = one byte *1024 bytes = one kilobyte *K = kilobyte *Kb = kilobit *MB = megabyte

Department of Computer Science

*Mb = megabit *MB/s = megabytes per second *Mb/s = megabits per second *bps = bits per second i.e., 155 Mb/s = 19.38 MB/s MB - short for megabyte. megabyte - 1024 kilobytes. memory - the temporary holding area where data is stored while it is being used or changed; the amount of RAM a computer has installed. menu - a list of program commands listed by topic. menu bar - the horizontal bar across the top of the Macs screen that lists the menus. multi finder - a component of System 6 that allows the Mac to multi task. multi tasking - running more than one application in memory at the same time. nanosecond - one billionth of a second. ( or, the time between the theatrical release of a Dudley Moore film and the moment it begins to play on airplanes). native mode - using the computers original operating system; most commonly used when talking about the PowerPC can run software written for either the 80x0 systems, or the PowerPCs RISC code. NuBus - expansion slots on the Mac which accept intelligent, self-configuring boards. NuBus is a different bus achitecture than the newer PCI bus and the boards are not interchangable. operating system - the system software that controls the computer. optical disk - a high-capacity storage medium that is read by a laser light. palette - a small floating window that contains tools used in a given application. partition - a subdivision of a hard drives surface that is defined and used as a separate drive. paste - to insert text, or other material, from the clipboard or copy buffer. PC - acronym for personal computer, commonly used to refer to an IBM or IBM clone computer which uses DOS. PCI - acronym for Peripheral Component Interchange - the newer, faster bus achitecture. peripheral - an add-on component to your computer. point - (1/72") 12 points = one pica in printing. pop-up menu - any menu that does not appear at the top of the screen in the menu bar. (may pop up or down) port - a connection socket, or jack on the Mac. Power PC - a processing chip designed by Apple, IBM and Motorola (RISC based). Power Mac - a family of Macs built around the PowerPC chip. print spooler - a program that stores documents to be printed on the hard drive, thereby freeing the memory up and allowing other functions to be performed while printing goes on in the background. QuickTime - the Apple system extension that gives one the ability to compress, edit and play animation, movies and sound on the Mac. RAM - acronym for Random-Access Memory. reset switch - a switch on the Mac that restarts the computer in the event of a crash or freeze. resize box - the small square at the lower right corner of a window which, when dragged, resizes the window. RISC - acronym for Reduced Instruction Set Computing; the smaller set of commands used by the PowerPC and Power Mac. ROM - acronym for Read Only Memory; memory that can only be read from and not written to. root directory - the main hard drive window. save - to write a file onto a disk. save as - (a File menu item) to save a previously saved file in a new location and/or with a new name. scroll - to shift the contents of a window to bring hidden items into view. scroll bar - a bar at the bottom or right side of a window that contains the scroll box and allows scrolling. scroll box - the box in a scroll bar that is used to navigate through a window. SCSI - acronym for Small Computer System Interface. SCSI address - a number between zero and seven that must be unique to each device in a SCSI chain. Fast and Wide SCSI devices will allow up to 15 SCSI Ids (hexidecimal); however, the length restriction (3 meters) is such that it is virtually impossible to link 15 devices together. SCSI port - a 25 pin connector on the back of a Mac (native SCSI port); used to

Department of Computer Science

connect SCSI devices to the CPU. Some SCSI cards (like the ATTO) have a 68 pin connector. SCSI terminator - a device placed at the end of a SCSI chain to complete the circuit. (some SCSI devices are selfterminating, or have active termination and do not require this plug). serial port - a port that allows data to be transmitted in a series (one after the other), such as the printer and modem ports on a Mac. server - a central computer dedicated to sending and receiving data from other computers (on a network). shut down - the command from the Special menu that shuts down the Mac safely. software - files on disk that contain instructions for a computer. spreadsheet - a program designed to look like an electronic ledger. start up disk - the disk containing system software and is designated to be used to start the computer. surge suppressor - a power strip that has circuits designed to reduce the effects of surge in electrical power. (not the same as a UPS) System file - a file in the System folder that allows your Mac to start and run. System folder - an all-important folder that contains at least the System file and the Finder. 32 bit addressing - a feature that allows the Mac to recognize and use more than 8MB of memory. title bar - the horizontal bar at the top of a window which has the name of the file or folder it represents. upload - to send a file from one computer to another through a network. Uninterruptible Power Source (UPS)- a constantly charging battery pack which powers the computer. A UPS should have enough charge to power your computer for several minutes in the event of a total power failure, giving you time to save your work and safely shut down. UPS - acronym for Uninterruptible Power Source. vaporware - "software" advertised, and sometimes sold, that does not yet exist in a releasable for. virtual memory - using part of your hard drive as though it were "RAM". WORM - acronym for Write Once-Read Many; an optical disk that can only be written to once (like a CD-ROM). zoom box - a small square in the upper right corner of a window which, when clicked, will expand the window to fill the whole screen. BASIC SHORTCUT KEYS Alt + F File menu options in current program Alt + E Edit options in current program F1 Universal help (for all programs) Ctrl + A Select all text Ctrl + X Cut selected item Shift + Del Cut selected item Ctrl + C Copy selected item Ctrl + Ins Copy selected item Ctrl + V Paste Shift + Ins Paste Home Go to beginning of current line Ctrl + Home Go to beginning of document End Go to end of current line Ctrl + End Go to end of document Shift + Home Highlight from current position to beginning of line Shift + End Highlight from current position to end of line Ctrl + f Move one word to the left at a time Ctrl + g Move one word to the right at a time MICROSOFT WINDOWS SHORTCUT KEYS Alt + Tab Switch between open applications Alt + Shift + Tab Switch backwards between open applications Alt + Print Screen Create screen shot for current program Ctrl + Alt + Del Reboot/Windows task manager Ctrl + Esc Bring up start menu Alt + Esc Switch between applications on taskbar F2 Rename selected icon F3 Start find from desktop F4 Open the drive selection when browsing F5 Refresh contents Alt + F4 Close current open program Ctrl + F4 Close window in program Ctrl + Plus Key Automatically adjust widths of all columns in Windows Explorer Alt + Enter Open properties window of

Department of Computer Science

selected icon or program Shift + F10 Simulate right-click on selected item Shift + Del Delete programs/files permanently Holding Shift During Bootup Boot safe mode or bypass system files Holding Shift During Bootup When putting in an audio CD, will prevent CD Player from playing WINKEY SHORTCUTS WINKEY + D Bring desktop to the top of other windows WINKEY + M Minimize all windows WINKEY + SHIFT + M Undo the minimize done by WINKEY + M and WINKEY + D WINKEY + E Open Microsoft Explorer WINKEY + Tab Cycle through open programs on taskbar WINKEY + F Display the Windows Search/Find feature WINKEY + CTRL + F Display the search for computers window WINKEY + F1 Display the Microsoft Windows help WINKEY + R Open the run window WINKEY + Pause /Break Open the system properties window WINKEY + U Open utility manager WINKEY + L Lock the computer (Windows XP & later) OUTLOOK SHORTCUT KEYS Alt + S Send the email Ctrl + C Copy selected text Ctrl + X Cut selected text Ctrl + P Open print dialog box Ctrl + K Complete name/email typed in address bar Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection Ctrl + I Italicize highlighted selection Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection Ctrl + R Reply to an email Ctrl + F Forward an email Ctrl + N Create a new email Ctrl + Shift + A Create a new appointment to your calendar Ctrl + Shift + O Open the outbox Ctrl + Shift + I Open the inbox Ctrl + Shift + K Add a new task Ctrl + Shift + C Create a new contact Ctrl + Shift+ J Create a new journal entry WORD SHORTCUT KEYS Ctrl + A Select all contents of the page Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection Ctrl + C Copy selected text Ctrl + X Cut selected text Ctrl + N Open new/blank document Ctrl + O Open options Ctrl + P Open the print window Ctrl + F Open find box Ctrl + I Italicize highlighted selection Ctrl + K Insert link Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection Ctrl + V Paste Ctrl + Y Redo the last action performed Ctrl + Z Undo last action Ctrl + G Find and replace options Ctrl + H Find and replace options Ctrl + J Justify paragraph alignment Ctrl + L Align selected text or line to the left Ctrl + Q Align selected paragraph to the left Ctrl + E Align selected text or line to the center Ctrl + R Align selected text or line to the right Ctrl + M Indent the paragraph Ctrl + T Hanging indent Ctrl + D Font options Ctrl + Shift + F Change the font Ctrl + Shift + > Increase selected font +1 Ctrl + ] Increase selected font +1 Ctrl + Shift + < Decrease selected font -1 Ctrl + [ Decrease selected font -1 Ctrl + Shift + * View or hide non printing characters Ctrl + f Move one word to the left Ctrl + g Move one word to the right Ctrl + h Move to beginning of the line or paragraph Ctrl + i Move to the end of the paragraph Ctrl + Del Delete word to right of cursor Ctrl + Backspace Delete word to left of cursor Ctrl + End Move cursor to end of document Ctrl + Home Move cursor to beginning of document Ctrl + Space Reset highlighted text to default font Ctrl + 1 Single-space lines Ctrl + 2 Double-space lines Ctrl + 5 1.5-line spacing Ctrl + Alt + 1 Change text to heading 1 Ctrl + Alt + 2 Change text to heading 2 Ctrl + Alt + 3 Change text to heading 3 F1 Open help Shift + F3 Change case of selected text Shift + Insert Paste F4 Repeat last action performed (Word

