CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND NATURAL SCIENCES

Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | May- Jun 2022 ISSN: 2660-4159

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Nail Disease Detection and Classification Using Deep Learning

1. R. Regin Abstract: Many disorders are identified in the early
2. Gautham Reddy G stages of diagnosis by analyzing the human hand‘s nails.
3. Sundar Kumar Ch The colour of a person‘s nails can aid in diagnosing
certain medical conditions. The suggested approach, in
4. Jaideep CVN
this situation, leads to illness diagnosis decision-making.
Human nail art is used to feed the system. The
technology analyses nail photos and extracts disease-
Received 23th Apr 2022,
Accepted 25th May 2022,
specific nail characteristics. The human nail has
Online 18th Jun 2022 numerous characteristics, and the suggested system
detects illness by changing the colour of the nail. The
initial training set data is extracted from an image of a
1,
Assistant Professor, Department of patient‘s nails with a certain condition and processed
Computer Science and Engineering, SRM with the Weka tool. Nail To obtain the desired results,
Institute of Science and Technology, the image‘s feature results are compared to the training
Ramapuram, Chennai, India dataset. Deformation of the nail unit is referred to as nail
2, 3, 4
Department of Computer Science and disease. Nail units have their sickness class because of
Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and their distinct indications, symptoms, causes, and
Technology, Ramapuram, Chennai, India. consequences that may or may not be related to other
1
[email protected], medical illnesses. Nail problems are still unknown and
2
[email protected], difficult to diagnose. This study proposes a fresh deep
3
[email protected],[email protected] learning system for identifying and categorizing nail
disorders from photos. CNN models (CNN) are
combined in this framework to extract features. This
research was also contrasted with certain other province
algorithms (Support vector, ANN, K - nearest
neighbors, and RF) evaluated on datasets and showed
positive results.
Keywords: Human Nail, Deep Learning, CNN, Neural
Networks, Preprocessing.

Introduction
The colour of human nails may be used to diagnose most nail-related illnesses in medicine. Doctors
have discovered that the patient‘s nails can aid in diagnosing the condition. A healthy individual
generally has pink nails. The naked eye is biased with colours, has limited resolution, and is a few
pixels smaller than the nail, necessitating a nail analysis device for illness prediction. If the computer
detects a minor nail colour change, false results might arise. The suggested system would extract
colour characteristics from a nail picture for disease prediction. The computer is specialized in photo

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CAJMNS Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | May- Jun 2022
reputation based on human nail colour assessment. Many diseases may be detected by examining the
nails. This equipment uses a camera and a computer to upload a nail picture. The captured snapshot is
submitted to our system, and the hobby‘s proximity to the nail site is manually determined based on
the provided photo. The chosen region is subsequently analyzed in the same way to extract nail
functions, including colour. This nail colour characteristic is matched using an easy matcher set of
principles for predicting illness. In this way, the gadget can help predict illnesses in their early stages.
In our literature review, we discovered several diseases linked to colour changes in the nails. Deep
neural networks are the most recent method for learning trends in various fields, from photo evaluation
to natural language processing, and are widely used in academics and business.
These advancements have enormous promise in medical imaging technology, medical data analysis,
medical diagnostics, and medical care in general, and this potential is increasingly apparent. A quick
summary of current breakthroughs in machine learning as they pertain to medical imaging and image
processing and some of the issues that come with it. Traditional machine learning techniques were
widely utilized long before deep learning. Decision trees, SVMs, naive Bayes classifiers, and logistic
regression are just a few examples. The feature extraction process represents the provided raw data,
which can then be utilized to complete tasks using these standard machine learning techniques. Divide
your data into various groups or classes, for example. Feature extraction is often quite difficult and
needs an extensive understanding of the subject area. This pretreatment layer must be tweaked, tested,
and polished across numerous rounds for the best results.
Deep Learning‘s synthetic neural networks are, on the other hand. The Feature Extraction phase is no
longer required for them. The layers can assess an implicit depiction of the raw data quickly and
independently. Over several layers of synthetic neural networks, and increasingly summarised and
compressed depiction of the raw data is created. The finished result is then generated using this
compressed data depiction. The outcome might be classifying the more tired data into distinct classes.
Literature Review
Because the human eye has subjective colours and resolution limitations, a tiny quantity of colour shift
in a few pixels on a nail would never be emphasized to human vision, resulting in incorrect findings.
In contrast, a computer recognizes small colour changes on nails. Matthew Burnette [1] worked to
detect the nutrition elements in human nails using micro plasma-induced breakdown spectroscopy
with a clustering algorithm using Image processing; it had poor detection. Peilun Du [2] worked with a
category activation map and classifier refinement for poorly supervised object detection. It was done
using a supervised algorithm using ML, but it has the drawback of high expensive. And Gaddi
Blumrosen [3] did work on fingertip writing Technology Based on pressure Sensing using a colour
detection algorithm in Image Processing. Still, the process was time-consuming. D. Nithya [4] worked
on The blood flow alterations can easily be determined based on colour, not segmentation, in Nail
Based Disease study at a preliminary phase with thresholding in Image Processing. Trupti S. Indi [5]
wrote a paper on the human nail image analysis method for early disease diagnosis with a colour
detection algorithm, but it had a slow detection. Dr M. Renuka Devi [6] studied the Image processing
technologies used in the nail unit. The Navy Bias algorithm in ML had a low prediction rate. In this
training, Mali Supriya [7] did Human Nail Image Recognition Disease Diagnosis System with Color
analysis is not accurate. Ting wie-houe [8] made a method for segmenting fingernails using image
processing in microscopy images by clustering in image processing, but it had a poor image quality [9-
15].

