Thermal

Physics -
Latent Heat
 Break - down

Melting Boiling Condensation Solidification

Solid - Liquid Liquid - Gas Gas - Liquid Liquid - Solid

 Break - down

Latent heat of Latent heat of Specific latent heat

vaporisation fusion
 Imagine taking an ice cube from the
freezer and you heat it at a steady rate

Boiling
In the freezer, the ice cube is at a
temperature below 0℃ (-20℃)

The ice warms up to 0 ℃, then it

remains at this temperature while it
melts
Gas Gas
Lumps of ice float in water. Both solid
and liquid are at 0℃ .

A Temperature against time graph to show the changes that occur when ice is
heated until it eventually becomes gas
 When all the ice has melted the
water’s temperatures starts to rise
again.
Boiling

At 100℃ (boiling point of water), the

temperature again remains steady. the
water is boiling to form steam (gas)

Boiling takes longer than melting – it

takes more energy to boil the water
than to melt the ice.
Gas Gas

Eventually, all the water has turned to

gas

A Temperature against time graph to show the changes that occur when ice is
heated until it eventually becomes gas
 IMPORTANT!

Energy must be supplied to change a solid into a liquid, and to change

a liquid into a gas. This happens because the energy is being used to
break the bonds between the molecules instead of increasing the
kinetic energy of the molecules (and hence the temperature0.

SO…

The temperature remains constant The temperature remains constant

as the solid melts as the liquid boils
 Melting
Melting is a process whereby energy is supplied to
change the state of a substance from a solid to a
liquid, without a change in temperature

Melting Point

For a pure substance, melting occurs at a definite

temperature. When two or more substances are mixed, they
have a different and non-definite melting point.
 Boiling
Melting is a process whereby energy is supplied to
change the state of a substance from a liquid to a gas,
without a change in temperature

Boiling Point

For a pure substance, boiling occurs at a definite temperature.

When two or more substances are mixed, they have a different
and non-definite melting point.
Example: salty water boils at a higher temperature than pure water
 Boiling and Evaporation

Boiling Evaporation
- Quick - Slow
- Bubbles - Nothing visible happens
- Occurs through out the liquid - Occurs at the surface only
- Occurs at one temperature – boiling point - Occurs at any temperature
- Temperature remains constant - Temperature may change
- External thermal energy source required - Heat from surroundings is enough
 Condensation
Condensation is the process of changing the state of a
substance from a gas to a liquid, without a change in
temperature

As a gas loses heat energy, they also lose kinetic energy,

causing them to move slower. Their intermolecular
forces of attraction become more significant, pulling the
molecules together and allowing them to form weak
bonds until they form a liquid.
 Solidification
Solidification is the process of changing the state of a
substance from a liquid to a solid, without a change in
temperature

As liquids lose energy, their molecules slow down and form more
intermolecular bonds with one another. They become locked in
place, and thus, they form a solid.
 Latent Heat (L)
Latent heat is the energy needed to change the state of a
substance from solid to liquid or from liquid to gas without
change in temperature

Energy
Must be supplied to a substance to melt or
to boil it – to make it change state

The supplied energy

Does not increase the substance’s
temperature, so it’s known as latent heat

This energy
Is needed to break the bonds
between the molecules
Latent Heat (L)

Kinetic Energy
Does not change due to no change in
temperature

Potential Energy
Changes due to change in state

Compared to Thermal capacity

The opposite is true – Internal energy increases
due to increase in kinetic energy
 Types of Latent Heat
Latent Heat of Fusion Latent Heat of Vaporization
Energy needed to change the state of a substance Energy needed to change the state of a substance
from solid to liquid, without a change in temperature from liquid to gas, without a change in temperature
 Specific Latent Heat (l, J/kg)
Specific Latent Heat of Fusion (lf) Specific Latent Heat of Vaporization (lv)
Amount of thermal energy needed to change a Amount of thermal energy needed to change a
unit mass of the substance from solid to liquid, unit mass of the substance from liquid to gas,
without a change in temperature. without a change in temperature.

𝐸 = 𝑚 × 𝑙𝑓 𝐸 = 𝑚 × 𝑙𝑣
 Let’s try this one☺
Ice cubes of total mass 70 g, and at 0 °C, are put into a drink of lemonade of mass 300 g. All the ice melts as 23 500
J of thermal energy transfers from the lemonade to the ice. The final temperature of the drink is 0 °𝐶.

(i) Calculate the specific latent heat of fusion for ice.

𝐸 = 𝑙𝑓 × 𝑚

𝐸 23500 𝐽
𝑙𝑓 = = = 336𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑚 70 ÷ 1000 𝑘𝑔
 Let’s try this one☺
The thermal energy that causes the ice to melt is transferred from the lemonade as it cools. The loss of this thermal
energy causes the temperature of the 300 g of the lemonade to fall by 19 °C.

(ii) Calculate the specific heat capacity of the lemonade.