Department of Computer Science

2000+) F7 Spell check selected text and/or document Shift + F7 Activate the thesaurus F12 Save as Ctrl + S Save Shift + F12 Save Alt + Shift + D Insert the current date Alt + Shift + T Insert the current time Ctrl + W Close document EXCEL SHORTCUT KEYS F2 Edit the selected cell F5 Go to a specific cell F7 Spell check selected text and/or document F11 Create chart Ctrl + Shift + ; Enter the current time Ctrl + ; Enter the current date Alt + Shift + F1 Insert new worksheet Shift + F3 Open the Excel formula window Shift + F5 Bring up search box Ctrl + A Select all contents of worksheet Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection Ctrl + I Italicize highlighted selection Ctrl + C Copy selected text Ctrl + V Paste Ctrl + D Fill Ctrl + K Insert link Ctrl + F Open find and replace options Ctrl + G Open go-to options Ctrl + H Open find and replace options Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection Ctrl + Y Underline selected text Ctrl + 5 Strikethrough highlighted selection Ctrl + O Open options Ctrl + N Open new document Ctrl + P Open print dialog box Ctrl + S Save Ctrl + Z Undo last action Ctrl + F9 Minimize current window Ctrl + F10 Maximize currently selected window Ctrl + F6 Switch between open workbooks/windows Ctrl + Page up & Page Down Move between Excel worksheets in the same document Ctrl + Tab Move between two or more open Excel files Alt + = Create formula to sum all of above cells Ctrl + Insert value of above cell into current cell Ctrl + Shift + ! Format number in comma format Ctrl + Shift + $ Format number in currency format Ctrl + Shift + # Format number in date format Ctrl + Shift + % Format number in percentage format Ctrl + Shift + ^ Format number in scientific format Ctrl + Shift + @ Format number in time format Ctrl + g Move to next section of text Ctrl + Space Select entire column Shift + Space Select entire row Ctrl + W Close document COMPUTER-RELATED ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS A A-D Analog to Digital AA Author's Alteration AA Auto Answer AAL5 ATM Adaption Layer 5 ABEND Abnormal End ABI Application Binary Interface ABR Available Bit Rate AC97 Audio Codec 97 ACB Access method Control Block ACDS Active Control Data Set ACE Asynchronous Communications Element ACF Advanced Communication Facility ACIA Asynchronous Communications Interface Adapter ACK Acknowledge ACS Asynchronous Connection Server ACS Automatic Class Selection ACSE Application Control Service Element ACT Application Control Table ACU Automatic Calling Unit ADC Analog Digital Converter ADDMD Administrative Directory Management Domain ADMD Administrative Management Domain ADO ActiveX Data Object ADSL Asymetric Digital Subscriber Line AEA Activity End Acknowledge AEI Application Entity Invocation AF Application Framework AFP Advanced Function Printing AGP Accellerated Graphics Port AGS Advanced Graphics System AI Artificial Intelligence AIU Application Interface Unit

Department of Computer Science

AIX Advanced Interactive eXecutive AIX Alternate IndeX ALGOL ALGOrithmic Language ALS Application Layer Structure ALS Automatic Line Switching ALT Application Load Table ALU Arithmetic and Logic Unit AM Access Method AMH Automated Material Handling AMI Alternate Mark Inversion AMIS Audio Messaging Interchange Specification AMR Audio Modem Riser AMS Access Method Services ANR Automatic Network Routing ANS Advanced Network Services ANSI American National Standards Institute AOCE Apple Open Collaboration Environment AOW Asian and Oceanic Workshop for open systems AP Access Point AP Automation Protocol APA All Points Addressable APDU Application Protocol Data Unit API Application Programming Interface APIA API Association APL A Programming Language APPC Advanced Program-to-Program Communication APPI Advanced Peer-to-Peer Internetwork(ing) APPN Advanced Peer-to-Peer Network(ing) APS Advanced Production System AR Attention Routine ARP Address Resolution Protocol ARPA Advanced Research Projects Agency ARPANET Advanced Research Projects Agency Network ARU Audio Response Unit AS Activity Start AS Autonomous System ASC Accredited Standards Committee ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange ASE Application Service Element ASIC Application-Specific Integrated Circuit ASN Abstract Syntax Notation ASN.1 Abstract Syntax Notation One ASO Application Service Object ASP Active Server Pages ASR Automatic Speech Recognition ASTs Asynchronous System Traps AT Advanced Technology ATM Adobe Type Manager ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM Automatic Teller Machine ATMP Ascend Tunnel Management Protocol ATSF Alert Transport Service Facility AU Access Unit AVR Automatic Volume Recognition AWG American Wire Gauge B B8ZS Binary Eight Zero Substitution BABT British Approvals Board for Telecommunications BAL Business Application Language BAM Basic Access Methods BAS Basic Activity Subset BASH Bourne-Again SHell BASIC Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruktion Code BBS Bulletin Board System BCC Block Check Character BCD Binary Coded Decimal BCF Bridge Control Facility BCPL Basic Combined Programming Language BCS Basic Catalog Structure BCS Basic Combined Subset BDAM Basic Direct Access Method BDR Basic Density Range BEL Bell BER Bit Error Rate BES Bursty Errored Seconds BG BackGround BHT Branch History Table BIOS Basic Input/Output System BIS Business Information System BISYNC Binary Synchronous Communication BIT Binary Digit BITNIC Bitnet Network Information Center BLOB Binary Large Object BMIC Bus Master Interface Controller BMP BitMaP BMS Basic Mapping Support BNN Boundary Network Node BOC Bell Operating Companies BOT Begin Of Tape BP Base Pointer BPAM Basic Partitioned Access Method BPI Bytes Per Inch BPS Bites Per Second BRA Basic Rate Access BRI Basic Rate Interface BS Backspace / British Standard