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CAJMNS Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | May- Jun 2022
Proposed System

Figure 1: Architecture Diagram

The proposed process is the image of the affected nail by the available preprocessing techniques. The
input image is preprocessed to reduce the noise and to enhance the input image for processing (figure
1) [16-25]. After the preprocessing stage, averaging RGB values is done to save space and reduce the
size to make the processing easier [26-49]. Then, the input image is sent to the trained model, which is
compared with predefined available features of the affected nail [50-71]. Based on the input image
analysis over the trained model, the respective disease can be identified for that particular disease [72-
89].
 INPUT IMAGE
 PREPROCESSING
 FEATURE EXTRACTION
 NEURAL NETWORK
Preprocessing
The purpose of preprocessing is to improve input image data by reducing unneeded distortion and
enhancing image features used for future processing [90-101]. Image preprocessing is the general
name for operation on images at low-level abstraction. Their input and output are images with
intensity. Image recovery compares a corrupted / noisy image to the original, clean image. Corruption
can manifest itself in several ways, including Motion blur, noise, and camera blur are all examples of
B [102-115]. Picture enhancement is not the same as image restoration. Image augmentation seeks to
improve the functioning of images and make them more appealing to viewers [116-121]. However, it
does not always produce scientifically accurate. The Imaging Package picture enhancing techniques
(such as contrast stretch and nearest neighbour blur) does not rely on an a priori description of the
image creation process [122-145]. Enhancement noise can be effectively removed from photos at the
cost of some resolution, but this is unacceptably low in many situations [146-151]. The resolution in
the z-direction of a fluorescent microscope is already modest [152-168]. You‘ll need to utilize more
powerful image processing techniques to restore items [169-175]. An example of an image
reconstruction approach is deconvolution. You can boost the axial resolution to reduce noise and boost
contrast [175-181].
Neural Network
A Convolutional Neural Network is a neural network which specializes in processing input data that have
grid-like topology pictures [182-189]. The binary representation of visual data of a digital image [190-
195]. It has a series of pixels that look like a grid and contains values of pixelsportray the colour and
brightness of every pixel (figure 2).

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CAJMNS Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | May- Jun 2022

Figure 2: Architecture of CNN

The convolutional layer is a component of the CNN. It occupies most of the workloads on the network
[196]. This layer is a two-matrices inner multiple. One of its matrices is the kernel, a collection of
learnable parameters, while the other matrix represents a restricted field section. The kernel appears to
be spatially smaller and more detailed than the image [197-199]. For example, if a picture has three
(RGB) channels, the core width and height will be reduced in space, while the depth will extend
throughout all channels. The nucleus slides over the image‘s height and width during the forward travel,
creating a visual representation of its receiving region. An activation map is a two-dimensional
representation of the image that results from this process. This is the reaction of the kernel at each
spatial position in the image. The stride refers to the kernel‘s floating size. The size of the output
volume can be calculated using an input of size W x W x T and a kernel Dout number of space size F
with increment S and fill P:

For the input image with a fingernail that goes under preprocessing, it is essential to noise remove the
image and suppress unwanted distortions or enhance some image features important for further
processing. Then the image goes under the feature extraction like colour, shape, and texture. On the
other hand, database images go under the feature extraction and then go to the trained data sets and
work in the NN classifier where the input images come and get the results of classified image status.
These trained datasets run the NN classifier through the various layers mentioned above and get the
results of the diseases.
Implementation and Result Analysis
The proposed system was implemented using a Jupyter notebook for python, with an i5 processor of
4.0 GHz,8 GB Ram, and 60 GB of hard disk storage. The TensorFlow package is used to train the
neural network VGG16 used in the model. The Image Data Generator package is essential and used to
augment the fingernail images so that the system can be more accurate and robust. The Sci-kit learn
library, particularly the image sub-library, helps use various image manipulation techniques for the
image data involved. The cv2 package incorporates OpenCV, which helps in accessing, loading, and
manipulating the image data. The algorithm for the proposed system is portrayed in Algorithm 1.

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CAJMNS Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | May- Jun 2022
Algorithm1: Algorithm for the Proposed system
Input:Finger Nailimageryclassifiedasdeformationset
Output: validationiftheFinger Nailimagesmatchwiththesystem
1 Load datasetpathintothesystem
2 Forimagein the deformationsetsdo
3 Preprocessing using digital image processing
4 Applyfirstset offiltersforimageinaset
5 Performmorphologyusing operations forimageinaset
6 Get average RGB
7 End
8 Gettraintest splitandvalidationsplit basedonfeaturesextracted
9 for imageindatasetdo
10 Compare test data with training data
11 End
12 Forimagesinnewdatasetdo
13 Get the disease name which got match in comparison
14 End
15 Loaddatainto Alex net CNNandvalidateiftheFingerNailimagery is
match.

Figure 3: Output Prediction by the System

The Graph of prediction and true with a scale shows the difference with every output using a
convolution neural network (figure 3). For every input, the prediction graph will appear.
From Fig 3b. and Fig 3c., It is evident that the validation accuracy rises for both sets due to the
efficiency of the model. Also, the loss and validation loss decreases at the end of training. This is
because of the feature extraction owing to the application of filters, morphology, canny edges and
contour detection, interpolation and skewing of the images. The downsizing of images helps in
choosing the best possible image data, and augmentation of the dataset before training by the neural
network training increases the amount of use case. Further, the neural networks can produce output not

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CAJMNS Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | May- Jun 2022
exclusive to the input. The neural network architecture can edify its examples and properly use them
when similar circumstances occur.
Result and Discussion
We considered every angle to achieve the best possible outcome. Present, in section, we looked at the
results of the images we ran earlier. When compared to other recent models, we can find that our
detection procedure is the best at 93.8 percent. We can observe how our CNN performed compared to
a practising dermatologist and the most recent machine learning techniques with minimal
preprocessing. Our findings were obtained after testing pre-trained models on various datasets. To all
hidden layers, 5 max-pooling and 16-convolutional layer layers were added. After applying three
correctly associated layers, RELU is projected concealed layer. After that, by seeing our output,
changes in the accuracy of the synopses are significant. During our training period, the events were
nearly equal, but in the case of preparing a CN2 Rule Induction, bringing the most likeable way for
proposing the most favourable way (93.8 percent). We see that, by increasing the number of
convolutional layers to a framework, accuracy improved due to more efficient feature extraction
(Table 1). Table 1: Comparison Table
Author CNN model No. of Images Accuracy Precision
Naveen et al. [28], 2020 Vgg16 150 76% 74.30%
Yani et al. [12], 2019 Tensor Flow Inception V3 165 94.39% 95%
Proposed Work Alex net 185 95% 90%
Conclusion
In the technique, we have trained a system which classifies the disease on the pattern on the nail. This
proposed system is to predict the disease for the pattern respective of the nail with high accuracy. It is
to identify the small patterns to provide a system with a high success percentile. The proposed system
excludes the drawbacks of the existing model. This way, the model is useful in predicting the diseases
in their initial stages. As mentioned above, some diseases are linked to colour changes in the human
nail. The model gives a greater accurate result than the naked human eye because it overcomes
limitations like resolution power and subjectivity. To classify nail illnesses, we deployed an ensemble
of CNNs and achieved a 95 percent classification accuracy. The task became considerably more
complicated due to the lack of a pre-existing database with considerable photographs of nail illnesses.
Still, shortly after that, there must be room for expansion. Early diagnosis of nail illness, which allows
for prompt medical intervention, could be one of our work‘s applications. Dermatologists can expand
on our work and utilize it to evaluate patient data and diagnose diseases with less human resources and
human participation.
Future Enhancement
 In the future, even a small change in the nail can be observed, and early-stage diseases can be
diagnosed.
 The diseases can be cured when it is in the early stage.
 Further, we can add the pattern of the nails for disease classification.
 Along with the feature, we can collect symptoms observed in patients as input to the disease
prediction system.

