Moses Lesson Handouts
Moses Lesson Handouts
Discussion Questions
You’ll find 4 questions for each lesson. Each question may include several sub‐questions. These are
designed to get group members engaged in discussion of the key points of the passage. If you’re
running short of time, feel free to skip questions or portions of questions.
Introduction to the Moses and the Exodus
1. The Birth and Call of Moses (Exodus 1‐4)
2. Finding Courage to Stand (Exodus 5‐11)
3. Passover and Crossing the Red Sea (Exodus 12‐15)
4. Grumbling, Conflict, and Delegation (Exodus 15‐18)
5. The Covenant at Mount Sinai (Exodus 19‐24)
6. The Golden Calf and Mosesʹ Intercession (Exodus 32‐34)
7. The Tabernacle, Priesthood, and Sacrifices (Exodus 20‐31, 35‐40; Leviticus 1‐17; Numbers 6‐10)
8. Rebellion against Mosesʹ Leadership (Numbers 11‐17)
9. Conquering the Transjordan and Mosesʹ Death (Numbers 20‐27; Deuteronomy 32, 34)
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Moses the Reluctant Leader. Participant Handouts for Classes and Groups 2
Introduction to the Moses and the Exodus
Dating of the Exodus
There are two popular theories of the date of the Exodus:
• Early date, about 1470 BC, end of the Middle Bronze Age
• Late date, about 1250 BC, Late Bronze Age IIB
This is not a matter of liberals vs. conservatives, but a matter of weighing the evidence carefully. Here
are some of the dating factors:
• Store Cities of Rameses and Pithom (Exodus 1:11; 12:37)
• Pharaohs Seti I (1294‐1279 BC), Rameses II (1279‐1213 BC)
• Merneptah Stela (about 1220 and 1207 BC) mentions Israelites in Palestine
• Armana Letters (1390‐1352 BC) don’t mention Israelites
• Conquest of Canaanite cites, archaeological evidence
• Reference in 1 Kings 6:1 of 480 years from Exodus to the fourth year of Solomon’s reign
This study assumes the late date for the Exodus, but we don’t know for sure.
Who Wrote the Books of Moses?
• “Seams” between narratives
• Voice is “third person”
• Moses was educated and wrote ((Exodus 17:14; 24:4, 12; 34:27; etc.)
• Discredited Wellhausen “Documentary Hypothesis,” JEDP theory
From Ralph F. Wilson, Moses the Reluctant Leader: Leadership and Discipleship Lessons (JesusWalk, 2011). Copyright © 2011, Ralph F. Wilson
<[email protected]>. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to make copies of these participant handouts, one set for each member of
a local group, at no charge, provided that this copyright information remains intact on each copy.
Moses the Reluctant Leader. Participant Handouts for Classes and Groups 3
Traditional Route of the Exodus
From Ralph F. Wilson, Moses the Reluctant Leader: Leadership and Discipleship Lessons (JesusWalk, 2011). Copyright © 2011, Ralph F. Wilson
<[email protected]>. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to make copies of these participant handouts, one set for each member of
a local group, at no charge, provided that this copyright information remains intact on each copy.
Moses the Reluctant Leader. Participant Handouts for Classes and Groups 4
1. The Birth and Call of Moses (Exodus 1-4)
Oppressing the Israelites (Exodus 1:11-14)
1. Construction projects supply depot cities at Pithom
and Rameses.
2. Brick making (Exodus 5:7)
3. Field labor.
Birth of Moses
“When he was placed outside, Pharaoh’s daughter took him
and brought him up as her own son. Moses was educated in
all the wisdom of the Egyptians and was powerful in speech
and action.” (Acts 7:21‐22)
Moses Commits Murder (Exodus 2:11-15a)
1. He identifies himself as a Hebrew.
2. He has a strong sense of basic justice.
3. He is a man of action.
4. He is physically strong.
5. No sense yet of acting for God.
Leadership Is Influence
Q1. (Exodus 2:11‐15a) What do we learn about Moses’ motivations, character, and leadership ability
from the incident of him killing the cruel Egyptian taskmaster? What positive things do you see in his
character? What negative things do you discern?
From Ralph F. Wilson, Moses the Reluctant Leader: Leadership and Discipleship Lessons (JesusWalk, 2011). Copyright © 2011, Ralph F. Wilson
<[email protected]>. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to make copies of these participant handouts, one set for each member of
a local group, at no charge, provided that this copyright information remains intact on each copy.
Moses the Reluctant Leader. Participant Handouts for Classes and Groups 6
2. Finding Courage to Stand (Exodus 5-11)
A. Moses’ Early Failure (Exodus 5:1-3)
1. Come with God’s word. “Thus saith the LORD” (KJV). “This is what the LORD says” (NIV). See
Isaiah 55:11
2. Patient persistence (Hebrews 6:11‐12)
3. Courage, “mental or moral strength to venture, persevere, and withstand danger, fear, or
difficulty.” (Deuteronomy 31:8)
Brick Making
The sun‐dried mud bricks the Israelites were making were commonly used to build houses, palaces,
and temples. Bricks were made of soil and water mixed with chopped straw that gave the bricks
additional strength. The mud mixture was poured into a frame‐like mold. The rectangular mud brick
was then tapped from the frame and left to dry in the sun.
The Lord Encourages Moses (Exodus 6:6)
“Redeem” is gāʾal, “redeem, avenge, revenge, ransom, do the part of a kinsman.” It refers to the
responsibilities of a next of kin to rescue family members from difficulty, redeem them from slavery,
avenge them when they have been mistreated, etc.
Q1. (Exodus 7:6‐7) Why did Moses blame God for his troubles? Why do you think Moses and Aaron
are so stubborn? Was it fear? Was it unbelief? Or both, perhaps? Why does God have to command
Moses and Aaron?