Department of Computer Science

BSA Basic Service Area BSAM Basic Sequential Access Method BSC Binary Synchronous Communication BSD Berkeley Software Distribution BSDS BootStrap Data Set BSI British Standards Institute BSS Basic Synchronous Subset BTAC Branch Target Address Cache BTAM Basic Teleprocessing Access Method BTA-ES Basic Teleprocessing Access Method - Extended Storage BYP Bypass C CA Collision Avoidance CA... Computer Aided ... CAA Computer Aided Architecture CAD Computer Aided Design CADD Computer Aided Design and Drafting CADIS Computer Aided Design Interactive System CAE Common Application Environment CAE Computer Assisted Education, Computer Aided Engineering = CAD + CAP + CAQ CAH Computer Aided Handling CAI Computer Aided Instruction = CIM + CAO CAISE Computer Aided Integrated Software Engineering CALS Computer Aided Acquisition and Logistic Support CAM Computer Aided Manufacturing / Content Adressable Memory CAMAC Computer Automated MeAsurement Control CAN Cancel CAO Computer Aided Office CAP Computer Aided Planning / Computer Aided Publishing CAPP Computer Aided Production Planning CAPPC Computer Aided Production Planning and Control CAPSC Computer Aided Production Scheduling and Control CAQ Computer Aided Quality Assurance CAR Computer Aided Roboting CAR Computer Assisted Radiology CAS Computer Aided Selling CASE Common Application Service Elements CASE Computer Aided SoftwareEngineering CAT Computer Aided Testing CATV CAble TeleVision CBDS Connectionless Broadband Data Service CBEMA Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers' Association CBR Constant Bit Rate CBT Computer Based Training CCD Charge-Coupled Device CCETT Centre Commun d'Etudes de Telediffusion et Telecommunications CCIR International Radio Consultative Committee CCITT Comite Consultatif International Telegraphique et Telephonique CCR Committment, Concurrency and Recovery CCS Common Communication Support CCTA Central Computer and Telecommunications Agency CCU Communication Control Unit CCW Channel Command Word CD Collision Detection CD Compact Disk CDB Command Descriptor Block CDC Century Date Change CDDA Compact Disk - Digital Audio CDDI Copper Data Distribution Interface CDE Common Desktop Environment CDG Compact Disk - Graphic CDI Compact Disk Interactive CDMA Code Division Multiple Access CDPD Cellular Digital Packet Data CDR Copy Density Range CDROM Compact Disk ROM CDTV Commodore Total Vision CDXA Copmact Disk eXtended Architecture CEC Commission of European Communities CEFIC Conseil Europen des Federations de l'Industrie Chimique CELP Code Excited Linear Prediction CEN Comit Europen de Normalisation CENELEC Comit Europen de Normalisation Electrotechnique CEO Comprehensive Electronic Office CEPT Conference Europenne des Administrations des Postes et des Telecommunications CERN Conseil Europen pour la Recherche Nuclaire

Department of Computer Science

CF Call Forwarding CF Carry Flag CF Control Function CFV Call For Votes CGA Colour Graphics Adapter CGI Common Gateway Interface CGI Computer Graphics Interface CGM Computer Graphics Metafile CHAP Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol CHL-I CHanneL Interface CHPID CHannel Path IDentifier CI Computer Interconnect CI Control Interval CIAM Computer Integrated and Automated Manufacturing CIB Computer Integrated Business CICS Customer Information Control System CID Configuration, Installation and Distribution CIF Cells In Frames CIF Common Intermediate Format CIF Computer Integrated Factory = CIO + CIM CIM Computer Input by Microfilm CIM Computer Integrated Manufacturing = PPS + CAE + CAM CIO Computer Integrated Office CIR Committed Information Rate CIS Card Information Structure CISC Complex (Complete) Instruction Set Computer CIT Computer Integrated Telephony CIV Conversation Verb Interface CKD Count Key Data CL Core Image Library CL Connectionless CLI Call Level Interface CLIM Compaq/Lotus/Intel/Microsoft CLNS Connectionless Network Service CM/2 Communication Manager / 2 CMC Communication Management Configuration CMEA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance CMIP Common Management Information Protocol CMIS Common Management Information Service CMOS Cellular Management Operation System CMOS Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor CMOT Common Management Information Protocol (CMOT) Over TCP/IP CMR Communications Resource Manager CMS Conversational Monitor System CMYK Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black CN Corporate Network CNC Computerized Numerical Control CNLP Connectionless Network Protocol CNM Communication Network Management CNMA Communication Network for Manufacturing Applications CNR Carrier-to-Noise-Ratio COBOL COmmon Business Oriented Language COCOM Coordinating Comittee on Multilateral Export Controls CODASYL COnference on DAta SYstems Languages Codec Coder/Decoder COFF Common Object File Format COM Common Object Model COM Computer Output on Microfilm COMAL COMmon Algorithmic Language COMREG Communication Region CONS Connection-Oriented Network Service CORBA Common Object Request Broker Architecture COS Corporation for Open Systems COSE Common Open Software Environment COSINE Cooperation for OSI Networking in Europe COSS Cross Operating System Service CP Control Program CP-SVR Control Point to Server CP/M Control Program/Monitor (for Microcomputer) CPE Customer Premises Equipment CPI Characters Per Inch CPI Common Programming Interface CPI Computer to PABX Interface CPIC Common Programming Interface for Communications CPL Current Privilege Level CPR Computerized Patient Record CPS Characters Per Second CPU Central Processing Unit CR Carriage Return CR Communication Region CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check CRJE Conversational Remote Job Entry CRS Computer Reservation System CRS Configuration Report Server CRT Cathode Ray Tube

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CS Communications Server CSA Common System Area CSC Cross System Consistency CSDN Circuit Switched Data Network CSECT Control Section CSI Consolidated Software Inventory CSLIP Compressed SLIP CSMA/CA Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection CSP Control Sequence Prefix CSP Cross System Product CSPDN Circuit Switched Public Data Network CSS Cascading Style Sheet CST Computer Supported Telephony CSU Channel Service Unit CSU/DSU Channel Service Unit / Data Service Unit CT Continuous Tone CT2T Continuous Tone To Tape CTC Channel To Channel CTC CICS To CICS CTS Clear To Send CTS Conformance Test System CTS-WAN Conformance Testing Services for WAN CU Control Unit CUA Common User Access CUT Control Unit Terminal CVOL Control VOLume CWS Coalition for Working Systems D D/A Digital/Analog DA Desk Accessory DAC Digital Analog Converter DAC Dual Attachment Concentrator DAI Distributed Artificial Intelligence DAM Direct Access Method DAP Directory Access Protocol DAP Document Application Profile DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DAS Dual Attachment Station DASD Direct Access Storage Device DAT Digital Audio Tape DAT Dynamic Address Translation DB Database DBCS Double Byte Character Set DBMS DataBase Management System DBRT Directed Beam Refresh Terminal DC Data Cartridge DC Data Communication DCA Document Content Architecture DCAF Distributed Console Access Facility DCB Data Control Block DCB Disk Coprocessor Board DCC Diskette Controller Chip DCE Data Circuit terminating Equipment DCE Data Communications Equipment DCE Distributed Computing Environment DCI Display Control Interface DCL Digital Command Language DCS Desktop Color Separation DCT Destination Control Table DCT Discrete Cosine Transform DD Data Definition DDCMP Digital Data Communications Message Protocol DDCS Distributed Database Connecion Services/2 DDE Dynamic Data Exchange DDES Digital Data Exchange Specifications DDI Device Driver Interface DDK Driver Development Kit DDL Data Definition Language DDL Document Description Language DDM Distributed Data Management DDN Defense Data Network DDP Distributed Data Processing DDRM Device driver interface/Driver kernel interface Reference Manual DDS Dataphone Digital Service DDS Decision Support System DECT Digital European Cordless Telephone DECUS Digital Equipment Computer Users Society DEL Delete DES Data Encryption Standard DF Direction Flag DFC Distributed Coordination Function DFDSS Data Facility Data Set Services DFHSM Data Facility Hierarchical Storage Manager DFP Data Facility Product DFR Document Filing and Retrival DFS Distributed File System DFSMS Data Facility Storage Management Subsystem DFSORT Data Facility Sort DFT Distributed Function Terminal DFWMAC Distributed Foundation Wireless Media Access Control DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHTML Dynamic HTML

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DIA Document Interchange Architecture DIB Data Input Bus DIB Device Independent Bitmap DIFS Distributed coordination function InterFrame Space DIMM Dual Inline Memory Module DIP Dual Inline Package DIS Draft International Standard DISSOS Distributed Office Support System DIT Directory Information Tree DKI Driver Kernel Interface DL Data Length DL Directory Listing DL/1 Data Language 1 DLBL Disk Label DLCI Data Linc Connection Identifier DLE Data Link Escape DLL Dynamic Link Library DLS Device Level Selection DLSE Device Level Selection Enhanced DLSw Data Link Switching DLUR Dependent LU Requester DLUR/S Dependent LU Requester / Server DLUS Dependent LU Server DMA Direct Memory Access DMCI Direct Memory Communications Interface DMD Directory Management Domain DMI Digital Multiplexed Interface DML Data(base) Manipulation Language DMNL Direct Multi Network Link DMP Dot Matrix Printer DN Distinguished Name DNA Digital Network Architecture DNS Domain Name Service DOC Display Operator Console DOE Distributed Objects Everywhere DOMF Distributed Object Management Facility DOS Declaration Of Support DOS Disk Operating System DOS/VS Disk Operating System / Virtual Storage DOS/VSE Disk Operating System / Virtual Storage Extended DP Data Processing DP Draft Proposal DPA Document Printing Application DPF Data Private Facility DPI Dots Per Inch DPL Descriptor Privilege Level DPMS Display Power Management Signaling DPS Dynamic Path Selection DQDB Distributed Queue Dual Bus DRAM Dynamic Random Access Memory DRQ Data ReQuest DS Digit Select DS Directory System DSA Directory System Agent DSA Distributed Systems Architecture DSA Dynamic Storage Area DSF Device Support Facility DSL Direct Swift Link DSN DataSetName DSN Distributed Systems Network DSNL Direct Swift Network Link DSOM Distributed System Object Model DSP Digital Signal Processor DSP Directory System Protocol DSR Data Set Ready DSSI Digital Storage Systems Interconnect DSU Data Service Unit DTAM Document Transfer, Access and Manipulation DTD Document Type Definition DTE Data Terminal Equipment DTI Department of Trade and Industry (UK) DTP DeskTop Publishing DTR Data Terminal Ready DU Data Unit DUA Directory User Agent DUN Dispatch Unit Number DVI Digital Video Interface DVST Direct View Bistable Storage DXI Data eXchange Interface E E1 2,048 Mbps E3 34 Mbps EARN European Academic and Research Network EB Error Bell EB ExaByte (1,152,921,504,606846,976 bytes) EBAM Electronic Beam-Addressable Memory EBCD Extended Binary Coded Decimal EBCDIC Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code ECC Error Checking and Correction ECC Error Correction Code ECE Economic Commission for Europe ECF Enhanced Connectivity Facility