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176, 2012. https://dx.doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2012.030526
48. Shakir Khan, Arun Sharma, Abu Sarwar Zamani and Ali Akhtar, ―Data Mining for Security
Purpose & Its Solitude Suggestions‖, International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research,
Vol. 1, No. 7, pp. 1-4, 2012. http://www.ijstr.org/final-print/August2012/Data-Mining-for-
Security-Purpose-&-its-Solitude-Suggestions.pdf
49. S. Khan, ―An Inter-Operability And Open Source Problem For Integrated Library System (Koha)
And Digital Library (Dspace) As Single System‖, Edulearn17 Proceedings, 2017, pp. 7041-7047,
doi: 10.21125/edulearn.2017.2652
50. S. Khan, M. Alajmi, ―The Role Of Open Source Technology In Development Of E-Learning
Education‖, Edulearn17 Proceedings, 2017, Pp. 7056-7061, Doi: 10.21125/Edulearn.2017.2652
51. Geno Peter, Anli Sherine, Yuvaraja Teekaraman, Ramya Kuppusamy, Arun Radhakrishnan,
Histogram Shifting based Quick Response Steganography method for Secure Communication‖
Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing. vol. 2022, 10 pages, 2022.
52. Geno Peter, Anli Sherine, Yuvaraja Teekaraman, Ramya Kuppusamy, Arun Radhakrishnan,
Design of Automated Deep Learning-based Fusion Model for Copy-Move Image Forgery
Detection‖ Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience. vol. 2022, 9 pages, 2022.
53. Hariprasath Manoharan, Yuvaraja Teekaraman, Ramya Kuppusamy, Arun Radhakrishnan, K
Venkatachalam, Acclimatization Of Nano Robots In Medical Applications Using Artificial
Intelligence System With Data Transfer Approach‖ Wireless Communications And Mobile
Computing. vol. 2022, 9 pages, 2022.
54. Ashok Kumar L, Ramya Kuppusamy, Yuvaraja Teekaraman, Indragandhi V, Arun
Radhakrishnan, Design and Implementation of Automatic Water Spraying System for Solar
Photovoltaic Module‖ Mathematical Problems In Engineering. vol. 2022, 9 pages, 2022.
55. K Veena, K Meena, Yuvaraja Teekaraman, Ramya Kuppusamy, Arun Radhakrishnan,
Cybercrime Detection using C SVM and KNN Techniques‖ Wireless Communications and
Mobile Computing. vol. 2022, 8 pages, 2022.
56. Yuvaraja Teekaraman, KA Ramesh Kumar, Ramya Kuppusamy, Amruth Ramesh Thelkar,
SSNN Based Energy Management Strategy in Grid-Connected System for Load Scheduling and
Load Sharing‖ Mathematical Problems In Engineering. vol. 2022, Article ID 2447299, 9 pages,
2022.
57. M. Bharathidasan, V. Indragandhi, Ramya Kuppusamy, Yuvaraja Teekaraman, Shabana Urooj,
Norah Alwadi, ‗Intelligent Fuzzy Based High Gain Non-Isolated Converter for DC Micro-Grids‖
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua. Vol 71, No.2, 2022.
58. Hariprasath Manoharan, Yuvaraja Teekaraman, Ramya Kuppusamy, Arun Radhakrishnan, A
Novel Optimal Robotized Parking System Using Advanced Wireless Sensor Network‖ Journal
of Sensors. Volume 2021, Page 1-8, 2021.
59. Kamaleshwar T, Lakshminarayanan R, Yuvaraja Teekaraman, Ramya Kuppusamy, Arun
Radhakrishnan, A Self-Adaptive framework for Rectification and Detection of Blackhole and