I Will Harden Pharaoh’s Heart (Exodus 7:1-6)
1. Yahweh hardens Pharaoh’s heart (active) – Exodus 4:21; 7:3, 13; 9:12; 10:1, 20, 27; 11:10, 14:4, 8, (17)
2. Pharaoh’s heart is hardened (passive) – Exodus 7:13, 14, 22; 8:19; 9:7, 35
3. Pharaoh hardens his own heart (reflexive) – Exodus 8:15, 32; 9:34
Pharaoh is an unrepentant sinner from the start. See Romans 1:24, 26.
The Plagues upon Egypt (Exodus 7:8-11:9)
“Plague” is maggēpâ, “blow, pestilence,” from nāgap, “to strike.”
1. The Egyptians saw the God of the Israelites as the cause of the judgments.
2. The plagues did not fall on the Israelites, only on the Egyptians.
3. The timing was exquisite.
Plagues
1. Blood (7:14‐24). The blood of the plague makes the Nile’s water undrinkable and kills the fish (7:21)
– a major industry along the Nile.
2. Frogs (8:1‐15). Frogs in Egypt were associated with the god Hopi and the goddess Heqt, who
assisted at childbirth, and were thus a fertility symbol. For all the frogs to die and rot must have
been seen as a defeat of the Egyptian gods.
3. Gnats (8:16‐19). “Gnats” (NIV, NRSV), “lice” (KJV) is Hebrew kēn. We don’t really know what kind
of insect is intended by the word. “Fleas” or “sandflies” have been suggested, but more likely it
refers to “mosquitoes.”
From Ralph F. Wilson, Moses the Reluctant Leader: Leadership and Discipleship Lessons (JesusWalk, 2011). Copyright © 2011, Ralph F. Wilson
<[email protected]>. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to make copies of these participant handouts, one set for each member of
a local group, at no charge, provided that this copyright information remains intact on each copy.
Moses the Reluctant Leader. Participant Handouts for Classes and Groups 7
4. Flies (8:20‐32). “Swarm [of flies]” in verse 20 is literally ʿārōb, “swarm” (“mixture,” from incessant
involved motion). Perhaps flies attracted by the decaying frogs. The Septuagint translates the word
as kynomuia, “dog‐fly,” perhaps our modern gadfly or Monarch fly, with a painful bite. This plague
it is described as a “severe swarm.”
5. Livestock (9:1‐7). Since “livestock” (NIV), “cattle” (KJV) were considered sacred animals by the
Egyptians, this plague was a direct blow against Egypt’s gods.
6. Boils (9:8‐12). “Ashes of the furnace” that Moses and Aaron threw into the air would be black and
fine like soot. “Festering boils” (NIV, NRSV) consists of two words, perhaps, “boils breaking out
into pustules.”
7. Hail (9:13‐35). Hailstones have been measured as large as 8 inches in diameter. Here destroyed
crops in the fields and trees, as well as livestock left in the open.
8. Locusts (10:1‐20). Amos 7:1‐3; Joel 1:1‐7 seen a terrible figure of God’s judgment. Devoured all that
was left after the hail (10:15a).
9. Darkness (10:21‐29). This darkness is so intense that it can be “felt.”
10. Firstborn (11:1‐10; 12:29‐32)
Leadership Lessons
1. The Leader Must Confront When Necessary
Q2. Why is it so difficult for some church leaders to confront people? What fears in this regard does
a leader face? How can confrontation and rebuke be a good thing? What happens when we refuse
to confront when we should?
2. The Leader Must Deal with Criticism and Pressure
3. The Leader Must Know When to Compromise – and When Not To
Q3. Why didn’t Moses accept Pharaoh’s compromises? In what instances should church leaders
accept compromise? In what instances is it wrong for church leaders to compromise?
4. The Leader Must Know that the Battle Is the Lord’s. Ephesians 6:12.
• Moses: Exodus 14:14
• David to Goliath and the Philistines: 1 Samuel 17:47
• Jahaziel: 2 Chronicles 20:14
• Zechariah: Zechariah 4:6
Q4. Why do we tend to fight our battles “in the flesh” rather than using spiritual weapons? Why do
we so often mistake the human enemy for the spiritual enemy? When will God fight our battles –
and when won’t he?
From Ralph F. Wilson, Moses the Reluctant Leader: Leadership and Discipleship Lessons (JesusWalk, 2011). Copyright © 2011, Ralph F. Wilson
<[email protected]>. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to make copies of these participant handouts, one set for each member of
a local group, at no charge, provided that this copyright information remains intact on each copy.
Moses the Reluctant Leader. Participant Handouts for Classes and Groups 8
3. Passover and Crossing the Red Sea (Exodus 12-15)
“Then they are to take some of the blood and put it on the sides and tops of the doorframes of the
houses where they eat the lambs…. The blood will be a sign for you on the houses where you are; and
when I see the blood, I will pass over you.” (Exodus 12:7, 13)
The word “Passover” is found in Exodus 12:11, 21, 26, 43, 48; 34:25. What does it mean? The word is
pesaḥ, is traditionally derived from pāsaḥ, “to pass over,” and interpreted as “the merciful passing over
of a destructive power.”
• Paul: “Christ, our Passover lamb, has been sacrificed.” (1 Corinthians 5:7)
• John the Baptist: “Look, the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world.” (John 1:29)
• Peter: “You were redeemed ... with the precious blood of Christ, a lamb without blemish or
defect.” (1 Peter 1:18‐19)
Q1. (1 Corinthians 5:7; John 1:29; 1 Peter 1:18‐19) In what sense is Christ our Passover Lamb? In what
sense are we marked with his blood? In what sense does God’s judgment pass over us because of
Christ’s blood?