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ECITC European Committee fo IT Testing and Certification ECKD Extended Count-Key Data ECMA European Computer Manufacturers Association ECTUA European Counsil for Telecommunications Users Association EDC Enterprise Database Connectivity EDF Execution Diagnostic Facility EDG Electronic Dot Generation EDI Electronic Data Interchange EDICON EDI Community for the Construction Industry (UK) EDIF Electronic Design Interchange Format EDIFACT Electronic Data Interchange For Administration, Commerce and Transport EDIM Electronic Data Interchange Message EDIMS EDI Messaging System EDM Engineering Data Management EDP Electronic Data Processing EDR Early Device Release EEMA European Electronic Mail Association EFT Electronic Funds Transfer EGA Enhanced Graphics Adapter EGP Exterior Gateway Protocol EHLLAPI Emulator High Level Language Applications Programming Interface EIB Execute Interface Block EIP Execute Interface Program EISA Extended Industry Standard Architecture EIT Encoding Information Type EIUF European ISDN User Forum ELAN European LAN ELAN Extended LAN ELAN Emulated LAN EM End of Medium EMA Enterprise Management Architecture EMS Expanded Memory Specification EMUG European MAP Users Group EN European Norme ENE Enterprise Network Event ENP Enable Presentation ENQ Enquiry EO Eight Ones EOB End of Block EOC End of Cylinder EOF End of File EOJ End of Job EOP End of Procedure EOT End of Transmission EOV End of Volume EP Emulation Program EPDE Electronic Product Data Exchange EPOW Emergency Power Off Warning EPROM Eraseable Programable Read Only Memory EPS Encapsulated PostScript EPSF Encapsulated PostScript Format ER Entity Relationship ERDS Error Recording Data Set EREP Environmental Record Editing and Printing program ES Errored Second ESA Extended Service Area ESC Escape ESCON Enterprise System Connection Architecture ESD Electronic Software Distribution ESD External Symbol Dictionary ESDI Enhanced Small Device Interface ESDS Entry Sequenced Data Set ESF Extended SuperFrame ESPRIT European Strategic Programme for Research and development in Information Technology ESQA Extended System Queue Area ETB End of Transmission Block ETCOM European Testing and Certification for Office and Manufacturing protocols ETS European Telecommunication Standard ETSI European Telecommunication Standards Institute ETX End of Text EUnet European Unix Network EUUG European Unix User Group EVI EVent Information EWOS European Workshop for Open Systems EXCP EXecute Channel Program EZ Excessive Zeros F F/STP Foil STP FA Foreign Agent FAQ Frequently Asked Questions FAST Federation Against Software Theft FAT File Allocation Table FBA Fix Block Architecture FBA Fixed Blocked ANSI-defined printer control characters FBM Fix Block Modus FC File Control FCB Format Control Buffer FCP File Control Program FCS Frame-Check Sequence

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FCT File Control Table FDD Fixed Disk Drive FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface FEAL Fast Data Encipherment Algorithm FEP Front-End Processor FF Formfeed FH Frame Handler FIFO First In, First Out FIPS Federal Information Processing Standard FLOPS Floating-point operations per second FMLI Forms and Menu Language Interpreter FOB Form Overlay Buffer FOND Font family descriptor FORTRAN FORmula TRANslator FPU Floating Point Unit FRAD Frame Relay Access Device FROM Factory ROM FRU Field Replaceable Unit FS Field Separator FS File Separator FSB Front Side Bus FSF Free Software Foundation FSK Frequency Shift Keying FT Fault Tolerant FTAM File Transfer and Access Method FTP File Transfer Protocol FTP Foil Twisted Pair FTTC Fibre To The Curb FTTH Fibre To The Home FTTP Fibre To The Building FUP Funktionsplan G GAL Global Address List GATF Graphic Arts Technical Foundation GB GigaByte (1,073,741,824 bytes) GCR Group Coded Recording GDG Generation Data Group GDS Global Directory Service GDT Global Descriptor Table GDTR Global Descriptor Table Register GE Graphic Escape GETVIS GET VIrtual Storage GID Group ID GIF Graphics Interchange Format GIS Generalized Information System GIX Global Internet Exchange GKS Graphical Kernel System GML Generalized Markup Language GOSIP Government OSI Profile GP General Protection GPIB General-Purpose Interface Bus GRS Global Resource Serialization GS Group Separator GTF Generalized Trace Facility GUI Graphical User Interface GUIP Graphical User Interface for Blind people GUUG German Unix User Group H H&J Hyphenation and Justification HA Home Address HA Host Agent HADA High Availability Disk Array HCL Hue, Chroma, and Luminance HDA Head-Disk Assembl HDBV Host Data Base View HDLC High Level Data Link Communications HDSL High-bit rate Digital Subscriber Loop HDTV High Definition TV HE High End (system) HGC Hercules Graphics Card HIC Host Interface Computer HLL High Level Language HLS Hue-Lightness-Saturation HMD Head-Mounted Display HMMP HyperMedia Management Protocol HMMS HyperMedia Management Schema HPCL Hewlett-Packard Control Language HPFS High Performance File System HPGL Hewlett-Packard Graphical Language HPR High Performance Routing HR Horizontal Rule HSB Hue-saturation-brightness HSELAN High Speed ELAN HSI Hue-Saturation-Intensity HSLAN High Speed LAN HSSI High Speed Serial Interface HSV Hue-Saturation-Value HT Horizontal Tab HTML Hypertext Markup Language HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol Hz Hertz I I-Net Intranet I/O Input/Output I/O Input/Output IA5 International Alphabet Five IAB Internet Activities Board IC Integrated Circuit ICEM Integrated Computer Engineering and Manufacturing ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol

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Department of Computer Science

