Inverse Trigonometric

Functions

All trigonometric functions are not invertible. To make them invertible we

cut their domain.

sin1x denote the angle or real number whose sine is x. Similarly, cos-1x and
tan-1x denote the angle or real number whose cosine and tangent is x,
respectively.

ITF DOMAIN RANGE

sin-1x [–1, 1]  π π
 − 2 , 2 

cos-1x [–1, 1] [ 0, π ]

 π π
tan-1x R − , 
 2 2

cosec-1x (–∞, – 1] ∪ [1, ∞)  π π

 − 2 , 2  – {0}

sec-1x (–∞, – 1 ] ∪ [1, ∞) π

[0, π ] –  
2

cot-1x R (0, π )

cos–1 x All ITF Note:

cot –1 (x) positive (i) 1st quadrant common to all ITF.
sec–1 x (ii) 3rd quadrant is not used in ITF.
(iii) 4th quadrant is not used in the
clockwise direction.
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

sin–1 x
tan–1x
cosec–1(x)

1.
 Note:
1. All inverse trigonometric functions are bounded.
2. Any inverse trigonometric function is reflection of respective
trigonometric function w.r.t. y = x line.

Graph of sin-1x

π
1. Maximum value is and
2
π
minimum value is − .
2
dy 1
2. If y = sin-1x then = .
dx 1 − x2

Properties of sin-1x Graph:

1.  Graph is aperiodic.

2. sin-1x is bounded.
3. sin-1x is odd function.
4. sin-1x is an increasing function.

Graph of cos-1x:

1. Maximum value is π and minimum

value is 0.
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

dy 1
2.  If y = cos-1x then =− .
dx 1 − x2

2.
Properties of cos-1x Graph:

1.  Graph is aperiodic.

2. cos-1x is bounded.
3. cos-1x is neither even nor odd function.
4. cos-1x is a decreasing function.

Graph of tan-1x:

1. 
Maximum value and minimum value
doesn’t exist.
dy 1
2. If y = tan-1x then = .
dx 1 + x2

Properties of tan-1x Graph:

1.  Graph is aperiodic. EX.: tan-1x > tan-1y

2. tan-1x is bounded. ⇒ x > y (as function is increasing)
3. tan-1x is odd function.
4. tan-1x is an increasing function.

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

3.
 Graph of cot-1x:

1. 
Maximum value and minimum
value doesn’t exist.
dy 1
2. If y = cot-1x then =− .
dx 1 + x2

Properties of cot-1x Graph:

1.  Graph is aperiodic. EX.: cot-1x >cot-1y

2. cot-1x is bounded. ⇒ x<y
3. cot-1x is neither even nor odd function. (as function is decreasing)
4. cot-1x is a decreasing function.

Graph of sec-1x:

1. Maximum value is π and minimum

value is 0.
dy 1
2.  If y = sec-1x then = .
dx x x2 − 1
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Properties of sec -1x Graph:

1.  Graph is aperiodic.

2. sec-1x is bounded.
3. sec-1x is neither even nor odd function.
4. sec-1x is an increasing in both of its branches.

4.
 Graph of cosec-1x:

π
1. Maximum value is and
2
π
minimum value is − .
2
2. 
If y = cosec-1x then
dy 1
=− .
dx x x2 − 1

Properties of cosec -1x Graph:

1.  Graph is aperiodic.

2. cosec-1x is bounded.
3. cosec-1x is odd function.
4. cosec-1x is a decreasing in both of its
branches.

Note:
y If a function is continuous and monotonic on R ⇏ Range of function is R.

e.g. tan-1x and cot-1x

y If a function is continuous and has range R ⇏ function is monotonic.

e.g. y = x3 – 3x

dy
= y' = 3x2 − 3 = 3 ( x − 1) ( x + 1) (-1, 2)
dx
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Sign of y’

–1 1

y is increasing in ( −∞, –1) ∪ ( 1, ∞ ) (1, -2)

y is decreasing in (–1, 1)

5.
 ILLUSTRATIONS:

Q1 Tell domain and range of y = sin-1(ex).