Commemorating the Passover (Exodus 12:14-20)
1. Passover Lamb.
2. Unleavened Bread. Exodus 12:14‐20, 34
3. Bitter Herbs. Exodus 1:14
Plundering the Egyptians (Exodus 12:35-36)
Genesis 15:13‐14; Exodus 3:21‐22.God had a use for the gold and silver: the tabernacle
The Israelites Begin Their Journey (Exodus 12:37-40)
1. Route. From store‐city of Rameses to Succoth.
2. Number of Israelites. 600,000 men, plus women and children.
3. Time in Egypt. This completed 430 years from the time Jacob entered Egypt, see also Genesis 15:13.
4. God’s army, divisions, hosts. Exodus 13:18.
5. Heterogeneous group. “Rabble,” Numbers 11:4; Leviticus 24:10‐11.
6. Night Watch. The Lord Brought the Israelites Out of Egypt (Exodus 12:50‐51)
The people’s deliverance is founded on two elements mentioned in verse 50:
1. Moses and Aaron obeyed what God had commanded them.
2. The people obeyed what Moses and Aaron commanded them.
Q2. (Exodus 12:50) Why was obedience so important to the people’s deliverance? Why is obedience so
important to our deliverance from “sin, the flesh, and the devil”? Is there any discipleship without
obedience? Does a person who says he believes in Jesus but doesn’t obey him have real faith?
The Desert Route (Exodus 13:17-18a)
Road to the Philistines had two drawbacks:
1. The presence of military garrisons.
2. Nation‐building time needed.
From Ralph F. Wilson, Moses the Reluctant Leader: Leadership and Discipleship Lessons (JesusWalk, 2011). Copyright © 2011, Ralph F. Wilson
<[email protected]>. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to make copies of these participant handouts, one set for each member of
a local group, at no charge, provided that this copyright information remains intact on each copy.
Moses the Reluctant Leader. Participant Handouts for Classes and Groups 9
Location of the Red Sea
The Hebrew phrase yām sûp, “Reed Sea” is a term used in the Old
Testament to identify a number of different bodies of water. Here it is
probably some body of water east of the Nile delta, probably either at
Lake Timsah or at the Great Bitter Lake, both of which lie along the
present route of the Suez Canal.
Chariots
An Egyptian light chariot contained one driver and one fighter,
usually armed with a bow. The chariot is fast and deadly – all of the
fear factor of cavalry, but with the added accuracy of a stable shooting
platform, with room to store additional arrows (and short spears
when the arrows were exhausted).
Moses Encourages the People (Exodus 14:13-14)
Commands:
Proposed route of the Exodus from
1. Do not be afraid. Fear is their central weakness. Rameses to the Red Sea.
2. Stand firm. The opposite would be to run from the opposing army’s forces. Ephesians 6:13‐14a
3. Be still. Stop whining!
Faith Assertions:
1. You will see the deliverance the Lord will bring.
2. You won’t see the Egyptians ever again.
3. The Lord will fight for you! Exodus 15:3.
Q3. (Exodus 14:11‐14) Why do the people blame Moses for the advancing Egyptian army? What
motivates their fear? Who are the people really blaming? How does Moses respond to their blame and
fear? Why doesn’t Moses defend himself from their unfair criticism? How do the people respond to
Moses’ words?
Gaining Glory over the Egyptians (Exodus 14:4, 17-18)
“Gain glory” (NIV, NRSV), “get honor” (KJV) is the verb kābēd, here in the Niphal stem. The basic
meaning of the root is “to be heavy, weighty,” extending to the figurative idea of a “weighty” person in
society, someone who is honorable, impressive, noteworthy, worthy of respect. Common translations
are to be “honorable, honored, glorious, glorified.” Numbers 14:20‐23; Isaiah 42:8; 48:11; 43:7; Ephesians
1:12; Isaiah 66:18‐19; John 17:24; Romans 9:23
Q4. (Exodus 14:4, 17‐18) Why is God’s glory important in the Exodus? How is recognition of his glory
important to faith? To holiness? To reverence? What happens when leaders take for themselves the
credit and glory that should go only to God? How can leaders keep themselves from pride?
Reasons for the Destruction of Pharaoh’s Army (Exodus 14:23-30)
1. Protection.
2. Glory.
3. Faith. Exodus 14:31
4. Leadership
From Ralph F. Wilson, Moses the Reluctant Leader: Leadership and Discipleship Lessons (JesusWalk, 2011). Copyright © 2011, Ralph F. Wilson
<[email protected]>. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to make copies of these participant handouts, one set for each member of
a local group, at no charge, provided that this copyright information remains intact on each copy.
Moses the Reluctant Leader. Participant Handouts for Classes and Groups 10
4. Grumbling, Conflict, and Delegation (Exodus 15-18)
A. Grumbling (Exodus 15:22-17:7)
Finding Drinkable Water at Marah (Exodus 15:22-25a)
The first crisis they met in the desert was – predictably – thirst. They found water, but it was bitter –
unpalatable to drink – perhaps brackish, alkaline water.
Grumbling, Complaining, Murmuring, and Quarreling against Leaders
“Grumble” (NIV), “complain” (NRSV), “murmur” (KJV) is lîn, which means, “to murmur, rebel
(against).”
Scripture Summary Motivation
Exodus 15:24 Grumbling. Water is bitter at Marah. “What shall Fear of dying of
we drink?” thirst
Exodus 17:3 At Rephidim, Moses strikes the rock at God’s Fear of dying of
command. thirst
Numbers 14:2, Fear of war in Canaan after the report of the 10 Fear of death and
27, 29, 36‐37; unbelieving spies. “We’ll fall by the sword. Our slavery
Deut 1:27 and wives and children will be taken as plunder.” There
Ps 106:25 is talk of selecting another leader.
From Ralph F. Wilson, Moses the Reluctant Leader: Leadership and Discipleship Lessons (JesusWalk, 2011). Copyright © 2011, Ralph F. Wilson
<[email protected]>. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to make copies of these participant handouts, one set for each member of
a local group, at no charge, provided that this copyright information remains intact on each copy.
Moses the Reluctant Leader. Participant Handouts for Classes and Groups 12
“The manna was like coriander seed and looked like resin. The people went around gathering it, and
then ground it in a handmill or crushed it in a mortar. They cooked it in a pot or made it into cakes.
