Routing Protocol Basis

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 Route technology is the key point that
internet is running continuously.
Route is a very interesting and complex
task, and eternal topic.

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 Upon completion of this course, you will be
able to :
Know the concept of route
Know the classification of routing
protocol
Understand the routing process of data
packet in the network
Understand the structure of routing table

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 What’s The Route?

A route is the path information to guide IP packets to be

transferred.

Destination
network N

E0/1
S0/0 RTC
E0/0
RTB

RTA
Other networks

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 The Key Function of routing

Check the destination of the data packet

Confirm the information resource

Discover possible route

Select best route

Validate and maintain route information

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 Routing Table Establishment

10.1.1.0

E0/0 192.168.2.0
E1/0

protocol destination interface

DIRECT 10.1.1.0 E0/0

OSPF 192.168.2.0 E1/0

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 Routes—Discovered by Data Link Layer
10.1.1.0/30
RTB RTA
.1 .2
.1
10.1.2.0/24

[RTB]display ip routing-table
Routing Tables: Public
Destinations : 8 Routes : 8
.2
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/30 Direct 0 0 10.1.1.1 Serial0/0/0
RTC 10.1.1.1/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
……
10.1.2.1/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
10.1.2.2/32 Direct 0 0 10.1.2.2 Serial0/0/1
127.0.0.0/8 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
127.0.0.1/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0

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 Routes—Static Route
RTA RTB
10.1.1.0/30
.1 .2
Configure static route towards 2.2.2.2/32
destination network 2.2.2.2/32
[RTA] display ip routing-table
Routing Tables: Public
Destinations : 8 Routes : 8
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost NextHop Interface
2.2.2.2/32 Static 60 0 10.1.2.2 Ethernet0
10.1.1.0/30 Direct 0 0 10.1.1.1 Serial0
10.1.1.1/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
10.1.1.2/32 Direct 0 0 10.1.1.2 Serial0
127.0.0.0/8 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
127.0.0.1/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0

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 Routes—Discovered by Dynamic Routing
Protocol
172.16.1.1/32

RTC

10.1.2.0/24
.2
OSPF
[RTB]display ip routing-table
RTA RIP .1
Routing Tables: Public
10.1.1.0/8
Destinations : 10 Routes : 10
.2 .1
192.168.2.1/24 RTB Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/30 Direct 0 0 10.1.1.2 Serial0/0/0
10.1.1.1/32 Direct 0 0 10.1.1.1 Serial0/0/0
……
127.0.0.1/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
172.16.1.1/32 OSPF 10 1563 10.1.2.2 Serial0/0/1
192.168.1.0/24 RIP 100 1 10.1.1.1 Serial0/0/0

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 Static and Dynamic Route

Static route Dynamic route

The route that router gets

The route configured
from other routers via
manually by network
routing protocol
administrator
When network topological
When network topological is changed, routers will
is changed, administrator update route information
need to update static route automatically

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 Routing Protocol

Routing protocol is like language that used to exchange information between

routers, routers shares network status and network reachable information via

routing protocol.

The communication peers must run same protocols that used to exchange

routing information.

Routing protocol define a set of rules about communication between the routers

Routing protocol maintains routing table and provide the best forwarding path.

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 Routing Protocols Classification——Working
Area

：RIP OSPF ISIS

IGPs：
：BGP
EGPs：

AS100 AS200

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 Routing Protocols Classification——Protocol
Algorithm

According to protocol algorithm

Distance-Vector routing protocol

− It includes RIP and BGP. Thereinto, BGP is also called

Path-Vector routing protocol.

Link-State routing protocol

− It is also called the shortest path first routing protocol,

includes OSPF and IS-IS.

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 Routing Protocols Classification——Service
Application

According to service application, routing protocol can be divide

into the following types:

Unicast Routing Protocol: includes RIP、OSPF、BGP and IS-

IS and so on.

Multicast Routing Protocol : includes DVMRP、PIM-SM、PIM-

DM and so on.

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 Routing Table

[Quidway] display ip routing-table

Routing Tables:
Destination/Mask proto pref Metric Nexthop Interface
0.0.0.0/0 Static 60 0 120.0.0.2 Serial0/0
8.0.0.0/8 RIP 100 3 120.0.0.2 Serial0/1
9.0.0.0/8 OSPF 10 50 20.0.0.2 Ethernet0/0
9.1.0.0/16 RIP 100 4 120.0.0.2 Serial0/0
11.0.0.0/8 Static 60 0 120.0.0.2 Serial0/1
20.0.0.0/8 Direct 0 0 20.0.0.1 Ethernet0/2
20.0.0.1/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 LoopBack0

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 Preference of Routing Protocol
If there are multiple routes, the route with higher preference (the
smaller value, the higher preference) will be used to guide IP packet
to be transferred.

RIP OSPF

10.0.0.0 R0 10.0.0.0 R1

10.0.0.0 R1

Routing table

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 Preference of Routing Protocol

The default route preference on VRP platform is shown in the

following table
Routing protocol Preference
DIRECT 0
OSPF 10
IS-IS 15
STATIC 60
RIP 100
OSPF ASE 150
IBGP 255
EBGP 255
Untrustworthy 255

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 Route Metric
There are two routes from router A to D :

Path1： A→B→C→D ，the total route metric is 9

Path2： A→E→F→C→D ， the total route metric is 12

The router first selects the smaller metric route, and take it into the
routing table.
B C D
5 2
A 2
1

6
F
3
E

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 Equal Cost Multi-Path (ECMP)
Equal Cost Multi-Path
There are several routes towards the same destination with same route
metric, if the route preference is same, these routes are all added into the
routing table, IP packet will be transferred over these link by turns.
Two equal cost multi-path from A to D:
A→B→C→D，total metric 5+5+8=18
A→C→D， total metric 10+8=18
B

5 5
A C D
8
10

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 Equal Cost Multi-Path
[RTB] display ip routing-table
Routing Tables: Public
Destinations : 13 Routes : 15
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost NextHop Interface
3.3.3.0/24 Direct 0 0 3.3.3.2 Serial2
3.3.3.1/32 Direct 0 0 3.3.3.1 Serial2
3.3.3.2/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
10.1.1.1/32 Static 60 0 1.1.1.1 Serial0
Static 60 0 2.2.2.1 Serial1
Static 60 0 3.3.3.1 Serial2
20.1.1.1/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
127.0.0.0/8 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
127.0.0.1/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0

Equal Cost Multi-Path

realizes load-balance

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 The Longest Match

Lookup routing table

Destination makes
logical AND operation
with mask

Compare the destination match Select the longest

address in the routing table matched route

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 The Example of Longest Match
The data packet of destination 9.1.2.1 will match the route 9.1.0.0/16

[Quidway] display ip routing-table

Routing Tables:
Destination/Mask proto pref Metric Nexthop Interface
0.0.0.0/0 Static 60 0 120.0.0.2 Serial0/0
8.0.0.0/8 RIP 100 3 120.0.0.2 Serial0/1
9.0.0.0/8 OSPF 10 50 20.0.0.2 Ethernet0/0
9.1.0.0/16 RIP 100 4 120.0.0.2 Serial0/0
11.0.0.0/8 Static 60 0 120.0.0.2 Serial0/1
20.0.0.0/8 Direct 0 0 20.0.0.1 Ethernet0/2
20.0.0.1/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 LoopBack0

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Thank You
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