ID Identifier IDA Indirect Data Addressing IDA Intelligent Drive Array IDE Integrated Drive Electronics IDEA International Data Encryption Algorithm IDL Interfacce Definition Language IDT Interrupt Descriptor Table IEC InterExchange Carrier IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers IETF Internet Engineering Task Force IF Interrupt Flag IFF Interchange File Format IFIP International Federation of Information Processing IFS Interchange File Separator IFS InterFrame Space IGES Initial Graphics Exchange Specification IGMP Internet Group Membership Protocol IGS Interchange Group Separator II Interactive Interface IISP Interim Interswitch Signaling Protocol IKT Informatione- und Kommunikationstechnik ILC InterLanguage Communication IML Initial Microcode Load IMPL Initial Microprogram Load IMR Interrupt Mask Registers IMS Information Management System IMS/VS Information Management System / Virtual Storage INP Inhibit Presentation INT INTerrupt IOC ISDN Ordering Code IOCP Input/Output Configuration Program IOCS Input/Output Control System IOGEN Input/Output device GENeration IOPL Input/Output Privilege Level IOS Input/Output Supervisor IP Internet Protocol IPL Initial Program Load IPM InterPersonal Message IPSE Integrated Project Support Environment IPX Internet Packet Exchange IR Index Return IRC Internet Relay Chat IRDS Information Resource Dictionary System IRQ Interrupt ReQuest IRS Interchange Recors Separator IS Information System IS Intermediate System IS International Standard ISA Industry Standard Architecture ISAM Indexed Sequential Access Method ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network ISFMS Indexed Sequential File Management System ISMF Interactive Storage Management Facility ISO International Standardization Organisation ISO IEC ISO International Electrotechnical Commitee ISODE ISO Development Environment ISP Internet Service Provider ISPF Interactive System Produvtivity Facility ISPF/PDF ISPF Program Development Facility ISR Information Storage and Retrieval ISR Intermediate Session Routing ISSE Intel SIMD Sreaming Extension ISV Independent Software Vendor IT Indent Tab ITB Intermediate Transmission Block ITLD International Top-Level Domain ITRC Information Technology Requirements Council ITU International Comunication Union (ehem. CCITT) ITV Interactive TeleVision IUS Interchange Unit Separator IWS Intelligent WorkStation J JCC Job Control Command JCL Job Control Language JCS Job Control Statement JCT JES Control Table JCT Journal Control Table JECL Job Entry Control Language JEIDA Japan Electronics Industry Development Association JES Job Entry Subsystem JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group K K Kilobyte KB KiloByte (1,024 Bytes) KBPS KiloBits Per Second kHz KiloHertz KIP Kinetics Internet Protocol KIPS Kilo Instructions per second KL Key Length KOPS Kilo Operations per second

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Department of Computer Science

KSDS Key Sequenced Data Set KVA KiloVolt Ampere L L2F Layer 2 Forwarding L2TP Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol LAN Local Area Network LAPS LAN Adapter Protocol Support Program LBL Label LCD Liquid Crystal Display LCS Lotus Communication Server LDAP Lightweight Directory Access Protocol LDMF Librarian Disc Master File LDS Linear Data Set LDT Local Descriptor Table LE Low End (system) LEC LAN Emulation Client LEC Local Exchange Carrier LED Light Emitting Diode LF Linefeed LIC Line Interface Computer LIFO Last In, First Out LILO Last In, Last Out LILO Linux Loader LIM-EMS Lotus Intel Microsoft EMS LIOCS Logical Input/Output Control System LISP List Programming LLC2 Logical Link Control Layer 2 LOC Lines Of Code LOS Local Operator System LPI Lines Per Inch LRC Longitudinal Redundancy Checking LRU Least Recently Used LSD Least Significant Digit LSI Large Scale Integration -> VLSI LU Logical Unit LUB Logical Unit Block LUT Look Up Table LVT Light Valve Technology LW Line Work LZ Lempel-Ziv LZW Lempel-Ziv-Welch M MAC Media Access Control MAN Metropolitan Area Network MAP Maintenance Analysis Procedure MAP Manufacturing Automation Protocol MAPI Messaging Applications Programming Interface MB MegaByte (1,048,576 bytes) MBCS Multiple Byte Character Set MBONE Multicast Backbone MBPS MegaBits Per Second MCA Micro Channel Architecture MCBF Mean Cycles Between Failures MCCOI Multimedia Communications Community of Interest MCGA MultiColour Graphics Array MCI Media Control Interface MD Management Domain MD5 Message Digest 5 MDA Monochrome Display Adapter MEB Memory Expansion Board MFA Modify Field Attribute MFC Microsoft Foundation Classes MFKS Multifunktionales Konferenzsystem MFLOPS Million Floating-Point Operations Per Second MFM Modified Frequency Modulation MFV Multi File Volume MFWS MultiFunction WorkStation MGA Monochrome Graphic Adapter MH Mobile Host MHS Message Handling System MI Multiple Inheritance MIB Management Information Database MICR Magnetic Ink Character Reader MIDI Musical Instrument Digital Interface MIME Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions MIPS Millions of Instructions Per Second MISC Minimum Instruction Set Computer -> CISC, RISC MLPPP MultiLink PPP MMDF Multi-Channel Memorandum Distribution Facility MMDS Multi-Megabit Data Services MMFS Manufacturing Manage Format Standard MMX Multi Media eXtensions MNP Microcom Network Protocol MODEM MOdulator/DEModulator MOPS Mega Operations per second MOTIS Message-Oriented Text Interchange Systems MP Multiprocessing MPC Multimedia PC MPEG Motion Picture Experts Group MPOA MultiProtocol Over Asynchronous transfer mode MPSD MultiPath Storage Director MPX multiplex MS Message Store MS-DOS Microsoft Disk Operating System MSA Metropolitan Statistical Area MSD Most Significant Digit MSG Message

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MSM MultiSession Monitor MSW Machine Status Word MTA Message Transfer Agent MTBF MeanTime Between Failures MTDA Mean Time Data Availability MTS Message Transfer System MUD Multi-User Dungeon MULTICS MULTiplexed Information and Computing Service MUMPS Massachusetts General Hospital Utility Multi-Programmings System MUMPS Multi-User MultiProgrammingSystem MVS Multiple Virtual System MVS/ESA Multiple Virtual System / Extended System Architecture MVS/XA Multiple Virtual System / Extended Architecture MVSCP MVS Configuration Program N NAC Network Adapter Card NAK Negative Acknowledgement NAP Network Access Point NAS Network Access Server NAT Network Address Translation NAU Network Addressable Unit NBS National Bureau of Standards NBS Numeric BackSpace NC Numeric Control NCCF Network Communication Control Facility NCP Network Control Processor NCP Network Control Program NCP/VS Network Control Program/Virtual Storage NDIS Network Driver Interface Specification NetSP Network Security Program NFNT New font numbering table NFS Network File System NHRP Next Hop Routing Protocol NIC Network Interface Card NIC Network Information Center NIS Network Information Service NIST National Institute for Standards and Technology NJE Network Job Entry NL New Line NLQ Near Letter Quality NLT Nucleus Load Table NMI NonMaskable Interrupt NNTP Network News Transport Protocol NSA National Security Agency NSC1 Network Systems Cypher One NSP Numeric Space NSS NATURAL Security-System NT Network Termination NTS/2 Network Transport Services/2 NTSC National Television System Committee NUI Network User Identification NUL Null NUMA Non-Uniform Memory Access NVOD Near Video On Demand NVRAM NonVolatile Random Access Memory NVS NonVolatile Storage O O/R Originator / Recipient OC3 155 Mbit/s OCR Optical Character Recognition OCX OLE Control Extension ODA Open Document Architecture ODSI Open Directory Service Interfaces OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer OI Object Interface OLE Object Linking and Embedding OLTEP On-Line Test Executive Program OLTP On-Line Transaction Processing OMG Object Management Group OMR Optical Mark Recognition OO Objektorientierung OOA Objektorientierte Analyse OODBMS Object Oriented DBMS OOP Objektorientierte Programmierung OOPL Object Oriented Programming Language OOPS Object Oriented Programming System OP Operator Panel OPI Open Prepress Interface ORB Object Request Broker OS Operating System OS/2 Operating System/2 OSA Office Systems Architecture OSA Open System Architecture OSF Open Software Foundation OSI Open Systems Interconnection OSI/RM OSI Reference Model OSNS Open Systems Network Support OSPF Open Shortest Path First OSTC Open System Testing Consortium OTPROM One Time Programable ROM OWL Object Windows Library P PABX Private Automatic Branch Exchange PAD Packet Assembly Disassembly