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CAJMNS Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | May- Jun 2022
Wormhole attacks in 6LoWPAN‖ Wireless Communications And Mobile Computing. Volume
2021, 2021. Page 1-8.
60. Pavan Babu Bandla, Indragandhi Vairavasundaram, Yuvaraja Teekaraman, Srete Nikolovski,
―Real Time Sustainable Power Quality Analysis of Non-Linear Load under Symmetrical
Conditions‖ Energies 2022, 15(01).
61. Hariprasath Manoharan, Yuvaraja Teekaraman, Ramya Kuppusamy, Arun Radhakrishnan, A
Prognostic Three-Axis Coordination Model for Supply Chain Regulation Using Machine
Learning Algorithm‖ Scientific Programming. Volume 2021, 2021. Page 1-9.
62. Hariprasath Manoharan, Yuvaraja Teekaraman, Ramya Kuppusamy, Arun Radhakrishnan, An
Intellectual Energy Device for Household Appliances Using Artificial Neural Network‖
Mathematical Problems In Engineering. Volume 2021, 2021. Page 1-9.
63. Nagarajan Manikandan, Rajappa Muthaiah, Yuvaraja Teekaraman, Ramya Kuppusamy, Arun
Radhakrishnan, A Novel Random Error Approximate Adder-Based Lightweight Image
Encryption Scheme for Secure Remote Monitoring of Reliable Data‖ Security and
Communication Networks. Vol 2021, 2021. Page 1-14.
64. Senthilselvan Natarajan, Subramaniyaswamy Vairavasundaram, Yuvaraja Teekaraman, Ramya
Kuppusamy, Arun Radhakrishnan, Schema-Based Mapping Approach for Data Transformation
toEnrich Semantic Web‖ Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing. Vol 2021, 2021.
Page 1-15.
65. Yuvaraja Teekaraman, Hariprasath Manoharan, Ramya Kuppusamy, Fadwa Alrowais, Shabana
Urooj, Energy Efficient Multi-Hop Routing Protocol for Smart Vehicle Monitoring Using
Intelligent Sensor Networks‖ International Journal Of Distributed Sensor Networks. Vol 17,
Issue 12. 2021. Page 1-11.
66. Yuvaraja Teekaraman, Ramya Kuppusamy, V. Indragandhi, ‗Modeling and Analysis of PV
System with Fuzzy Logic MPPT Technique for a DC Microgrid under Variable Atmospheric
Conditions‖ Electronics. (20) 2541, 2021.
67. Yuvaraja Teekaraman, Ramya Kuppusamy, V. Indragandhi, ‗Investigations on the effect of
micro-grid using improved NFIS-PID with hybrid algorithms‖ Computing. Springer 2021. DOI:
10.1007/s00607-021-01006-9.
68. Yuvaraja Teekaraman, Jasmin Pamela, V. Indragandhi, R. Saranya, Shabana Urooj, V.
Subramaniyaswamy, Norah Alwadi ‗‘2D Finite Element Analysis of Asynchronous Machine
Influenced under Power Quality Perturbations‖ CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua.
Volume 70. Number 03, pp. 5745-5763, 2021.
69. Ratnam Kamala Sarojini, Palanisamy Kaliannan, Yuvaraja Teekaraman, Srete Nikolovski,
Hamid Reza Baghaee, ''An Enhanced Emulated Inertia Control for Grid-Connected PV Systems
with HESS in a Weak Grid''‖ Energies 2021, 14(06), 1455 (1-21);
70. Subramanian Vasantharaj, Indragandhi Vairavasundaram, Subramaniyaswamy
Vairavasundaram, Yuvaraja Teekaraman, Ramya Kuppusamy, Nikolovski Srete, Efficient
Control of DC Microgrid with Hybrid PV—Fuel Cell and Energy Storage Systems‖ Energies
2021, 14(06), 3234 (1-18);
71. Yuvaraja Teekaraman, Hariprasath Manoharan, "Implementation of Cognitive Radio Model for
Agricultural Applications using Hybrid Algorithms". Wireless Personal Communications,
Accepted. 2021.

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CAJMNS Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | May- Jun 2022
72. Rahul Gopi, Soundarya S, Kavitha P, Yuvaraja Teekaraman, Ramya Kuppusamy, Shabana Urooj
―Enhanced Model Reference Adaptive Control Scheme for Tracking Control of Magnetic
Levitation System‖ Energies 2021, 14(05), 1455 (1-13).
73. Shabana Urooj, Fadwa Alrowais, Yuvaraja Teekaraman, Hariprasath Manoharan, Ramya
Kuppusamy, ―IoT Based Electric Vehicle Application Using Boosting Algorithm for Smart
Cities‖ Energies 2021, 14(04), 1072 (1-15).
74. Shabana Urooj, Fadwa Alrowais, Ramya Kuppusamy, Yuvaraja Teekaraman, Hariprasath
Manoharan, ―New Gen Controlling Variable using Dragonfly Algorithm in PV Panel‖ Energies
2021, 14(04), 790 (1-14).
75. Hariprasath Manoharan, Yuvaraja Teekaraman, Pravin R Kshirsagar, Shanmugam
Sundaramurthy, Abirami Manoharan, Examining the effect of Aquaculture using Sensor based
Technology with Machine Learning Algorithm. Aquaculture Research, 13(15), pp.1-16. 2020.
76. Hariprasath Manoharan, Yuvaraja Teekaraman, Irina Kirpichnikova, Ramya Kuppusamy, Srete
Nikolovski, Hamid Reza Baghaee., Smart Grid Monitoring by Wireless Sensors Using Binary
Logistic Regression. Energies, 13(15), pp.1-16. 2020.
77. Yuvaraja Teekaraman, Hariprasath Manoharan., Adam Raja Basha, Abirami Manoharan., Hybrid
Optimization Algorithms for Resource Allocation in Heterogeneous Cognitive Radio Networks.
Neural Processing Letters. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11063-020- 10255-2. 2020.
78. Yuvaraja.T, KA Ramesh Kumar, ―Enhanced Frequency Shift Carrier Modulation for H Bridge
Multilevel Converter to Conquer the Impact of Instability in Deputize Condenser Voltage‖
International Journal Of Electrical Engineering Education, Volume 57 Issue 2, April 2020.
79. Yuvaraja Teekaraman, K Ramya, Srete Nikolovski, ―Current Compensation in Grid Connected
VSCs using Advanced Fuzzy Logic Based Fluffy Built SVPWM Switching‖ Energies 2020,
13(05), 1259.
80. Yuvaraja Teekaraman, Pranesh Sthapit, Miheung Choe, Kiseon Kim, ―Energy Analysis on
Localization Free Routing Protocols in UWSNs‖ International Journal of Computational
Intelligence System, Atlantis Press, Vol.12, Issue 2, pp. 1526-1536, 2019.
81. F. J. John Joseph, ―Empirical Dominance of Features for Predictive Analytics of Particulate
Matter Pollution in Thailand,‖ in 5th Thai-Nichi Institute of Technology Academic Conference
TNIAC 2019, 2019, no. May, pp. 385–388.
82. V. Pattana-anake, P. Danphitsanuparn, and F. J. J. John Joseph, ―BettaNet : A Deep Learning
Architecture for Classification of Wild Siamese Betta Species,‖ IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng.,
vol. 1055, 2021, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/1055/1/012104.
83. F. J. John Joseph and S. Nonsiri, ―Region-Specific Opinion Mining from Tweets in a Mixed
Political Scenario,‖ in International Conference on Intelligent and Smart Computing in Data
Analytics, 2021, pp. 189–195.
84. F. J. John Joseph, S. Nonsiri, and A. Monsakul, ―Keras and Tensorflow - A Hands on
Experience,‖ in Advanced Deep Learning for Engineers And Scientists: A Practical Approach,
Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 2020.
85. F. J. John Joseph and P. Anantaprayoon, ―Offline Handwritten Thai Character Recognition
Using Single Tier Classifier and Local Features,‖ in 2018 International Conference on
Information Technology (InCIT), 2018, pp. 1–4, doi: 10.23919/INCIT.2018.8584876.