And it tasted like something made with olive oil. When the dew settled on the camp at night, the
manna also came down.” (Numbers 11:7‐9)
“The Israelites ate manna forty years, until they came to a land that was settled; they ate manna until
they reached the border of Canaan.” (Exodus 16:35; cf. Joshua 5:10‐12)
Q3. (Exodus 16) Why did God provide manna for the people? Why did the manna finally cease? Why
do you think that the people gradually began to take the manna for granted? What provision of God
are you taking for granted?
The People Grumble about Water (Exodus 17:1-7)
Moses goes to God. Exodus 17:4
Psalm 105:39‐41
Jethro Teaches Moses to Delegate Responsibility (Exodus 18:13-27)
Tradition of judgment: 2 Samuel 15:2; 1 Kings 3:16‐28)
Qualifications of judges:
1. Capable.
2. God‐fearing, that is, those who revere God.
3. Honest, trustworthy, who not only refuse bribes, but hate the very idea.
4. Accountable. They share the task with Moses.
Ephesians 4:11‐12. Equipping role.
Delegating to the 70 Elders (Numbers 11:10‐30)
Q4. (Exodus 18:13‐27; Numbers 11:10‐30) Why do you think it took Moses so long to delegate his
judicial role to others? What were the qualifications of these judges? How is Moses’ role similar to the
role of leaders in Ephesians 4:11‐12? What is the importance of the anointing of the Spirit in Christian
leadership?
From Ralph F. Wilson, Moses the Reluctant Leader: Leadership and Discipleship Lessons (JesusWalk, 2011). Copyright © 2011, Ralph F. Wilson
<[email protected]>. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to make copies of these participant handouts, one set for each member of
a local group, at no charge, provided that this copyright information remains intact on each copy.
Moses the Reluctant Leader. Participant Handouts for Classes and Groups 13
5. The Covenant at Mount Sinai (Exodus 19-24)
Invitation to a Unique Covenant Relationship (Exodus 19:3-6)
“4 You yourselves have seen what I did to Egypt, and how I carried you on eagles’ wings and brought
you to myself. 5 Now if you obey me fully and keep my covenant, then out of all nations you will be my
treasured possession. Although the whole earth is mine, 6 you will be for me a kingdom of priests and
a holy nation.” (Exodus 19:4‐6)
Requirement: Keeping the Covenant (Exodus 19:5a)
The word “covenant” is the Hebrew noun berit. Between nations it is a “treaty, alliance of friendship.”
Between individuals it is “a pledge or agreement, with obligation between a monarch and subjects: a
constitution.” Between God and man it is “a covenant accompanied by signs, sacrifices, and a solemn
oath that sealed the relationship with promises of blessing for keeping the covenant and curses for
breaking it.”
Ancient Near East suzerain‐vassal treaties were commonplace. A great king (suzerain) would conquer
weaker kingdoms and extract pledges of allegiance – and annual tribute – from their kings (vassals). In
return, the suzerain had an obligation to protect vassal kingdoms in case they were attacked. The
suzerain was known as the king of kings – the king of all the other kings.
Here are the steps involved in making this covenant at Sinai, as outlined in Exodus 19‐24:
1. Israel arrives at Sinai and encamps (19:1‐2)
2. God announces his intention to covenant with Israel and the people agree (19:3‐9)
3. Preparations prior to the third day, washing clothes, consecration (19:10‐15)
4. Assembly before Mt. Sinai on the third day (19:16‐25)
5. Proclamation of the Ten Commandments (20:1‐17)
6. Further laws and stipulations of the covenant (20:18‐23:19)
7. Promise of the Land (23:20‐33)
8. Reading the Book of the Covenant and sprinkling with blood (24:1‐11)
God’s Treasured Possession, Personal Property, Chosen People (Exodus 19:5)
“Treasured possession” (NIV, NRSV), “peculiar treasure” (KJV), “personal possession” (New
Jerusalem Bible) is a single word: segullâ. The basic meaning of this noun is “personal property.”
Deuteronomy 14:2; 26:18; Psalm 135:4; Malachi 3:16b‐17 (KJV “when I make up his jewels”); Titus
2:13b‐14; 1 Peter 2:9.
Q1. (Exodus 19:5; 1 Peter 2:9) From an emotional standpoint, what does it feel like to take out and look
over one of your treasured possessions? How was the idea of “treasured possession” fulfilled in Israel?
What does it feel like to be God’s treasured possession – as we Christians clearly are according to 1
Peter 2:9?
A Kingdom of Priests (Exodus 19:6a)
Israel, then, is either a kingdom consisting of priests – people, set apart to God (that is “holy”), who
relate to God directly and serve him. Or “royal priests,” a cadre of priests belonging to Yahweh the
King. Either way, it is a position of great privilege and access. 1 Peter 2:9.
From Ralph F. Wilson, Moses the Reluctant Leader: Leadership and Discipleship Lessons (JesusWalk, 2011). Copyright © 2011, Ralph F. Wilson
<[email protected]>. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to make copies of these participant handouts, one set for each member of
a local group, at no charge, provided that this copyright information remains intact on each copy.
Moses the Reluctant Leader. Participant Handouts for Classes and Groups 14
Q2. (Exodus 19:6; 1 Peter 2:9) What did priests do in the Old Testament? In what sense are you a priest?
How do you function as a priest? In what sense are you a “royal” priest? In what areas can your
personal priestly function improve?
A Holy Nation (Exodus 19:6b)
“The adjective qādôsh denominates that which is intrinsically sacred or which has been admitted to the
sphere of the sacred by divine rite or cultic act. It connotes that which is distinct from the common or
profane.”
Q3. (Exodus 19:6; 1 Peter 2:9) In what sense is Israel a “holy” nation? What does it mean to be holy?
Why do you think that personal holiness is de‐emphasized in our time?