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PAL Phase Alternating Line PAL Programmable Array Logic PAM Partitioned Access Method PAP Password Authentication Protocol PB PetaByte (1,125,899,906,842,624 bytes) PBX Private Branch Exchange PC Personal Computer PC Personal Computing PC Program Control PCB Printed Circuit Board PCB Program Control Block PCI Peripheral Component Interface PCI Program Controlled Interuption PCIL Private Core Image Library PCL Printer Control Language PCM Plug Compatible Manufacturers PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card International Association PCN Personal Communication Network PCP Program Control Program PCS Personal Communication Services PCT Private Communication Technology PCT Program Control Table PD Public Domain PDA Personal Digital Assistant PDAD Proposed Draft Addendum PDAU Physical Data Access Unit PDF Program Development Facility PDL Page Description Language PDO Portable Distributed Objects PDS Partitioned Data Set PDS Premise Distribution System PDS Processor Direct Slot PDU Protocol Data Unit PDX Printer Description Extension PE Printer's error PE Protection Enabled PEARL Processor and Experiment Automation Realtime Language PEM Privacy Enhanced Mail PEP Partitioned Emulation Program PER Program Event Recording PERL Practical Extraction and Report language PF Parity Flag PFK Program Function Key(board) PFM Printer Font Metric PGA Professional graphics adapter PGP Pretty Good Privacy PIB Program Information Block PID Process ID PIFS Point InterFrame Space PIM Personal Information Management PIN Personal Identification Number PIOCS Physical Input/Output Control System PL Procedure Library PL/1 Programming Language 1 PLI Programming Language 1 PLPA Pageable Link Pack Area PLT Program List Table PLU Primary Logical Unit PMMU Paged memory management unit PMS Pantone Matching System PMS Project Management System PMT Photomechanical Transfer (photostat) PMT Photomultiplier Tube PNNI Private Network-to-Network Interface POC Program-Operator Communication POP Point Of Presence POP Post Office Protocol POSIX Portable Operating System Interface for UNIX POTS Plain Old Telephone System POWER Priority Output Writer, Execution processors and input Readers PP Presentation Position PPD PostScript Printer Description PPGA Plastic Pin Grid Array PPM Pages Per Minute PPP Point-to-Point Protocol PPT Processing Program Table PPTP Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol PPV Pay Per View PRDMD Private Directory Management Domain PRL Private Relocatable Library PRMD Private Management Domain PROM Programable Read Only Memory PSB Program Specification Block PSDN Packet Swiched Data Network PSRAM Pseudo SRAM PSSL Private Source Statement Library PSTN Public Swiched Telephone Network PSW Program Status Word PTF Program Temporary Fix PTR PoinTeR PU Physical Unit PUB Physical Unit Block PVC Permanent Virtual Circuit PVP Packet Video Processor

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PWB Printed Wire Board PWS Programmable WorkStation Q QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation QBE Query By Example QCIF Quater Common Intermediate Format QIC Quarter-Inch Cartridge QSAM Queued Sequential Access Method QTAM Queued Teleprocessing Access Method R R0 Record zero RACF Resource Access Control Facility RAID Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks RAID Redundant Array of Independent Disks RAM Random Access Memory RARP Reverse Address Resolution Protocol RBA Relative Byte Adresse RC Robot Control RCP Remote Communication Processor RCS Revision Control System RDA Remote Data Access RDBMS Relational DataBase Management System RDN Relative Distinguished Name RES Restore RF Resume Flag RFC Request For Comments RFF Required Form Feed RFS Remote File System RGB Red, Green, Blue RGM Red, Green, Blue (Monitor) RIFF Resource Interchange File Format RIP Raster Image Processor RIP Router Information Protocol RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computer RJE Remote Job Entry RL Relocatable Library RLD Relocation Dictionary RLE Run Length Encoded file RLL Run Length Limited RMF Resource Management Facility RNL Required New Line ROM Read Only Memory RPC Remote Procedure Call RPG Report Program Generator RPL Requestor's Privilege Level RPL Research Programming Language RPM Revolutions Per Minute RPS Rotational Position Sensing RPT Repeat RRDS Relative Record Data Set RRED Right Reading Emulsion Down RREU Right Reading Emulsion Up RS Record Separator RSP Required Space RSVP Resource Reservation Protocol RTC Real Time Clock RTCP Realtime Transport Control Protocol RTF Rich Text Format RTM/SF Realtime Monitor / Systems Facility RTP Realtime Transport Protocol RTSE Reliable Transfer Service Element RWSI Remote Workstation Interface S S.W.I.F.T. Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication S/STP Shielded STP SA Set Attribute SAA Storage Accounting Area SAA System Application Architecture SAM Sequential Access Method SAP Service Access Point SAP Service Advertising Protocol SAR Segmentation And Reassembly SBCS Single Byte Character Set SBS Subscript SC Storage Control SCA Shared Control Array SCCS Source Code Control System SCDS Source Control Data Set SCI Scalable Coherent Interconnect SCODL Scanned Conversion Object Description Language SCP Storage Control Program SCP System Control Program SCRAM Static Column Random Access Memory SCSI Small Computer Systems Interface SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDK Software Development Kit SDL System Directory List SDLC Synchronous Data Link Control SDRAM Synchronous DRAM SDSF System Display and Search Facility SE Software Entwicklung SE System Engineer SECC Single Edge Contact Connector SECAM Sequential Couleur a'Memorie

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Department of Computer Science

SEL Select SEPP Single Edge Processor Package SET Software-EngineeringTechnology SF Sign Flag SF Support Facility SFA Salesforce Automation SFBI Shared Frame Buffer Interconnect SFE Start Field Extended SFT System Fault Tolerance SFTP Shielded Foil Twisted Pair SGML Standard Generalized Markup Language SHTTP Secure HTTP SHY Syllable Hyphen SI Shift In SI Single Inheritance SI Standard Interface SIFS Short InterFrame Space SIFT Stanford Information Filtering Tool SIG Special Interest Group SIM Service Information Message SIMD Single Instruction Multiple Data SIMM Single In-line Memory Module SIRDS Single Image Random Dot Stereogram SIT System Initialization Table SL Source Statement Library SLD Structured Logic Design SLED Single Large Expensive Disk SLIP Serial Line Internet Protocol SLR Service Level Reporter SLU Secondary Logical Unit SM Set Mode SMDS Switched Multimegabit Data Service SMF System Management Facility SML MVS Storage Management Library SMLI Stateful MultiLayer Inspection SMP Symetric MultiProcessing SMP System Modification Program SMS Storage Management Subsystem SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol SNA System Network Architecture SNADS SNA Distribution Services SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol SNOBOL String Oriented Symbolic Language SNT Sign-On Table SO Shift Out SOD Service On Demand SOH Start Of Heading SOM System Object Model SOS Start Of Significance SP Space SPA Software Publishers Association SPARC Scalar Processor ARChitecture SPDU Session Protocol Data Unit SPM System Performance Monitor/2 SPOOL Simultaneous Peripheral Operations On Line SPP Scalable Parallel Processing SPS Superscript SPX Sequenced Packet eXchange SQL Structured Query Language SQL/DS Structured Query Language / Data System SRAM Static Random Access Memory SRT System Recovery Table SRU Shared Resource Unit SS Single Sided SS Stack Segment SSCP System Service Control Point SSID SubSystem IDentifier SSL Secure Socket Layer STM Synchronous Transfer Mode STP Shielded Twisted Pair STT Secure Transaction Technology STX Start of Text SUB Substitute SV Storage Violation SVA Shared Virtual Area SVC Supervisor Call SVC Switched Virtual Circuit SVGA Super-VGA SW Switch SWOP Specifications for Web Offset Printing SYN Synchronous Idle SYSOP System Operator T T1 1.544 Mbit/s T3 45 Mbit/s TARGA Truevision Advanced Raster Graphics Adapter TB TeraByte (1,099,511,627,776 bytes) TC Terminal Control TCA Task Control Area TCAM Telecommunications Access Method TCB Task Control Block TCL Tool Command Language TCM Thermal Conduction Module TCO Triple Capacity Option TCP Terminal Control Program TCP Transmission Control Protocol TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol TCT Terminal Control Table