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CAJMNS Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | May- Jun 2022
86. F. J. J. Joseph, ―Effect of supervised learning methodologies in offline handwritten Thai
character recognition,‖ Int. J. Inf. Technol., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 57–64, Mar. 2020, doi:
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87. S. Sudhakar and S.Chenthur Pandian ―Secure Packet Encryption and Key Exchange System in
Mobile Ad hoc Nerwork‖, Journal of Computer Science, Vol.8, No. 6, pp : 908-912, 2012,
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88. S. Sudhakar and S. Chenthur Pandian, ―Hybrid Cluster-based Geographical Routing Protocol to
Mitigate Malicious Nodes in Mobile Ad Hoc Network‖, International Journal of Ad Hoc and
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89. N. Keerthana, Viji Vinod and S. Sudhakar, ―A Novel Method for Multi-Dimensional Cluster to
Identify the Malicious Users on Online Social Networks‖, Journal of Engineering Science and
Technology Vol. 15, No. 6, pp: 4107-4122, 2020.
90. A. U. Priyadarshni and S. Sudhakar, ―Cluster Based Certificate Revocation by Cluster Head in
Mobile Ad-Hoc Network‖, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, Vol. 10, No.
20, pp. 16014-16018, 2015.
91. S. Sudhakar and S. Chenthur Pandian, ―Investigation of Attribute Aided Data Aggregation Over
Dynamic Routing in Wireless Sensor,‖ Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Vol.10,
No.11, pp:1465–1476, 2015.
92. S. Sudhakar and S. Chenthur Pandian, ―Trustworthy Position Based Routing to Mitigate against
the Malicious Attacks to Signifies Secured Data Packet using Geographic Routing Protocol in
MANET‖, WSEAS Transactions on Communications, Vol. 12, No. 11, pp:584- 603, 2013,
93. S. Sudhakar and S. Chenthur Pandian, ―A Trust and Co-Operative Nodes with Affects of
Malicious Attacks and Measure the Performance Degradation on Geographic Aided Routing in
Mobile Ad Hoc Network‖, Life Science Journal, Vol. 10, No. (4s), pp:158-163, 2013.
94. S. Sudhakar and S. Chenthur Pandian, ―An Efficient Agent-Based Intrusion Detection System
for Detecting Malicious Nodes in MANET Routing‖, International Review on Computers and
Software, Vol.7, No.6, pp.3037-304,2012.
95. S. Sudhakar and S. Chenthur Pandian, ―Authorized Node Detection and Accuracy in Position-
Based Information for MANET‖, European Journal of Scientific Research, Vol.70, No.2,
pp.253-265,2012.
96. K. Ganesh Kumar and S. Sudhakar, Improved Network Traffic by Attacking Denial of Service to
Protect Resource Using Z-Test Based 4-Tier Geomark Traceback (Z4TGT),Wireless Personal
Communications, Vol.114, No. 4, pp:3541–3575, 2020, DOI:10.1007/s11277-020-07546-1
97. Aakanksha Singhal and D.K. Sharma, ―Seven Divergence Measures by CDF of fitting in
Exponential and Normal Distributions of COVID-19 Data‖, Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy
and Rehabilitation, Vol.32(3), pp. 1212 - 1222, 2021.
98. D.K. Sharma and Haldhar Sharma, ―A Study of Trend Growth Rate of Confirmed cases, Death
cases and Recovery cases in view of Covid-19 of Top Five States of India‖, Solid State
Technology, Vol.64(2), pp. 4526-4541, 2021.
99. D.K. Sharma, ―Information Measure Computation and its Impact in MI COCO Dataset‖, IEEE
Conference Proceedings, 7th International Conference on Advanced Computing and
Communication Systems (ICACCS), Vol.1, pp. 2011-2014, 2021.

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CAJMNS Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | May- Jun 2022
100. Aakanksha Singhal and D.K. Sharma, ―Keyword extraction using Renyi entropy: a statistical and
domain independent method‖, IEEE Conference Proceedings, 7th International Conference on
Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS), Vol.1, pp. 1970-1975, 2021.
101. Aakanksha Singhal and D.K. Sharma, ―Generalization of F-Divergence Measures for Probability
Distributions with Associated Utilities‖, Solid State Technology, Vol.64(2), pp. 5525-5531,
2021.
102. Aakanksha Singhal and D.K. Sharma, ―A Study of before and after Lockdown Situation of 10
Countries through Visualization of Data along With Entropy Analysis of Top Three Countries‖,
International Journal of Future Generation Communication and Networking, Vol.14(1), pp. 496-
525, 2021.
103. Aakanksha Singhal and D.K. Sharma, ―Generalized ‗Useful‘ Rényi & Tsallis Information
Measures, Some Discussions with Application to Rainfall Data", International Journal of Grid
and Distributed Computing, Vol. 13(2), pp. 681-688, 2020.
104. Reetu Kumari and D. K. Sharma, ―Generalized `Useful non-symmetric divergence measures and
Inequalities", Journal of Mathematical Inequalities, Vol. 13(2), pp. 451-466, 2019.
105. D.S. Hooda and D.K. Sharma, ―On Characterization of Joint and Conditional Exponential
Survival Entropies", International Journal of Statistics and Reliability Engineering, Vol. 6(1), pp.
29-36, 2019.
106. Reetu Kumari and D. K. Sharma, ―Generalized `Useful' AG and `Useful' JS-Divergence
Measures and their Bounds", International Journal of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
Vol. 7 (1), pp. 441-450, 2018.
107. D.S. Hooda, Reetu Kumari and D. K. Sharma, ―Intuitionistic Fuzzy Soft Set Theory and Its
Application in Medical Diagnosis‖, International Journal of Statistics in Medical Research, Vol.
7, pp. 70-76, 2018.
108. D.K. Sharma and Sonali Saxena, ―Generalized Coding Theorem with Different Source Coding
Schemes‖, International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and
Communication, Vol. 5(6), pp. 253 – 257, 2017.
109. A.K. Gupta, Y. K. Chauhan, and T Maity, ―Experimental investigations and comparison of
various MPPT techniques for photovoltaic system,‖ Sādhanā, Vol. 43, no. 8, pp.1-15, 2018.
110. A.K. Gupta, ―Sun Irradiance Trappers for Solar PV Module to Operate on Maximum Power: An
Experimental Study,‖ Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT),
Vol. 12, no.5, pp.1112-1121, 2021.
111. A.K. Gupta, Y.K Chauhan, and T Maity and R Nanda, ―Study of Solar PV Panel Under Partial
Vacuum Conditions: A Step Towards Performance Improvement,‖ IETE Journal of Research,
pp.1-8, 2020.
112. A.K. Gupta, Y.K Chauhan, and T Maity, ―A new gamma scaling maximum power point tracking
method for solar photovoltaic panel Feeding energy storage system,‖ IETE Journal of Research,
vol.67, no.1, pp.1-21, 2018.
113. A. K. Gupta et al., "Effect of Various Incremental Conductance MPPT Methods on the Charging
of Battery Load Feed by Solar Panel," in IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 90977-90988, 2021, doi:
10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3091502.
114. U. Zulfiqar, S. Mohy-Ul-Din, A. Abu-Rumman, A. E. M. Al-Shraah, And I. Ahmed, ―Insurance-
Growth Nexus: Aggregation and Disaggregation,‖ The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and