Consecrate the People (Exodus 19:10-11)
The word “consecrate” (NIV, NRSV), “sanctify” (KJV) is qādash, “to be holy.” In the Piel stem, it has the
causative sense, “to make holy, to sanctify, to consecrate.”
The idea of holiness is prominent in Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy especially. God is
pure, holy, full of glory. To approach God, man must prepare himself.
• Take off one’s shoes (Exodus 3:5; Joshua 5:15)
• Wash one’s clothes and sometimes one’s body (Exodus 19:10, 14; Leviticus 16:26, 28; Numbers
8:21; 19:7)
• Abstain from food, fast (Leviticus 16:29; 23:27)
• Abstain from sexual relations (Exodus 19:15)
• Offer sacrifices for atonement for sin (Exodus 12:7; Leviticus 1; etc.)
• Confess one’s sins (Leviticus 16:21; 26:40)
• Act justly and keep the moral laws (Exodus 20; Micah 6:8)
• Keep the Sabbath
• Keep other rules of ritual purity
We hold two truths side by side:
1. The Lord sanctifies us: “You shall be for me … a holy nation.”(Exodus 19:6)
2. We sanctify ourselves: “Prepare yourselves….” (Exodus 19:15)
The Ten Commandments and Book of the Covenant (Exodus 20-23)
Exodus 34:28; Deuteronomy 4:13; 10:4‐5. They are placed in the ark (Deuteronomy 10:5), which is
subsequently known as “the ark of the covenant” (Numbers 10:33; 14:44; Deuteronomy 10:8; 31:9, 25‐
26).
The Blood of the Covenant (Exodus 24:8)
“Moses then took the blood, sprinkled it on the people and said, ‘This is the blood of the covenant that
the LORD has made with you in accordance with all these words.’” (Exodus 24:8)
Hebrews 9:18‐22; Matthew 26:27b‐28; Jeremiah 31:31‐34; Hebrews 10:4; 1 Peter 1:19
Q4. (Exodus 24:8; Matthew 26:27‐28) What is the function of the “blood of the covenant” in Exodus?
What is the “blood of the covenant” in the New Testament? How is the Old Covenant similar to the
New Covenant? How are they different?
From Ralph F. Wilson, Moses the Reluctant Leader: Leadership and Discipleship Lessons (JesusWalk, 2011). Copyright © 2011, Ralph F. Wilson
<[email protected]>. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to make copies of these participant handouts, one set for each member of
a local group, at no charge, provided that this copyright information remains intact on each copy.
Moses the Reluctant Leader. Participant Handouts for Classes and Groups 15
6. The Golden Calf and Moses’ Intercession (Exodus 32-34)
The Israelites Worship the Golden Calf (Exodus 32:1-6)
• This practice of combining elements of various religions is called syncretism
• The Apis Bull and the bull‐headed Khnum were comparable objects of worship in Egypt.
Q1. (Exodus 32:1‐6) Why do you think the people of Israel were so quick to make idols, even after
hearing the monotheism of the Ten Commandments that forbade graven images? Why do you think
Aaron facilitated their sin? How do you think the golden calf made God feel? What idols do Christian
churches allow that lead them away from pure worship of God in our day?
A Stiff-Necked People (Exodus 32:7, 9)
Stiff‐necked” is a reference to a mule or ox which would resist the lead rope and refuse to let its master
lead it. Instead it would stiffen its neck against the reins.
God’s Righteous Anger (Exodus 32:10)
God’s anger at sin can’t be understood apart from his own holiness, his separateness from sin, his
nature utterly opposed to injustice, sin, and human degradation. Our sins offend God’s very character.
If you can’t accept an angry God, then you won’t be able to understand him.
Moses Intercedes for the People (Exodus 32:11-13)
The basis of Moses’ appeals:
1. Because the Israelites are God’s own people
2. Because of God’s reputation among the heathen
3. Because of God’s promises
The leader stands between God and the people in intercessory prayer.
Moses Reprimands Aaron (Exodus 32:21-24)
Aaron’s sin.
1. Bringing idolatry and syncretism (32:21), in the sense that he not only passively allowed it to
occur, but actually led by supervising the fashioning of the golden calf.
2. Letting people get out of order and control (32:25) uses a single Hebrew word twice: pāraʿ, “let go,
let loose, ignore.” Here it has the sense of “to let go, let loose people, that is, remove restraint from
them.”
Q2. (Exodus 32:21‐24) What was the nature of Aaron’s sin with the golden calf? Why do you think he
won’t take responsibility for his actions? Why do you think he gets off so easily? Why must leaders be
accountable for their actions? What is necessary for leaders to be able to learn from their mistakes?
Moses Intercedes for the People – Again (Exodus 32:30-35)
On what bases does Moses appeal to God?
1. God’s promise to be with Moses personally (Exodus 3:12), not through an intermediary.
2. God’s statement that he has found favor with God.
3. Moses’ continued to desire to learn from God and please Him – “teach me your ways.”
4. God’s declaration that the Israelites are “my treasured possession” (Exodus 19:5). Moses reminds
God, “Remember that this nation is your people.”
From Ralph F. Wilson, Moses the Reluctant Leader: Leadership and Discipleship Lessons (JesusWalk, 2011). Copyright © 2011, Ralph F. Wilson
<[email protected]>. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to make copies of these participant handouts, one set for each member of
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Moses the Reluctant Leader. Participant Handouts for Classes and Groups 16
Lessons for Leader-Intercessors
1. Leaders are to intercede for their people, even when their people have not acted in a worthy
manner.
2. We intercede on the basis of God’s promises.
3. We intercede on the basis of our personal relationship with God, forged in prayer. John 16:23‐27
Q3. (Exodus 32:11‐13, 30‐35; 33:12‐17) Why is interceding for the people so important in Moses’
ministry? Why is this such an important role for pastors and lay leaders today? To intercede effectively
before God, why must we know both his character and his promises?