A1 Domain: –1 ≤ ex ≤ 1
⇒ ex ≤ e0 (As if we take real power of positive number it is always posi-
tive, so ex is always greater than –1)
⇒x≤0
Range: As x ≤ 0
⇒ x ∈ (–∞, 0]
⇒ ex ∈ (e–∞, e0]
⇒ ex ∈ (0, 1]
⇒ sin-1(ex) ∈ (sin-10, sin-11]
π
⇒ sin-1(ex) ∈  0, 
 2 
π
Domain: (–∞, 0]; Range:  0, 
 2 

Q2 Tell domain and range of y = cos-1[x], where [.] denotes greatest integer
function.

A2 Domain: –1 ≤ [x] ≤ 1
–1 ≤ x < 2
Range: As –1 ≤ x < 2
⇒ x ∈ [–1, 2)
⇒ x ∈ [–1, 0) ∪ [0, 1) ∪ [1, 2)
⇒ [x] ∈ {–1, 0, 1}
⇒ cos-1[x] ∈ { cos-1(–1), cos-1 (0), cos-1 (1)}
 π 
⇒ cos-1[x] ∈ π, , 0
2 
Inverse Trigonometric Functions


 π 
Domain: [–1. 2); Range: π, , 0
 2 

6.
Q3 Tell domain and range of y = sin-1{x}, where {.} denotes fractional part
function.

A3 Domain: –1 ≤ {x} ≤ 1
⇒x∈R
Range: As x ∈ R
⇒ {x} ∈ [0, 1)
⇒ sin-1{x} ∈ [sin-1(0), sin-1(1)) (As sin-1x is increasing function)
 
⇒ sin-1{x} ∈ 0, 
 2
 
Domain: R; Range: 0, 
 2

Q4 Tell domain and range of y = cos-1{x}, where {.} denotes fractional

part function.

A4 Domain: –1 ≤ {x} ≤ 1
⇒x∈R
Range: As x ∈ R
⇒ {x} ∈ [0, 1)
⇒ cos -1{x} ∈ (cos -1(1), cos -1(0)] (As cos-1x is decreasing function)
π
⇒ cos-1{x} ∈  0, 
 2 
π
Domain: R; Range:  0, 
 2 

Q5 Tell domain and range of y = cot-1 (sgn x).

A5
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Domain: As sgn(x) is well defined for x ∈ R and gives {–1, 0, 1} as output where
cot-1x is well defined
⇒x∈R
Range: As x ∈ R
⇒ sgn x ∈ {–1, 0, 1}
⇒ cot-1 (sgn x) ∈ { cot-1 (–1), cot-1 (0), cot-1 (1)}
 3   
⇒ cot-1 (sgn x) ∈  , , 
 4 2 4
   3 
Domain: R; Range:  , , 
4 2 4 
7.
 Q6 Tell domain and range of y = tan-1(log2(x2 – 2x + 2))

A6 Domain:
i) x2 – 2x + 2 > 0   (because of log)
⇒ (x – 1)2 + 1 > 0   ⇒ x ∈ R
ii) log2(x2 – 2x + 2) ∈ R    (because of tan–1)
⇒x∈R
So, Domain is R
Range:
x2 – 2x + 2 = (x – 1)2 + 1
(x – 1)2 + 1 ≥ 1
log2 (x2 – 2x + 2) ≥ log21  (As graph of log2x is increasing)
⇒ log2 (x2 – 2x + 2) ≥ 0
⇒ tan–1(log2 (x2 – 2x + 2)) ≥ tan–1(0)  (As graph of tan–1x is increasing)
⇒ y ≥ 0
 π
Domain: R; Range: 0, 
 2

Q7  1 
Tell the value of sin−1  − −1 
 + cos  −
1 
( ) −1 
 − tan − 3 + cot  −
−1 1 

 2  2  3

A7 −
π 3π  π  2π 3π
+ − −  + =
4 4  3 3 2

Q8 Tell the value of sin(tan-12)

A8 Let tan–1 2 = θ
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

⇒  2 = tanθ
2 √5
sin ( tan–1 2 )   =  sinθ  =
5

8.
Q9 Tell the value of cos(tan-13)

A9 Let tan−1 3 = θ
⇒  3  =  tan θ √10
1
cos ( tan−1 3 ) = cos ( θ ) =
10
θ

Q10 Tell the value of sin  2sin −1  3 

 
  5 

A10 3
let sin1    notethatliesinfirstquadrant 
5
5
3
⇒ = sinθ
5
  3  θ
sin  2 sin−1    = sin2θ
  5 
= 2sinθ cosθ
34
= 2  
55
24
=
25