𝐸 = 𝑚 × 𝑐 × ∆𝑇

𝐸 23500 𝐽
𝑐= = = 4.1𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔℃
𝑚 × ∆𝑇 300 ÷ 1000 𝑘𝑔 × 19℃
 Let’s try this one☺
The specific latent heat of vaporization of water is 5.1 × 106 J / kg. Thermal energy is supplied to boiling water in a
kettle at a rate of 320 W.

Calculate the mass of water that is boiled away in 90 s.

𝐸 = 𝑙𝑣 × 𝑚

𝐸 320 𝑊 × 90𝑠
𝑚= = 6
= 0.006 𝑘𝑔 = 5.6 𝑔
𝑙𝑣 5.1 × 10 𝐽/𝑘𝑔
 Let’s try this one☺
A tray of area 0.25𝑚2 , filled with ice to a depth of 12 mm, is removed from a refrigerator.

(i) Calculate the mass of ice on the tray. The density of ice is 920 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 .

M𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

𝑚 = 920𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 × 0.25𝑚2 × (12𝑚𝑚 ÷ 1000) = 2.76 𝑘𝑔

 Let’s try this one☺
Thermal energy from the Sun is falling on the ice at a rate of 250 𝑊/𝑚2 . The ice absorbs 60 % of this energy.

(ii) Calculate the energy absorbed in 1.0 s by the 0.25𝑚2 area of ice on the tray.

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 × 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝑊
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 250 2 × 0.25𝑚2 × 1.0 𝑠 = 62.5 𝐽
𝑚
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 60% × 62.5 𝐽 = 37.5 𝐽
 Let’s try this one☺
The ice is at its melting temperature.

(iii) Calculate the time taken for all the ice to melt. The specific latent heat of fusion of ice is 3.3 × 105 𝐽/𝑘𝑔

From (i) m = 2.76 kg

From (ii) Power = 37.5 J
𝐸 = 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 𝑙𝑣 × 𝑚

𝑙𝑣 × 𝑚
𝑡=
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

3.3 × 105 × 2.76

𝑡= = 24288 𝑠
37.5𝐽
 Let’s try this one☺
A polystyrene cup holds 250 g of water at 20 °C. In order to cool the water to make a cold drink, small pieces of
ice at 0 °C are added until the water reaches 0 °C and no unmelted ice is present.
Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J/(g °C), specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 330 J/g
Assume no thermal energy is lost or gained by the cup.
(i) Calculate the thermal energy lost by the water in cooling to 0 °C.

Question (i) is asking about the water specifically in the process of cooling from 20°C to 0 °C
 Let’s try this one☺
A polystyrene cup holds 250 g of water at 20 °C. In order to cool the water to make a cold drink, small pieces of
ice at 0 °C are added until the water reaches 0 °C and no unmelted ice is present.
Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J/(g °C), specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 330 J/g
Assume no thermal energy is lost or gained by the cup.
(i) Calculate the thermal energy lost by the water in cooling to 0 °C.

𝐸 = 𝑚 × 𝑐 × ∆𝑇

𝐸 = 250 𝑔 × 4.2 × 0 − 20 ℃ = −21 000𝐽

 Let’s try this one☺
A polystyrene cup holds 250 g of water at 20 °C. In order to cool the water to make a cold drink, small pieces of
ice at 0 °C are added until the water reaches 0 °C and no unmelted ice is present.
Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J/(g °C), specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 330 J/g
Assume no thermal energy is lost or gained by the cup.
(i) Calculate the thermal energy lost by the water in cooling to 0 °C.
(ii) State the thermal energy gained by the ice in melting.
 Let’s try this one☺
A polystyrene cup holds 250 g of water at 20 °C. In order to cool the water to make a cold drink, small pieces of
ice at 0 °C are added until the water reaches 0 °C and no unmelted ice is present.
Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J/(g °C), specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 330 J/g
Assume no thermal energy is lost or gained by the cup.

(ii) State the thermal energy gained by the ice in melting.

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 0℃ = 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 21 000 𝐽

 Let’s try this one☺
A polystyrene cup holds 250 g of water at 20 °C. In order to cool the water to make a cold drink, small pieces of
ice at 0 °C are added until the water reaches 0 °C and no unmelted ice is present.
Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J/(g °C), specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 330 J/g
Assume no thermal energy is lost or gained by the cup.
(i) Calculate the thermal energy lost by the water in cooling to 0 °C.
(ii) State the thermal energy gained by the ice in melting.
(iii) Calculate the mass of the ice added
 Let’s try this one☺
A polystyrene cup holds 250 g of water at 20 °C. In order to cool the water to make a cold drink, small pieces of
ice at 0 °C are added until the water reaches 0 °C and no unmelted ice is present.
Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J/(g °C), specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 330 J/g
Assume no thermal energy is lost or gained by the cup.