Teach Me Your Ways (Exodus 33:13)
Psalm 103:7; 25:4; 27:11; 86:11
Moses’ “Tent of Meeting” Outside the Camp (Exodus 33:7-11)
Moses’ “tent of meeting” The Tabernacle
(Exodus 33:7‐11)
Location Outside the camp Center of camp (Num 2:2)
Purpose Inquiring of the Lord and speaking Formal worship and sacrifice, and location
with the Lord face‐to‐face of the ark of the covenant
Attendants Joshua Priests and Levites
Q4. (Exodus 33:7‐11) Why is Moses’ pre‐tabernacle “tent of meeting” so important in Moses’ ministry?
Why is it called the “tent of meeting”? What would it take for you to spend longer periods of intimate
time seeking God? How do you think this would affect your ministry?
Show Me Your Glory (Exodus 33:18-23)
Philippians 3:8a, 12b, 13b‐14
Proclamation of the Name of Yahweh (Exodus 34:5-7)
“5 Then the LORD came down in the cloud and stood there with him and proclaimed his name, the
LORD. 6 And he passed in front of Moses, proclaiming, ‘The LORD, the LORD, the compassionate and
gracious God, slow to anger, abounding in love and faithfulness, 7 maintaining love to thousands, and
forgiving wickedness, rebellion and sin. Yet he does not leave the guilty unpunished....’” (Exodus 34:5‐
7a)
Notice that when God revealed his glory, he declared his goodness and graciousness. So here on the
mountain God reveals his character. This quintessential statement of God’s gracious character is
reiterated at least twelve times in Scripture. (Numbers 14:17‐19; Deuteronomy 5:10; Joel 2:13; Jonah 4:2;
Nahum 1:7; 2 Chronicles 30:9; and Psalms 86:15; 103:8‐13; 111:4; 112:4; 116:5; and 145:8)
From Ralph F. Wilson, Moses the Reluctant Leader: Leadership and Discipleship Lessons (JesusWalk, 2011). Copyright © 2011, Ralph F. Wilson
<[email protected]>. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to make copies of these participant handouts, one set for each member of
a local group, at no charge, provided that this copyright information remains intact on each copy.
Moses the Reluctant Leader. Participant Handouts for Classes and Groups 17
7. The Tabernacle, Priesthood, and Sacrifices (Exodus 20-31, 35-40; Leviticus 1-17;
Numbers 6-10)
A. The Kingdom of God
The key unifying concept to grasp is that Yahweh is Israel’s King. Exodus 15:18, Numbers 23:21;
Deuteronomy 33:5
The Suzerain or Great King or King of kings makes treaties with kingdoms under him, and in return
for obedience and subservience, offers protection and aid. Exodus 19:5‐6
Yahweh’s Presence in the Midst of His People (Numbers 2:1-3:39)
The very organization of Israel’s camp reflected this truth according to Numbers 2:1‐3:39. God’s
presence dwelt in the tabernacle.
Q1. (Numbers 2:1‐3:39) Why was the camp of the
Israelites laid out as it was? What did this layout teach
the Israelites? Why were the Levites and priests
camped closer than the other tribes?
B. The Laws of the Covenant
1. The civil law that governed the nation Israel. Only
binding on the theocracy of Israel. Hebrews 8:13;
9:10; Matthew 21:43
2. The religious law that detailed the sacrifices and
temple ceremonies required for the forgiveness of
sin. Fulfilled by Jesus. Hebrews 9:22b; John 1:29;
Matthew 26:28; Hebrews 10:10
3. The moral law, underlying principles such as those
found in the Ten Commandments. Now fulfilled
by the Spirit working in us. Deuteronomy 6:4‐5;
Leviticus 19:18; Matthew 22:40; Romans 7:6; Gala‐
tians 5:18.
C. The Tabernacle
The keys to understanding the tabernacle:
1. It is the throne‐room and precincts of the King’s dwelling.
2. Moses received the exact pattern on Mount Sinai to be reproduced by skilled craftsmen detail by
detail. Exodus 25:9, 40; Hebrews 8:5
Three Names for the Tabernacle
1. Sanctuary emphasizes the sacredness or holiness of the place.
2. Tabernacle, literally, “tent, dwelling,” emphasizes the nearness and closeness of God’s presence
dwelling with the Israelites in the midst of their camp.
3. Tent of Meeting, emphasizing that function of being a place of “meeting” between God and his
people.
From Ralph F. Wilson, Moses the Reluctant Leader: Leadership and Discipleship Lessons (JesusWalk, 2011). Copyright © 2011, Ralph F. Wilson
<[email protected]>. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to make copies of these participant handouts, one set for each member of
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The Tabernacle Covering (Exodus 26-27)
1. Tapestry, beautiful tapestry that decorated the inside of the
tabernacle, visible on the ceiling and walls from within.
2. Goat’s Hair, spun and woven goat’s hair, the material commonly
used for making tents.
3. Ram Skins Dyed Red
4. Hides, on the outside of the tabernacle, were apparently from sea
Cherubim are probably similar
cows, dugongs, or dolphins to the sphinx or winged bulls or
lions found in the Ancient Near
East. Striding sphinx. Phoeni‐
cian, 899–700 B.C. From Nimrud,
ivory, 6.9 cm x 7.75 cm..
From Ralph F. Wilson, Moses the Reluctant Leader: Leadership and Discipleship Lessons (JesusWalk, 2011). Copyright © 2011, Ralph F. Wilson
<[email protected]>. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to make copies of these participant handouts, one set for each member of
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Moses the Reluctant Leader. Participant Handouts for Classes and Groups 19
4. 7‐Branched Lampstand. The lampstand elevated seven oil lamps high enough to illuminate the
entire Holy Place. The lamps were probably open saucers with a wick draped over a lip formed in
one end of the vessel burning olive oil. The lamps were to remain lit always.
5. Altar of Incense. This altar is 1½ feet square and about 3 feet high, with horns on each corner, and
made of acacia‐wood plated with gold. It was used to burn sweet‐smelling incense in the presence
of the Lord.