Q11 Tell the value of cos(2tan-12)

A11 Let tan−1 2 = θ

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

⇒  2  =  tan θ
√5
( tan–1 2)   =  cos ( 2θ)
cos 2
1 − tan2 θ
=
1 + tan2 θ θ
1−4
=
1+4
3
= −
5

9.
 Q12 Tell the value of cos(2tan-13)

A12 Let tan 3 = θ

−1

⇒  3  =  tan θ
( tan−1 3) = cos2θ
cos 2
1 − tan2 θ
=
   1 + tan2 θ
θ
1−9
=
   1+9
4
=  −
   5

Q13  3  3 
Tell the value of sin  arcsin   − arccos   
 5  5 

A13 3
Let sin−1   = θ and
3
cos−1   = φ
5
  5
3 3
⇒   = sinθ and   = cosφ
5 5

ϕ
θ
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

 3 3
sin  sin−1 − cos−1  = sin ( θ − φ )
 5 5

      = sinθcosφ − cosθsinφ

33 44
=    −   
       5   5   5   5 
7
=−
      25

10.
Q14 Tell the value of sin  tan −1
   1 
 cos  cot  −
−1

    3    

A14  1  2π
cot −1  − = 3
 3
  1  2π
cos  cot −1  −   = cos 3
  3 
1
=−
   2
   1  −1  1
tan−1  cos  cot −1  −    = tan  − 2 
   3   
1
= − tan−1  
  2
    1   −1  1  
sin  tan−1  cos  cot −1  −     = sin  −tan  2  
   3    
 
  1 
= −sin  tan−1   
  2 
1
=−
5

Q15  x2 + 1 
Show that cos ( tan−1sincot −1 x ) =  2  , x ∈ ( 0, 1)
 x + 2

A15 Let cot −1 x = θ (note that θ ∈ (0, π)

    x = cotθ
sin ( cot −1 x ) = sinθ Inverse Trigonometric Functions
1
= 2
  x2 + 1 +1
 1 
(
tan−1 sin ( cot −1 x ) = tan−1 ) 
 x +1
2

θ
 
(
cos tan −1
( −1
)) 


sin ( cot x ) = cos  tan−1 
1
 
 x + 1 
2

  = cosφ

11.
  1  1
where, φ = tan−1   ⇒ tanφ =
 x +1 x +1
2 2
2 +2
(
cos tan −1
(sin (cot x ))) = cosφ
−1

ϕ
x2 + 1
= 2 +1
  x2 + 2

Q16 If cos-1x + cos-1y = 0, then find the value of x + y.

A16 Minimum of L.H.S. = 0 + 0  (Range of cos–1x is [0, π])

   = 0
   = R.H.S.
⇒ cos–1x = cos–1y = 0
⇒ x = y = cos0
⇒x=y=1
⇒x+y=2

Q17 If cos-1x + cos-1y + cos-1z = 3 π, then find the value of x + y + z.

A17 Maximum of L.H.S. = π + π + π

    = 3 π
(Range of cos–1x is [0, π])

    = R.H.S.
⇒ cos x = cos–1y = cos–1z = π
–1

⇒ x = y = z = cos π
⇒ x = y = z = –1
⇒ x + y + z = –3

Q18 If sin -1
x + sin-1y + sin-1z =
3π
, then find the value of x + y + z.
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

A18 Maximum value of L.H.S.   =

π π π  π π
+ +    (Range of sin–1x is  − ,  )
2 2 2  2 2
3π
    = = R.H.S.
2
π π
⇒ sin–1x = sin–1y = sin–1z = ⇒ x = y = z = sin
2 2
⇒x=y=z=1
⇒x+y+z=3
12.
Q19 True/False :
f(x) = sgn (arc cot x) and g(x) = sin2x + cos2x are identical functions.

A19 Let f ( x ) = sgn ( cot −1 x )

Domain: R,
Now, f ( x ) = sgn ( 0, π ) (As range of cot–1x in (0, π))
f(x) = 1
Again Let g ( x ) = sin2 x + cos2 x
Domain: R, g(x) = 1
⇒ f(x) and g(x) are identical functions.
So, statement is true.