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TCTTE Terminal Control Table Terminal Entry TCU Transmission Control Unit TD Transient Data TDIA Transient Data Input Area TDM Time-Division Multiplexing TDOA Transient Data Output Area TDP Transient Data Program TEO Technical Electronic Office TF Trap Flag TIC Technical Integrity Check TIFF Tagged Image File Format TIOA Terminal Input/Output Area TLB Translation Lookaside Buffer TLBL Tape Label TMO Thermo-Magneto-Optic technology TNEF Transport-Neutral Encapsulation Format TOC Table Of Contents TOP Technical Office Protocol TPDU Transport Protocol Data Unit TPF Transaction Processing Facility TPI Tracks Per Inch TPM Third-Party Maintenance TPS Transactions Per Second TRN Transparent TS Telecommunication System TS Temporary Storage TSIOA Temporary Storage Input/Output Area TSO Time Sharing Option TSP Temporary Storage Program TSR Terminate and Stay Resident TTA Teletex Attachment (Teletexzusatz) TTL Transistor Transistor Logic TTR Track Record TTY TeleTYpe TWA Transaction Work Area TWA Two-Way Alternate TWS Two-Way Simultaneous TX Telex TXT Text U UA User Agent UAE Unrecoverable Application error UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter UBR Undefined Bit Rate UBS Unit Backspace UCB Unit Control Block UCR Undercolor removal UCS Universal Character Set UCSB Universal Character Set Buffer UCW Unit Control Word UDP User Datagram Protocol UI User Interface UID User ID UMB Upper Memory Block UNC Universal Naming Convention UNC Universal Network Convention UPC Universal Product Code UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply UPSI User Program Switch Indicator UR Unit Record URL Uniform Resource Locator US Unit Separator USART Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter USENET USEr NETwork USM UnSharp Masking USRT Universal Synchronous Receiver/Transmitter USV Unterbrechungsfreie StromVersorgung UTP Unshielded Twisted Pair UUCP Unix-to-Unix Copy Program V VAD Value Added Dealer VAN Value Added Network VAP Value Added Process VAR Value Added Reseller VAST Virtual Archive Storage Technology VB Visual Basic VBA Visual Basic for Applications VBR Variable Bit Rate VBN Vermitteltes Breitbandnetz VC Virtual Circuit VC-SDRAM Virtual Channel SDRAM VCC Virtual Circuit Connection VCI Virtual Circuit Identifier VCNA Vtam Communication Network Application VCPI Virtual Control Program Interface VDAC Video Digital Analog Converter VDI Video Display Interface VDT Video Display Terminal VDU Visual Display Unit VERONICA Very Easy Rodent-Oriented Netwide Index to Computerized Archives VGA Video Graphics Array VGC Video Graphics Controller VGM Video Graphics Monitor VHDSL Very High-bit rate Digital Subscriber Loop VHLL Very High-Level Language VHS Video Home System VIO Video Input/Output VIO Virtual Input/Output VIPA Virtual IP Addressing VLAN Virtual LAN VLSI Very Large Scale Integration

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VM Virtual Machine VM/SP Virtual Machine / System Product VMMAP VM Monitor Analysis Program VMOS Vertical MOS VMPPF VM Performance Planning Facility VMPRF VM Performance Reporting Facility VMS Virtual Management System VOD Video On Demand VPD Vital Product Data VPDN Virtual Private Data Network VPI Virtual Path Identifier VPN Virtual Private Network VR Virtual Reality VRAM Video RAM VRML Virtual Reality Modeling Language VRC Vertical Redundancy Checking VS Virtual Storage VSAM Virtual Storage Access Method VSAT Very Small Aperture Terminal VSM Virtual Storage Management VSN Volume Serial Number VT Vertical Tab VTAM Virtual Telecommunications Access Method VTOC Volume Table of Contents VTP Virtual Terminal Protocol VTP Virtual Terminal Program VTX VideoTeXt VVDS VSAM Volume Data Set W W3 World Wide Web W4WG Windows for Workgroups WABI Windows Application Binary Interface WAIS Wide Area Information Service WAN Wide Area Network WATM Wireless ATM WATS Wide Area Telecommunications Service WHAT Wireless Hybrid Asynchronous Time-bounded WIMP Windows, Icons, Mice and Pointers WINS Windows Internet Name Service WMAC Wireless Media Access Control WMF Windows metafile WORM Write Once, Read Many times WOSA Windows Open Services/Systems Architecture WRED Wrong Reading Emulsion Down WREU Wrong Reading Emulsion Up WS WorkStation WTO Write To Operator WUS Word Underscore WWW World Wide Web WXTRN Weak External Reference WYSIWYG What You See Is What You Get X XA EXtended Architecture XIP Execute In Place XLT Transaction List Table XMS Extended Memory Specification XT eXtended Technology Y Y2K Year 2000 YIQ (color components in NTSC color space) YUV (color components in SECAM and PAL color spaces) Z ZBR Zero Bug Release ZD Zero Defects ZF Zero Flag

COMPUTER FILE TYPES AND THEIR EXTENSION Extension Associated Program ABC ABC Flowcharter ASC ASCII Text ASF Streaming Media AVI Animated Video BAT DOS Batch File BMP Bitmap Graphic CAB Compressed Archive CH3 Harvard Graphics COM Program DAT Data file DLL Dynamic Link Library DOC Microsoft Word Document DOT Microsoft Word Template DGN Microstation Drawing File DWG AutoAD Drawing File EPS Encapsulated PostScript EXE Program FLA Flash Movie GIF Image HQX Compressed Archive (MAC) HTM HTML Hyper Text Markup Language ICO Icon INI Windows Initialization

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JPG LDB LOG MAX MDB MID MOV MP3 MPC Image Microsoft Access Lock File Text Log PaperPort Scanned Image Microsoft Access Database MIDI Quicktime Movie Audio Microsoft Project Calendar WPD XLS XLT XLW ZIP WordPerfect Document Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet MIcrosoft Excel Template Microsoft Excel Workspace Compressed Archive of Files

MPG Media MPP Microsoft Project MPV Microsoft Project View NSF Lotus Notes Database NTF Lotus Notes DB Template OCX Microsoft Object Linking and Embedding OST Microsoft Outlook Offline folder PAB Microsoft Outlook Personal Address Book PCX Graphic PDF Adoble Acrobat Portable Document PIC Bitmap Graphic PIF Windows Program Information File PM3 PageMaker 3 PM4 PageMaker 4 PM5 PageMaker 5 PNG Graphic PPD Postscript Printer Description PPS Microsoft PowerPoint Slide Show PPT Microsoft PowerPoint PST Microsoft Outlook Personal folder PT3 PageMaker 3 Template PT4 PageMaker 4 Template PT5 PageMaker 5 Template PWL Password List RAW 24-bit Graphic REG Windows Registry Data RM Real Media RTF Rich Text Format SAM AmiPro Document SAV Backup File SCR Screen Saver SVG Scalable Vector Graphics SWF Flash Player Movie SWP Swap File SYS System Files TIF Image TMP Temporary File TTF Image TXT ASCII Text VBS Visual Basic Script VSD Visio Drawing VXD Virtual Device Driver WAV Audio File WK1 Lotus Spreadsheet WK3 Lotus Spreadsheet WKS Lotus Spreadsheet

CEOS OF TOP INDIAN COMPANIES Infosys Technologies NR Narayana Murthy Reliance Industries Mukesh Ambani Reliance LTD ( ADAE ) - Anil Ambani Tata Group - Ratan Tata ICICI Bank KV Kamath Wipro Azim Hasham Premji Infosys Technologies Nandan Nilekani Bajaj Auto Rahul Bajaj UB Group Vijay Mallya AV Birla Group Kumar Mangalam Birla Bharti Enterprises Sunil Mittal HDFC Deepak Parekh ICICI Bank Lalitha Gupte TCS S Ramadorai Maruti Udyog Jagdish Khattar ONGC Subir Raha Godrej Group Adi Godrej Air Deccan GR Gopinath Zee Telefilms - Subhash Chandra TVS Motors Venu Srinivasan Hero Group - Brij Mohal Lall Munjal Dr. Reddys Labs K Anji Reddy Jet Airways Naresh Goyal HCL Technologies Shiv Nadar ITC Yogesh C Deveshwar Mahindra & Mahindra Anand Mahindra Star TV India Peter Mukerjea HDFC Bank Aditya Puri Kotak Mahindra Bank - Uday Kotak Larsen & Toubro AM Naik UTI SB Mathur Hindustan Lever - Harish Manwani ICICI Ventures Renuka Ramnath Bank of Baroda - AK Khandelwal State Bank of India - AK Purwar Sundaram Fasteners - Suresh Krishna Bharat Petroleum - Ashok Sinha Pantaloon Retail - Kishore Biyani Satyam Computers - B Ramalinga Raju Reserve Bank of India - YV Reddy SEBI M Damodaran BSNL - AK Sinha HSBC India - Naina Lal Kidwai Bombay Dyeing - Jeh & Ness Wadia Hutch - Asim Ghosh Ispat Industries - VK Mittal Birla Corp - RS Lodha Dabur - VC Burman Videocon Industries - Venugopal Dhoot Raymond - Gautam Singhania