6. Ark of the Covenant (Exodus 25:10‐22). The ark in the Holy of Holies was the most holy object of
all, a gold‐covered acacia‐wood chest (dimensions 3¾ by 2¼ feet and 2¼ feet high) that served as
the portable throne of Yahweh. The top lid made of pure gold and called the “atonement cover”
(NIV), “mercy seat” (NRSV, KJV), kappōret, literally, “performance of reconciliation or atonement”
or “place of atonement,” from kāpar, “make an atonement, make reconciliation.” At each end of the
cover was a solid gold cherub. These cherubim faced each other with their “wings spread upward,
overshadowing the cover” (Exodus 25:20). Portable throne of Yahweh: Exodus 25:22, cf. Numbers
7:89); 1 Samuel 4:4.
Q2. (Exodus 25:10‐22) What is the significance of the Ark in the Holy of Holies? What did it represent?
Why was it considered so holy? If no one really sat upon it, why was it so important?
1. Entering. We enter into prayer to begin to seek God and draw near to him.
2. Sacrifice and confession of sin are represented by the bronze altar where sacrifices for sin were
made. Christ is our sacrifice and our sin causes estrangement from him. As we confess our sins
in humility and look with faith to his sacrifice for us on the cross, we connect with his grace and
atonement.
3. Cleansing and forgiveness are represented by the bronze laver or basin. We receive his forgive‐
ness and cleansing by faith with thankfulness.
4. Worship is the next step. As the priests tended the lamps, the table, and the altar of incense, we
offer regular thanksgiving and praise to God in the Holy Place, as a sweet fragrance before him.
From Ralph F. Wilson, Moses the Reluctant Leader: Leadership and Discipleship Lessons (JesusWalk, 2011). Copyright © 2011, Ralph F. Wilson
<[email protected]>. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to make copies of these participant handouts, one set for each member of
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Moses the Reluctant Leader. Participant Handouts for Classes and Groups 20
5. Encounter with God in the Holy of Holies is the ultimate goal. We hear this in Moses’ plea,
“Show me your glory” (Exodus 33:18) and in Paul’s cry, “that I may know him” (Philippians
3:10).
Q3. What does the arrangement of the furniture, the tabernacle, and the courtyard teach us about
worship? Why do you come to the bronze altar and the laver or basin before you reach the tent itself?
D. Priests, Levites, and Sacrifices
Priests
Priest in Hebrew is kōhen, from which we get the common
Jewish surname “Cohen.” The etymology of the word is
obscure.
1. Ministering to the Lord, worship.
2. Ministering to the people of Israel, atonement
Levites
The present‐day Jewish surnames “Levi” and “Levine” come
from this tribal name.
Tithing
Supported by the tithes of the people. Numbers 18:8‐21, 26; 2
Chronicles 2:2‐10; Malachi 3:10; Luke 11:42; 1 Corinthians 9:13‐
14.
Priestly Garments (Ex 28, 39, Lev 8:7-9)
“To give them dignity and honor” (Exodus 28:40). The garments – and differences between the high
priest and regular priests is shown below:
High Priest Regular Priests
Sacred crown of gold, engraved with the words: High priest only None
“Holy to the Lord.”
Turban of linen, different types Miṣnepet Migbāʿâ
Breastpiece, colorful, like the ephod, with 12 High priest only None
stones representing each tribe, plus a pocket in
which to put the Urim and Thummim, which
seem to be lots used to seek God’s will.
Ephod, “a sleeveless linen waistcoat” worn over Ephod made with gold; Plain linen ephod,
the robe. blue, purple and scarlet at least in David’s
yarn; and finely‐twisted time.
linen.
Robe of the ephod, made of blue cloth, the hem High priest only None
with alternating embroidered pomegranates and
gold bells.
Sash Embroidered sash Regular sash
Tunic, linen, ankle‐length Perhaps checkered. Plain white linen
From Ralph F. Wilson, Moses the Reluctant Leader: Leadership and Discipleship Lessons (JesusWalk, 2011). Copyright © 2011, Ralph F. Wilson
<[email protected]>. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to make copies of these participant handouts, one set for each member of
a local group, at no charge, provided that this copyright information remains intact on each copy.
Moses the Reluctant Leader. Participant Handouts for Classes and Groups 21
From Ralph F. Wilson, Moses the Reluctant Leader: Leadership and Discipleship Lessons (JesusWalk, 2011). Copyright © 2011, Ralph F. Wilson
<[email protected]>. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to make copies of these participant handouts, one set for each member of
a local group, at no charge, provided that this copyright information remains intact on each copy.
Moses the Reluctant Leader. Participant Handouts for Classes and Groups 23
Fear and Unbelief Spread (Numbers 14:1-9)
Bad report fed fears:
• Men would “fall by the sword”
• Women and children would be “taken as plunder”
Met by positive statements of faith:
1. The Lord will lead us into the land.
2. We will consume the people.
3. Their protection has been removed.
4. The Lord is with us. Genesis 39:2, 21; Exodus 3:12; 33:14; Joshua 1:5; Deuteronomy 31:23;
Psalms 46:7, 11; Matthew 1:23; 18:20; 28:20; 2 Timothy 4:17; Hebrews 13:5b.
Warnings:
1. Do not rebel.
2. Do not be afraid of the people of the land.
Moses Intercedes Again (Numbers 14:13-20)
1. God’s glory. The Egyptians and Canaanites will hear about it, and God’s previous reputation
will be hurt. It would be claimed that since he couldn’t bring the people into the land, he killed
them (14:13‐16).
2. God’s character. God’s character had been spoken to Moses when the glory of God came before
him in the cleft of the rock: He both loves and forgives of sin and rebellion (Exodus 34:5‐7).
Moses recites God’s words back to him.
God answered Moses according to the statement of character Moses had claimed before him.
1. Forgiveness. God forgives the people, that is, he will allow the people of Israel, not just the
descendants of Moses, to be the heirs of the promise.