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CAJMNS Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | May- Jun 2022
Business, vol. 7, no. 12, pp. 665–675, Dec. 2020.
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knowledge stations in the development of local communities in Jordan: A managerial
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116. Abu-Rumman, Ayman. "Transformational leadership and human capital within the disruptive
business environment of academia." World Journal on Educational Technology: Current Issues
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117. Almomani, Reham Zuhier Qasim, Lina Hamdan Mahmoud Al-Abbadi, Amani Rajab Abed
Alhaleem Abu Rumman, Ayman Abu-Rumman, and Khaled Banyhamdan. "Organizational
Memory, Knowledge Management, Marketing Innovation and Cost of Quality: Empirical Effects
from Construction Industry in Jordan." Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal 25, no. 3 (2019):
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118. Alshawabkeh, Rawan, Amani Abu Rumman, Lina Al-Abbadi, and Ayman Abu-Rumman. "The
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131. D.S. Hooda, Keerti Upadhyay and D.K. Sharma, ―A Generalized Measure of ‗Useful R-norm
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132. D.S. Hooda, Keerti Upadhyay and D.K. Sharma, ―Bounds on Cost Measures in terms of
‗Useful‘ R-norm Information Measures‖ Direct Research Journal of Engineering and
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133. D.S. Hooda and D.K. Sharma, ―Lower and Upper Bounds Inequality of a Generalized ‗Useful‘
Mean Code Length‖ GAMS Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Biosciences, Vol. 4(1),
pp.62-69, 2013.
134. D.S. Hooda, Keerti Upadhyay and D.K. Sharma, ‗Useful‘ R-Norm Information Measure and its
Properties‖ IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vol. 8, pp. 52-57,
2013.
135. D.S. Hooda, Sonali Saxena and D.K. Sharma, ―A Generalized R-Norm Entropy and Coding
Theorem‖ International Journal of Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Applications,
Vol.5(2), pp.385-393, 2011.
136. D.S. Hooda and D.K. Sharma, ―Bounds on Two Generalized Cost Measures‖ Journal of
Combinatorics, Information & System Sciences, Vol. 35(3-4), pp. 513-530, 2010.
137. D.K. Sharma and D.S. Hooda, ―Generalized Measures of ‗Useful‘ Relative Information and
Inequalities‖ Journal of Engineering, Management & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol.1(1),
pp.15-21, 2010.
138. D.S. Hooda and D.K. Sharma (2010) ―Exponential Survival Entropies and Their Properties‖
Advances in Mathematical Sciences and Applications, Vol. 20, pp. 265-279, 2010.
139. D.S. Hooda and D.K. Sharma, ―Generalized ‗Useful‘ Information Generating Functions‖ Journal
of Appl. Math. and Informatics, Vol. 27( 3-4), pp. 591-601, 2009.
140. D.S. Hooda and D.K. Sharma, ―Non-additive Generalized Measures of ‗Useful‘ Inaccuracy‖
Journal of Rajasthan Academy of Physical Sciences, Vol. 7(3), pp.359-368, 2008.

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CAJMNS Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | May- Jun 2022
141. D.S. Hooda and D.K. Sharma, Generalized R-Norm information Measures-Journal of Appl.
Math, Statistics & informatics (JAMSI), Vol. 4 No.2 , 153-168, 2008.
142. Dilip Kumar Sharma, ―Some Generalized Information Measures: Their characterization and
Applications‖, Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany, 2010. ISBN: 978-3838386041.
143. D. K. Sharma, B. Singh, R. Regin, R. Steffi and M. K. Chakravarthi, "Efficient Classification for
Neural Machines Interpretations based on Mathematical models," 2021 7th International
Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS), 2021, pp. 2015-
2020, doi: 10.1109/ICACCS51430.2021.9441718.
144. F. Arslan, B. Singh, D. K. Sharma, R. Regin, R. Steffi and S. Suman Rajest, "Optimization
Technique Approach to Resolve Food Sustainability Problems," 2021 International Conference
on Computational Intelligence and Knowledge Economy (ICCIKE), 2021, pp. 25-30.
145. G. A. Ogunmola, B. Singh, D. K. Sharma, R. Regin, S. S. Rajest and N. Singh, "Involvement of
Distance Measure in Assessing and Resolving Efficiency Environmental Obstacles," 2021
International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Knowledge Economy (ICCIKE),
2021, pp. 13-18.
146. D. K. Sharma, B. Singh, M. Raja, R. Regin and S. S. Rajest, "An Efficient Python Approach for
Simulation of Poisson Distribution," 2021 7th International Conference on Advanced Computing
and Communication Systems (ICACCS), 2021, pp. 2011-2014.
147. D. K. Sharma, B. Singh, E. Herman, R. Regine, S. S. Rajest and V. P. Mishra, "Maximum
Information Measure Policies in Reinforcement Learning with Deep Energy-Based Model,"
2021 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Knowledge Economy
(ICCIKE), 2021, pp. 19-24, doi: 10.1109/ICCIKE51210.2021.9410756.
148. D. K. Sharma, N. A. Jalil, R. Regin, S. S. Rajest, R. K. Tummala and T. N, "Predicting Network
Congestion with Machine Learning," 2021 2nd International Conference on Smart Electronics
and Communication (ICOSEC), 2021, pp. 1574-1579.
149. S. Kamal, D. Rahman and D. Singh, "Covid-19 Related Factors Associated with Antenatal Care
in Rural Bangladesh: A qualitative study", Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management, vol. 17,
no. 1, 2022.
150. S. Joghee, A. Dubey and S. Singh, "Investigation of green marketing practices of UAE
hypermarkets", International Journal of Enterprise Network Management, vol. 12, no. 4, p. 367,
2021.
151. S. Singh, S. Mondal, L. Singh, K. Sahoo and S. Das, "An Empirical Evidence Study of
Consumer Perception and Socioeconomic Profiles for Digital Stores in Vietnam", Sustainability,
vol. 12, no. 5, p. 1716, 2020.
152. Desfiandi, S. Suman Rajest, P. S. Venkateswaran, M. Palani Kumar and S. Singh, "Company
Credibility: A Tool To Trigger Positive Csr Image In The Cause-Brand Alliance Context In
Indonesia", Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 320-331, 2019.
153. Singh, V. Shukla and S. Singh, "An Empirical Study of Shift from SMS to Chat-App among
University Student", International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, vol. 7, no. 64,
pp. 1-6, 2019.
154. S. Singh and S. Das, "Impact of post-merger and acquisition activities on the financial
performance of banks: a study of Indian private sector and public sector banks", Revista
Espacios, vol. 39, no. 25, pp. 25-40, 2018.