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Microsoft India - Ravi Venkatesan Hyundai India - BVR Subbu Motorola India - FV Vandrewala HSBC India Niall Booker ICICI Prudential - Shikha Sharma Asian Paints - Ashwin Dani Pepsi Co. - Rajeev Bakshi Tata Steel - B Muthuraman Hinduja Group - SP Hinduja Vedanta Resources - Anil Agarwal Cipla - YK Hamied SPIC AC Muthaiah Cadbury India - Bharat Puri Citigroup India - Sanjay Nayar Nirma - Karsanbhai Patel Ranbaxy - Brian Tempest Gujarat Ambuja Cement - NS Sekhsaria GAIL - Proshanto Banerjee Ashok Leyland - R Seshasayee Hindustan Petroleum - MB Lal Bharat Forge BN Kalyani Apollo Tyres - Onkar S Kanwar Essar Group Shashi Ruia Britannia - Vinita Bali Cromptom Greaves Gautam Thapar SAIL - VS Jain HT Media Shobana Bhartia LG India - KR Kim Phillips India - K Ramachandran TAFE Mallika Srinivasan Diamler Chrysler India HansMichael Huber JM Morgan Stanley Nimesh Kampani AZB Partners Zia Mody Trent Noel Tata EID Parry MV Subbiah Rahul Bajaj - bajaj Vijaypath Singhinia - Raymonds Suborto Rai - Sahara Group Standard Chartered Jaspal Bindra Biocon - Kiran Mazumdar Saw Venkateshwara Hatcheries Anuradha Desai Slogans of Top 50 Companies 3M: Innovation Agere Systems: How Communication Happens Airbus: Setting the Standards Amazon.com: and Youre Done Apple: Think different AT&T: Your World. Delivered Blackhawk: Powering DSP Development BMW (USA only): The ultimate driving machine Cadence: How Big Can You Dream? Canon: Know How Cisco Systems: This is the Power of the Network. Now. Cirrus Logic: Leading the Digital Entertainment Revolution Compaq (HP): Inspiration Technology Dell Computer: Get More out of Now Disneyland: The happiest place on earth Ericsson: Taking You Forward Ford: Built for the Road Ahead Fujitsu: The Possibilities are Infinite Hitachi: Inspire the Next Hewlett-Packard: Invent Honda: Power of Dreams Honeywell: We are Honeywell Hudsons Bay Company: We are Canadas Merchants IBM: We Make IT Happen InFocus: The Big Picture Infosys: Powered by Intellect Driven by Values Intel: Intel Inside Intersil: Technology at the Speed of Life ITT: Engineered for Life Jaguar: The art of performance Kodak: A Virtual World of Live Pictures Linksys: At Linksys We are making connectivity easier Linx Technologies: Wireless Made Simple McDonalds: We love to see you smile Mitsubishi Semiconductor: Changes for the Better Motorola: Digital DNA Hello. Moto Nokia: Connecting People Panasonic: Ideas for Life Pepsi: The choice of a new generation Philips: Sense and Simplicity Rohde & Schwarz: Pushing Limits Samsung Electronics: Imagine Sun Microsystems: The Network Is The Computer Unisys: We Make It Happen United Technologies Corporation: This Is Momentum Verizon Wireless: Can You Hear Me Now? Good. Vodafone: How Are You? Xilinx: The Programmable Logic Company XMA Corporation: When Performance Matters Top 10 IT Companies in India In spite of the slowdown in the global economy, the Indian software industry is keeping up its growth rate with the top 10

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IT Companies India leading the way for more software and services exports. According to the latest National Association of Software and Services Companies (NASSCOM) the top 10 IT companies India are as follows. TCS Tata Consultancy Services This IT Company was established in 1987 and is known among the top 10 IT companies India for its entrepreneurship and its extensive focus on the customer and keen pursuit of excellence. HCL Technologies

TCS was founded in 1968 and is one among the top 10 IT Companies India and it has the highest staff strength of 111,000 employees. It first started as the Tata Computer Center and acquired its present form after realizing the huge potential of the IT services. Wipro

It is among the top 10 IT companies India as it is an original IT garage start up founded in the year 1976. It has professionals from diverse nationalities and has its presence in about 18 countries. Tech Mahindra

It was a hydrogenated cooking fat company basically and now has IT, BPO and R&D services which has its centers in about 50 countries. Started by Premji Wipro not only ranks prominently among the top 10 IT companies India, but is also ranked highly among the top 10 global outsourcing providers. Infosys

This company was incorporated in the year 1986 and focused on the communication industry acting as a global systems integrator. It has worked with international multilateral agencies, the government as well as the corporate sector. Patni Computer Systems

Infosys Technologies Ltd. started in the year 1981 and has today become a global brand. In addition to being ranked among the top 10 IT Companies in India, Infosys was also named by Forbes magazine as one among the Global High Performers. Satyam Computer Services

It is ranked among the top 10 IT companies India as they are the leading providers of business solutions and information technology related services to clients from Europe, America and in the Asia-Pacific regions. i-flex Solutions

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Google Chrome

This is a division of Citicorp (Citigroup) which provides overseas software solutions and posted a top-line growth from the year 2008.

Mozilla Sea Monkey

Windows Browsers K-Meleon MphasiS Limited Macintosh Browsers Camino

This was started in 2000 and is a merger of the MphasiS Corporation which is a US based IT consulting company and BFL Software Limited which is an Indian IT services company. L&T Infotech

OmniWeb

THE TOP 10 SEARCH ENGINES Google http://www.Google.com Yahoo http://www.Yahoo.com

Last but not least, the L&T Infotech is ranked among the top 10 IT companies India and is a subsidiary of Larsen & Toubro which is an engineering manufacturing company with a worldwide presence. Major Browsers: Linux Opera Windows, Mac &

Ask http://www.Ask.com

AllTheWeb.com http://www.AllTheWeb.com

Firefox

AOL Search http://www.search.aol.com

Safari

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HotBot http://www.HotBot.com Ubuntu: Developed by Linux, in 2004, it gets its name form South African philosophy Ubuntu, which means Humanity towards others. It is open source software, primarily designed for desktop but now the net book and server editions are also available. Ubuntu gets high scores for being user friendly.

AltaVista http://www.AltaVista.com

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Macintosh OS X: Apple Inc develops Mac OS X, based on UNIX. It was first released in 2001. It is close source software with some open source components. One of its best features is Aqua GUI, a graphical user interface with water like elements. The X in the name refers to the Roman numeral 10. Windows Vista: Introduced in 2009, windows vista is developed by Microsoft. Having many features which were not there in windows XP, it was designed for PCs, laptops etc but for being highly resource intensive, was soon rejected by the users. Still its not a total failure as it gave way to todays windows 7. Fedora: Having its bases on Linux, fedora is developed by Red Hat. Its versions Fedora core 9 and 10 has made the computers and programming easy for every one. These are also open source OS. It has everything to make the user a friend of it. Mac OS X Leopard: Released in 2007, Mac OS X Leopard is available in two versions; one for personal computers, good for personal use and other is a server version called as Mac OS X Server. It offers 300+ newer features than Mac OS X.

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Top 10 operating system We all use an operating system almost daily for different purposes. If you dont know what an operating system is, it will be interesting information for you that you can see this article only because of an operating system installed on your PC. So its something a PC cant live without. And now a day a PC is something we cant live without. An operating system is software, which acts as a bridge between user and computer. It interprets users instructions in to the computers language, controls hardware, runs other softwares and hence provides services to the user. So now that you know what is an operating system let me give you some interesting information about 10 operating systems. This ranking is based on how frequently these are used by users all over the world. Windows XP professional: Quite possibly it is the OS installed on your PC right now. The name XP comes from the word eXPerience. Developed by Microsoft, for home and business use, in 2001, XP still stands out as the most famous and most commonly used OS.

Xandros Linux: It is a line of operating systems developed by the company Xandros, which was developed by Linux Global Partners. These are also open source softwares. Xandros Home Edition comes with Xandros Security suit, which protects the PC from spam, viruses and spy wares.

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Amiga OS 4.1: Introduced by collaboration of Amiga Inc and Hyperion Entertainment, recently in 2010, Amiga provides the easiest ever reboot solutions. It boots and reboots within seconds, saving users time and efforts. It runs only on PowerPC computer systems. Haiku: The latest version of Haiku was launched in May 2010. It is also an open source operating system and is also compatible with BeOS. It gets its basics from C++. Most of the todays important applications like Firefox run well on Haiku. Kolibri OS: Coded in assembly language, released in 2009, Kolibri aims to introduce the most compact codes for programming. In appearance it resembles a bit to our well-known Windows but reboots in a couple of seconds.
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