2. Punishment. The 10 leaders who brought the bad report that precipitated the general unbelief
were punished with sudden death.
3. Visiting the sins of fathers on the children. “Your children will be shepherds here for forty
years, suffering for your unfaithfulness, until the last of your bodies lies in the desert.” (Num‐
bers 14:33‐34)
Israel’s sins keep them from entering the Promised Land (14:22‐23):
1. Disobedience
2. Testing God
3. Treating God with contempt
Caleb’s Faith (Numbers 14:24)
“Wholeheartedly” (NIV, NRSV) is the Piel stem of mālēʾ, “be full, to fill, literally “to be after fully” (KJV).
Numbers 26:65; 32:12; Deuteronomy 1:36; Joshua 14:6‐15.
From Ralph F. Wilson, Moses the Reluctant Leader: Leadership and Discipleship Lessons (JesusWalk, 2011). Copyright © 2011, Ralph F. Wilson
<[email protected]>. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to make copies of these participant handouts, one set for each member of
a local group, at no charge, provided that this copyright information remains intact on each copy.
Moses the Reluctant Leader. Participant Handouts for Classes and Groups 24
Discipleship and Leadership Lessons
1. Godly leaders must possess faith, not just influence. Acts 6:3; 11:24.
2. The majority doesn’t necessarily discern God’s will.
3. Leaders have a strong influence on the people who respect them.
4. Fear opposes faith and vice versa.
5. Leaders calm fearful people with faith statements.
6. Rebellion against authority can be spawned by fear.
7. Leaders must intercede on behalf of their people’s sins.
8. God can forgive the congregation while punishing the offenders. 1 Corinthians 3:12‐15.
9. The sins of the congregation’s fathers are visited upon future generations.
10. Some decisions cannot be undone. Hebrews 12:16‐17
11. We must follow Lord wholeheartedly. Joshua 14:6‐15.
Q3. (Numbers 14) Why is this failure to enter the Promised Land so serious? What did it represent on
the people’s part? What did it represent on the Lord’s part? In your opinion, was the punishment too
severe? Why or why not? If the people had moved in faith, how long would their trip from Egypt to
Canaan have taken?
Korah’s Rebellion (Numbers 16)
The Levites, whom Korah represented, wanted to have the status of priests.. Numbers 16:8b‐10. Moses
and Aaron are accused of pride, of setting themselves above the people.
Q4. (Numbers 17) What was the root cause of Korah’s rebellion? Which of their accusations were true
or partially true? Why is challenging the authority of a spiritual leader so dangerous to the challengers?
How is intercession for a sinful people such an important part of a leader’s job?
From Ralph F. Wilson, Moses the Reluctant Leader: Leadership and Discipleship Lessons (JesusWalk, 2011). Copyright © 2011, Ralph F. Wilson
<[email protected]>. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to make copies of these participant handouts, one set for each member of
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Moses the Reluctant Leader. Participant Handouts for Classes and Groups 25
9. Conquering the Transjordan and Moses’ Death (Numbers 20-27; Deuteronomy 32, 34)
Moses Strikes the Rock at Kadesh and Is Disciplined (Numbers
20:1-13)
The nature of Moses’ and Aaron’s sin is two‐fold:
1. Disobedience. They disobeyed God’s instructions to speak
to the rock. Instead they struck the rock and spoke to the
people, as though they possessed the power to produce
water from the rock.
2. Not sanctifying God. When Moses and Aaron used the
word “we” (Numbers 20:10), rather than giving God glory
by declaring God’s act of power, it had the effect of com‐
promising divine holiness, which was an unpardonable act
of insubordination.
Q1. (Numbers 20:1‐13) What did God tell Moses to do to bring
water out of the rock? What did Moses actually do? In what
way did he sin? What emotions and attitudes were behind his
sin, do you think? What must leaders do when they sin in these
ways?
Vipers Attack the Israelites (Numbers 21:4-9)
The Israelites begin to complain: lack of water and manna,
which they’ve grown to hate.
Jesus compared the snake lifted up in the wilderness to himself
being lifted up on the cross – that those who look on him with
faith live. (John 3:14‐15)
Q2. (Numbers 21:4‐9; John 3:14‐15) What precipitated the
plague of snakes? Is being impatient with God’s provision a
sin? Why or why not? What are the points of comparison
between the bronze snake in the desert and Christ on the cross?
Israelite Men Sin with Moabite Women (Numbers 25)
Q3. (Numbers 25; Revelation 2:14) Though Balaam wouldn’t
prophesy evil against Israel, he was willing to counsel the
Moabites how to hurt Israel. How did Balaam’s counsel lead
Conquest of the Transjordan
Israel into sin? Why was Aaron’s grandson Phinehas so
honored for his action? What was his reward? Why are we so
often zealous to defend the rights of God’s enemies and so
slow to defend God’s honor?
The Death of Moses
When Moses’ speech and song before the people were
completed – on the same day – God tells him how he will die
on Mount Nebo, within sight of Canaan, but never to enter it, Deuteronomy 32:51‐52; 35:4
From Ralph F. Wilson, Moses the Reluctant Leader: Leadership and Discipleship Lessons (JesusWalk, 2011). Copyright © 2011, Ralph F. Wilson
<[email protected]>. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to make copies of these participant handouts, one set for each member of
a local group, at no charge, provided that this copyright information remains intact on each copy.
Moses the Reluctant Leader. Participant Handouts for Classes and Groups 26
Q4. What about Moses’ strengths have inspired you? What about his weaknesses have been a warning
to you? If there is one primary thing God has taught you from Moses’ life that you seek to apply to
yours, what is it?
From Ralph F. Wilson, Moses the Reluctant Leader: Leadership and Discipleship Lessons (JesusWalk, 2011). Copyright © 2011, Ralph F. Wilson
<[email protected]>. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to make copies of these participant handouts, one set for each member of
a local group, at no charge, provided that this copyright information remains intact on each copy.