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CAJMNS Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | May- Jun 2022
155. A. Raja and S. Singh, "Event Study on Appointment and Removal of Chairman: Case of Tata
Group", Amity Business Review, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 1-9, 2018.
156. S. Singh and S. Kukunuru, "Corporate Social Responsibility and Impact on Profitability of Banks
in the United Arab Emirates", Middle East Journal of Business, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 12-22, 2017.
157. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, ―An Analysis of Chetan Bhagat‘s Revolution -2020: Love, Ambition,
Corruption‖ in International Journal of English Language, Literature in Humanities, Volume: V,
Issue IX, September 2017, Page No.: 52-62.
158. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, ―Galapagos: Is Human Accomplishment Worthwhile‖ in Online
International Interdisciplinary Research Journal, Volume: VII, Special Issue II, September 2017,
Page No.: 307-314.
159. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, ―The white Tiger by Aravind Adiga: Depiction of Fermentation in
Society‖ in International Journal of Information Movement, Volume: II, Special Issue VI,
October 2017, Page No.: 189-194.
160. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, ―Confrontation on Modernism or Postmodernism Changes after the
World War‖ in New Academia: An International Journal of English Language, Literature and
Literary Theory, Volume: VII, Special Issue I, January 2018, Page No.: 50-76.
161. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, ―The Post-War Novel as Catch-22: The Chronology and Ex-P.F.C
Winter Green‖ in International Journal of Research Culture Society, Volume: II, Special Issue II,
February 2018, Page No.: 64-68.
162. S. Suman Rajest; Anbarasi, ―The Postwar Novel as Postmodern: Billy Pilgrim‘s Imagination and
the Critical Tendency towards Teleology, Slaughterhouse – Five‖, International Journal of
Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in Technology, Volume 3, Issue 4, pp.37-41 (2017).
163. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, ―Necessary Heads Which are Used for Writing a Scholarly Journal‖
in New Man International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, Volume: V, Issue III, March
2018, Page No.: 5-21.
164. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, ―Impact of 21st century‘s different heads of learning skills for
students and teachers‖ in International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development,
Volume: V, Issue IV, April 2018, Page No.: 170-178.
165. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, ―21st Century Learners‘ Student-Centered Learning Various Stages‖
in International Conference, Age and Content in Journey of Language by VISTAS (Tamil
Department), Volume: I, Issue I, April 2018, Page No.: 474-492. (International Conference
Paper)
166. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, ―American Postmodern Novelist Thomas Pynchon‘s The Crying of
Lot 49: Structure and Absurd Realism‖ in Proceedings of the IOSRD, 73rd International
Conference on Future Trends in Engineering and Business, Volume: 73, May 2018, Page No.:
32-41.
167. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, ―The ―Four Cs‖ Education For 21st Century‘s Learners‖ in Research
Guru Online Journal of Multidisciplinary Subjects, Volume: XII, Issue I, June 2018, Page No.:
888-900.
168. Jerusha Angelene Christabel G, Suman Rajest S, ―A Short Review on Fragmented Narration in
Select Works of Sarnath Banerjee‖, American Journal of Social and Humanitarian Research,
Vol. 3 No. 4, pp. 12-31, (2022).

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CAJMNS Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | May- Jun 2022
169. Rajest, D. S. S., & G, J. A. C. (2022). A Brief on Past and Present a Tug of War in the Select
Works of Kurt Vonnegut. Central Asian Journal of Literature, Philosophy And Culture, 3(4), 59-
79.
170. G, J. A. C., & Rajest, D. S. (2022). Fragmented Narration in Corridor‘s Thematic, Language and
Imagery. Central Asian Journal Of Arts And Design, 3(4), 15-37.
171. Steffi. R, D.K. Sharma, S. Suman Rajest, R. Regin, A. J. Obaid, and G. Jerusha Angelene
Christabel, ―Perceptron in Supervised, Semi-Supervised, Unsupervised Learning and Artificial
Neural Network‖, CAJOTAS, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 176-199, May 2022.
172. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, ―The Problematizing of History Concentrated on The Poetics of
Historiographic Metafiction by Postmodernism and How It Influences Postmodern Fiction‖ in
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics (IJPAM), Volume: 119, Special Issue 16,
July 2018, Page No.: 2457-2469.
173. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, ―Themes and Techniques from Modernism to Postmodernism: The
Dubious Continuance of Gravity‘s Rainbow‖ in International Journal of Pure and Applied
Mathematics, Volume: 119, Special Issue 16, July 2018, Page No.: 2373-2384.
174. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, ―Absurd Realism and Structure in Thomas Pynchon‘s The Crying of
Lot 49‖ in Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, Volume: 10,
Special Issue 11, August 2018, Page No.: 571-580.
175. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, ―The Deducible Teachings Of Historiographic Metafiction Of
Modern Theories Of Both Fiction And History‖ in Eurasian Journal of Analytical Chemistry,
Volume: 13, Special Issue 04, July 2018, Page No.: 110-117.
176. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, ―The Dialog on Postmodernism Intertextuality, Parody, The Talk of
History and The Issue of Reference‖ in International Journal of Recent Technology and
Engineering, Volume-7, Issue-5C, February 2019, Page No.: 244-7.
177. Suman Rajest S, P. Suresh, ―An Analysis of Psychological Aspects in Student-Centered
Learning Activities and Different Methods‖ in Journal of International Pharmaceutical Research,
Volume: 46, Special Issue 01, March 2019, Page No.: 165-172.
178. Md. Salamun Rashidin, Sara Javed, Bin Liu, Wang Jian, Suman Rajest S, ―Insights: Rivals
Collaboration on Belt and Road Initiatives and Indian Recourses‖ in Journal of Advanced
Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, Volume: 11, Special Issue 04, 2019, Page No.:
1509-1522.
179. K.B. Adanov, S. Suman Rajest, Mustagaliyeva Gulnara, Khairzhanova Akhmaral (2019), ―A
Short View on the Backdrop of American‘s Literature‖. Journal of Advanced Research in
Dynamical and Control Systems, Vol. 11, No. 12, pp. 182-192.
180. D Datta, S Mishra, SS Rajest, (2020) ―Quantification of tolerance limits of engineering system
using uncertainty modeling for sustainable energy‖ International Journal of Intelligent Networks,
Vol.1, 2020, pp.1-8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijin.2020.05.006
181. Leo Willyanto Santoso, Bhopendra Singh, S. Suman Rajest, R. Regin, Karrar Hameed Kadhim
(2021), ―A Genetic Programming Approach to Binary Classification Problem‖ EAI Endorsed
Transactions on Energy, Vol.8, no. 31, pp. 1-8. DOI: 10.4108/eai.13-7-2018.165523
182. S. Singh and S. Agarwal, "Analyzing the Medical and Non-Medical Aspects of Medical
Consultation in the City of Visakhapatnam", World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East
Journal of Family Medicine, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 12-19, 2015.