(iii) Calculate the mass of the ice added

𝐸 = 𝑚 × 𝑙𝑓

𝐸 = 21 000 𝐽 = 𝑚 × 330 𝐽/𝑔

21 000 𝐽
𝑚= = 63.6 𝑔
330 𝐽/𝑔
 Measuring Specific latent for ice
In this experiment, a 100 Watt heater is switched on for
300 s. By weighing the water collected in the beaker, it is
found that 0.10 kg of ice melted. From these figures, a
value for L can be calculated:

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑠 = 𝑚 × 𝐿 = 0.10𝑘𝑔 × 𝑙

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 100 𝑊 × 300𝑠

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑠 =

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
0.10 × 𝑙 = 100 × 300

𝑙 = 300 000 𝐽/𝑘𝑔

This method make no allowance for any thermal energy received from the funnel or surroundings, so the value of l is only
approximate
 Let’s try this one☺
In an experiment to find the specific latent heat of water, the following readings were taken:

m1 mass of water at 100 °C, before boiling starts – 120 g

m2 mass of water at 100 °C, after boiling finishes – 80g
V voltage across the heater – 12V
I current through the heater – 2.0A
t time that the heater was supplying energy – 3750 s

(i) Using the symbols above, write down the equation that must be used to find the value of the specific latent heat L of water.

(ii) Use the equation to calculate the specific latent heat of water from the readings above.

(iii) Explain, in terms of the energy of molecules, why the specific latent heat of water has a high value.
 Let’s try this one☺
In an experiment to find the specific latent heat of water, the following readings were taken:

m1 mass of water at 100 °C, before boiling starts – 120 g

m2 mass of water at 100 °C, after boiling finishes – 80g
V voltage across the heater – 12V
I current through the heater – 2.0A
t time that the heater was supplying energy – 3750 s

(i) Using the symbols above, write down the equation that must be used to find the value of the specific latent heat L of water.

𝐸 =𝑉×𝐼×𝑡 =𝑚×𝐿

𝑉×𝐼×𝑡
𝐿=
𝑚1 − 𝑚2
 Let’s try this one☺
In an experiment to find the specific latent heat of water, the following readings were taken:

m1 mass of water at 100 °C, before boiling starts – 120 g

m2 mass of water at 100 °C, after boiling finishes – 80g
V voltage across the heater – 12V
I current through the heater – 2.0A
t time that the heater was supplying energy – 3750 s

(ii) Use the equation to calculate the specific latent heat of water from the readings above.

𝑉 × 𝐼 × 𝑡 12 𝑉 × 2.0𝐴 × 3750 𝑠
𝐿= = = 2.25 𝑀𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑚1 − 𝑚2 120 − 80 𝑔 ÷ 1000
 Let’s try this one☺
In an experiment to find the specific latent heat of water, the following readings were taken:

m1 mass of water at 100 °C, before boiling starts – 120 g

m2 mass of water at 100 °C, after boiling finishes – 80g
V voltage across the heater – 12V
I current through the heater – 2.0A
t time that the heater was supplying energy – 3750 s

(iii) Explain, in terms of the energy of molecules, why the specific latent heat of water has a high value.

There are large intermolecular forces/bonds in a liquid, so it requires great amount of energy to separate the molecules in a
liquid.
 Measuring Specific latent for steam
In this experiment, the beaker contains boiling water. When the 100
Watt heater has been switched on for 500 s, the change in the mass
balance’s reading shows that 0.020 kg of water has boiled away.
From these figures, a value for L can be calculated:

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑 = 𝑚 × 𝐿

= 0.020 𝑘𝑔 × 𝑙

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 100 𝑊 × 500𝑠

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑 =

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

0.020 × 𝑙 = 100 × 500

𝑙 = 2 500 000 𝐽/𝑘𝑔
This method make no allowance for any thermal energy received from the funnel or surroundings, so the value of l is only
approximate
 Let’s try this one☺
A block of ice is taken from a freezer at –25 °C, placed in a metal container, and heated by a source of constant
power. The graph in Fig. 4.1 shows how the temperature of the contents of the container changes with time. At
point E on the graph the container is empty.
 Let’s try this one☺
(i) State what is taking place in the regions of the graph from
B to C, and from D to E.
 Let’s try this one☺
(i) State what is taking place in the regions of the graph from
B to C: Ice is melting at melting point
D to E: Water is boiling at boiling point
 Let’s try this one☺
(ii) Use the information in the table to explain why the line DE is longer than the line BC.

(iii) Use the information in the table to explain why the graph is steeper from A to B than from C to D.
 Let’s try this one☺
(ii) Use the information in the table to explain why the line DE is longer than the line BC.

Specific latent heat of vaporization (DE) is greater than specific latent heat of fusion (BC).
 Let’s try this one☺
(iii) Use the information in the table to explain why the graph is steeper from A to B than from C to D.

Specific heat capacity of ice (AB) is less than specific heat capacity of water (DE), so more heat is required to raise the
temperature of water than is required for ice.
End of
Latent Heat
Questions ???