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Class 11 Notes Chapter 2 Collection of Data

The document discusses various methods for collecting data, including primary and secondary sources. It describes different statistical methods like direct personal investigation, indirect oral investigation, and using local correspondents. Questionnaires, schedules, and census are also covered as methods for gathering primary data. Secondary data sources include government publications, reports, and unpublished organizational records. The accuracy and reliability of sampling data depends on factors like sample size, sampling method, and enumerator training.

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2K views

Class 11 Notes Chapter 2 Collection of Data

The document discusses various methods for collecting data, including primary and secondary sources. It describes different statistical methods like direct personal investigation, indirect oral investigation, and using local correspondents. Questionnaires, schedules, and census are also covered as methods for gathering primary data. Secondary data sources include government publications, reports, and unpublished organizational records. The accuracy and reliability of sampling data depends on factors like sample size, sampling method, and enumerator training.

Uploaded by

vivan shah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Class 11 Notes Chapter 2 Collection of Data

Sources of Data There are two sources of data

 Primary Source of Data It implies collection of data from


its source of origin.
 Secondary Source of Data It implies collection of data
from some agency or institution which already happens
to have collected the data through statistical survey.
Types of Data There are two types of data

 Primary Data Data collected by the investigator for his


own purpose for the first time, from beginning to end
are called primary data.
 Secondary Data These data have already been
collected by somebody else, these are available in the
form of published or unpublished report.
Principal Differences between Primary and Secondary Data

 Primary data are original and secondary data are


already in existence and therefore, are not original.
 Primary data do not need any adjustment, secondary
data need to be adjustment to suit the objective of study
in hand.
 Primary data are expensive and secondary data are
less expensive.
Statistical Methods of Data Collection
(i) Direct Personal Investigation
It is the method by which data are personally collected by
the investigator from the information. Merits and demerits of
this method are follows.
(a) Merits

 Originality
 Reliability
 Uniformity
 Accuracy
 Related information
 Elastic
(b) Demerits

 Difficult to cover wide areas


 Costly
 Personal bias
 Limited coverage
(ii) Indirect Oral Investigation
It is the method by which information is obtained not from
the persons regarding whom the information is needed. It is
collected orally from other persons who are expected to
possess the necessary information. Merits and demerits of
this method are given below
(a) Merits

 Wide coverage
 Expert opinion
 Simple
 Less expensive
 Free from bias
(b) Demerits

 Less accurate
 Doubtful conclusions
 Biased
(iii) Information from Local Sources or Correspondents
Under this method, the investigator appoints local persons
or correspondents at different places. Merits and demerits of
this method are given below
(a) Merits

 Economical
 Wide coverage
 Continuity
 Suitable for special purpose
(b) Demerits

 Loss of originality
 Lack of uniformity
 Personal bias
 Less accurate
 Delay in collection
(iv) Information Through Questionnaries and Schedules
There are two ways of collecting information on the basis of
questionnaire
(a)Mailing Method Under this method questionnaires are
mailed to the informants. The method is most suited when

 The area of the study is very wide.


 The informants are educated.
(b) Enumerator’s Methods Under this Method enumerator
himself fills the schedules after seeking information from the
informants. This method is mostly used when

 field of investigation is large.


 the investigation need specialised and skilled
investigation.
 the investigators are well versed in the local language
and cultural norms of the informants.
(c) Collection of Secondary Data There are two main
sources of secondary data

 Published sources
 Unpublished sources
(d) Published Sources Some of the published source of
secondary data are

 Government publication
 Semi-government publication
 Reports of committees and commissions
 Publications of trade associations
 Publication of research institutions
 Journals and papers
 Publication of research scholars
 International publication
(e) Unpublished Sources These data are collected by the
government organisations and others, generally for their self
use or office record.

 In order to assess the reliability, suitability and


adequacy of the data, the following points must be kept
in mind
 Ability of the collecting organisation
 Objective and scope
 Method of collection
 Time and condition of organisation
 Definition of the unit
 Accuracy
(v) Census ‘Method
Census method is that method in which data are collected
covering every item of the universe or population relating to
the problem under investigation. Merits and demerits of this
method are given follows
(a) Merits

 Reliable and accurate


 Less biased
 Extensive information
 Study of diverse characteristic
 Study of complex investigation
 Indirect investigation
(b) Demerits
 Costly
 Large manpower
 Not suitable for large investigation
(vi) Sample Method
It is that method in which data is collected about the sample
on a group of items taken from the populations for
examination and conclusions are drawn on their basis.
Merits and demerits of this method are given below
(a) Merits

 Economical
 Time saving
 Identification of error
 Large investigation
 Administrative convenience
 More scientific
(b) Demerits

 Partial
 Wrong conclusions
 Difficulty in selecting representative sample
 Difficulty in framing a sample
 Specialised knowledge
Methods of Sampling
(i) Random Sampling Random sampling is that method of
sampling in which each and every item of the universe has
equal chance of being selected in the sample.
Random sampling may be done in any of the following ways
 Lottery method
 Tables of random number
(ii) Purposive or Deliberate Sampling It is that method in
which the investigator himself makes the choice of the
samples items which in his opinion are the best
representative of the universe.
(iii) Stratified or Mixed Sampling According to this method of
sampling population is divided into different strata having
different characteristics and some of the items are selected
from each strata, so the entire population gets represented.
(iv) Systematic Sampling According to this methods, units of
the population are numerically, geographically and
alphabetically arranged. Every nth item of the numbered is
selected as a sample item.
(v) Quota Sampling In this method, the population is divided
into different groups or classes according to different
characteristics of the population.
(vi) Convenience Sampling In this method, sampling is done
by the investigator in such a manner that suits his
convenience.

Reliability of Sampling Data


It depends mainly on the following factors

 Size of the sample


 Method of sampling
 Bias of correspondents and enumerators
 Training of enumerators

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