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CAJMNS Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | May- Jun 2022
183. S. Agarwal and S. Singh, "Customer Progression and Perception about Premium Men's Apparel
Brands : A Case of Indian Male Professionals", Middle East Journal of Business, vol. 10, no. 1,
pp. 50-56, 2015.
184. Tawfiq A. Al- asadi and Ahmed J. Obaid, 2016. Object-Based Image Retrieval Using Enhanced
SURF. Asian Journal of Information Technology, 15: 2756-2762. 10.36478/ajit.2016.2756.2762.
185. Tawfiq A. Al- asadi and Ahmed J. Obaid, 2016. Discovering similar user navigation behavior in
Web log data. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, Vol. 11, No. 16: 8797-
8805.
186. Tawfiq A. Al- asadi and Ahmed J. Obaid, 2016. Object Detection and Recognition by Using
Enhanced Speeded Up Robust Feature, International Journal of Computer Science and Network
Security (IJCSNS), Vol. 16, No. 4: 66-71.
187. Tawfiq A. Al- asadi and Ahmed J. Obaid, 2016. An efficient web usage mining algorithm based
on log file data, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, Vol. 16, Vol. 92,
No. 2: 215-224.
188. Tawfiq A. Al-asadi, Ahmed J. Obaid, Rahmat Hidayat, Ts. Azizul Azhar Ramli, 2017. A
Survey on Web Mining Techniques and Applications, International Journal on Advanced
Science Engineering and Information Technology, Vol. 7, No. 4: 1178-1184.
189. Tawfiq A. Al-Asadi, Ahmed J. Obaid, Ahmed A. Alkhayat, 2017. Proposed Method for Web
Pages Clustering Using Latent Semantic Analysis, Journal of Engineering and Applied Science,
Vol. 12, No. 8: 8270-8277.
190. Nora Omran Alkaam, Ahmed J. Obaid, Mohammed Q. Mohammed, 2018. A Hybrid Technique
for Object Detection and Recognition Using Local Features Algorithms, Journal of Advanced
Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, Vol. 10, No. 2: 2330-2344.
191. K. Balachander, S. Ramesh, Ahmed J. Obaid, 2018. Simulation Of 1KW Multi-Level Switch
Mode Power Amplifier, International Journal of Innovations in Scientific and Engineering
Research (IJISER), Vol. 5, No. 9: 85-92.
192. Saba Alyasiri, Ahmed J. Obaid, 2018. A New Approach for Object Detection, Recognition and
Retrieving in Painting Images, Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control
Systems, Vol. 10, No. 2: 2345-2359.
193. Ahmed J. Obaid, 2020. An Efficient Systematized Approach for The Detection of Cancer in
Kidney, International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, Vol. 7, No. 1: 1-7.
194. Obaid A. J. and Sharma S. 2020 Recent Trends and Development of Heuristic Artificial
Intelligence Approach in Mechanical System and Engineering Product Design Saudi Journal of
Engineering and Technology 5 86-93
195. Manaa, Mehdi Ebady; Obaid, Ahmed J; Dosh, Mohammed Hussein, 2021. Unsupervised
Approach for Email Spam Filtering using Data Mining, EAI Endorsed Transactions on Energy
Web, DOI: 10.4108/eai.9-3-2021.168962.
196. Azmi Shawkat Abdulbaqi, Ahmed J. Obaid & Alyaa Hashem Mohammed (2021) ECG signals
recruitment to implement a new technique for medical image encryption, Journal of Discrete
Mathematical Sciences and Cryptography, 24:6, 1663-1673, DOI:
10.1080/09720529.2021.1884378
197. Obaid A.J., Sharma S. (2021) Data-Mining Based Novel Neural-Networks-Hierarchical
Attention Structures for Obtaining an Optimal Efficiency. In: Favorskaya M.N., Peng SL., Simic

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CAJMNS Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | May- Jun 2022
M., Alhadidi B., Pal S. (eds) Intelligent Computing Paradigm and Cutting-edge Technologies.
ICICCT 2020. Learning and Analytics in Intelligent Systems, vol 21. Springer, Cham.
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198. Das A., Ghosh A., Sahana S., Singh D., Obaid A.J. (2021) An Approach to Self-reliant Smart
Road Using Piezoelectric Effect and Sensor Nodes. In: Favorskaya M.N., Peng SL., Simic M.,
Alhadidi B., Pal S. (eds) Intelligent Computing Paradigm and Cutting-edge Technologies.
ICICCT 2020. Learning and Analytics in Intelligent Systems, vol 21. Springer, Cham.
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199. Ebrahimi M., Obaid A.J., Yeganegi K. (2021) Protecting Cloud Data Privacy Against Attacks.
In: Favorskaya M.N., Peng SL., Simic M., Alhadidi B., Pal S. (eds) Intelligent Computing
Paradigm and Cutting-edge Technologies. ICICCT 2020. Learning and Analytics in Intelligent
Systems, vol 21. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65407-8_37

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