Q20 If f:R → 0, π  , f(x) = tan -1

(x2 + 2x +α)is onto function then find α.
 2

A20 As,

function is onto:
Co-Domain = Range
 π
0,  = Range
 2 
 π  π
So, tan–1 ( x2  +  2x + π )  ∈  0,  ⇒ x2  +  2x +  α  ∈  tan0,  tan 
 2  2

⇒ x2  +  2x +  α  ∈  0,  ∞ )
⇒ Range of x2 + 2x + α is [0, ∞)
D  D 
⇒ − = 0 (Range of quadratic (a>0) is  − , ∞ )
4a  4a 

⇒
( 4 − 4α )
− =0
4 ( 1)
⇒ α=1
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Q21  π π
If f : R → – ,  , f(x) = tan-1(x2 + 2x + α) is onto function then find α.
 4 2

13.
 A21 As, function is onto:
Co-Domain = Range
 π π
– 4 , 2  = Range
 π π   π π
So, tan–1 ( x2  +  2x + α  )  ∈  – ,  ⇒ x2  +  2x +  α  ∈  tan  –  , tan 
 4 2   4 2
⇒ )
x2  +  2x +  α  ∈   −1, ∞  
⇒ Range of x + 2x + α is [–1, ∞)
2

D  D 
⇒ − = −1 (Range of quadratic (a>0) is  − , ∞ )
4a  4a 
( 4 − 4α )
⇒ − = −1
4 ( 1)
⇒ α=0

Q22 If ( sin x ) + ( sin y ) + ( sin z)

−1 2 −1 2 −1 2
=
3π2
, then tell distinct possible values of
4
x + y – z.

A22 Range of sin  π π

x is  − , 
–1
 2 2
 π2 
Range of (sin–1x)2 is  −0, 
 4
π2 π2 π2
Maximum value of L.H.S. = + +
4 4 4
3π2
      = = R.H.S
4
π2
⇒ (sin–1x)2 = (sin–1y)2 = (sin–1z)2 =
4
⇒ x = 1 or – 1, y = 1 or – 1, z = 1 or – 1
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

⇒ x + y – z ∈ {1 + 1 – (–1), 1 + 1 – 1, 1 – 1 – 1, –1 – 1 – 1}
⇒ x + y – z ∈ {3, 1, –1, –3}

14.
Q23 



7
( )
Tell domain of log 10 (1 – log 7 ( x2 − 5x + 13 ) + sin−1 
 6 + sin  9πx 


   
  2  

A23 log

x is defined is x > 0
10
⇒ 1 – log7(x2 – 5x + 13) > 0
⇒ 1 > log7(x2 – 5x + 13)
⇒ 71 > x2 – 5x + 13
⇒ x2 – 5x + 6 < 0
⇒ (x – 2) (x –3) < 0
⇒ x ∈ (2, 3)
Also, log7(x2 – 5x + 13) is defined if (x2 – 5x + 13) > 0
⇒x∈R
So, Domain of log10(1 – log7(x2 – 5x + 13)) is (2, 3) ∩ R
⇒ Domain of log10(1 – log7(x2 – 5x + 13)) is (2, 3)
 
 7  7
Now,
sin  −1
 is defined if −1 ≤ ≤1
 6 + sin 9πx  6 + sin
9πx
 2  2
9πx 9πx
⇒ −6 − sin ≤ 7 , 7 ≤ 6 + sin
2 2
9πx 9πx
⇒ −13 ≤ sin , 1 ≤ sin
2 2
9πx
⇒ sin =1
2
9πx π
⇒ = 2nπ + , where n ∈  I
2 2
4n + 1
⇒ x= , where n ∈  I
9
 4n + 1 
So, Domain of given expression is (2,3) ∩   ,   n ∈ I
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

 9 
 21 25 
= , 
9 9 

15.
 Q24 Draw the graph of sin(tan -1
x)

A24 I.
II.
Given function is odd function
Domain is R
 π π   π π
III. Range: tan−1 x ∈  − ,  sin ( tan−1 x ) ∈  sin  −  , sin 
 2 2   2 2
 π π
(As sin-1x is increasing in  − ,  )
 2 2
∈ (–1, 1)
dy d
IV. = cos ( tan−1 x ) ( tan−1x )
dx dx
cos ( tan−1 x )
= >0 y
1 + x2
⇒ Function is increasing. y=1
Also, Let tan−1 x = θ
2 +1
⇒ x = tanθ
x
f ( x ) = sin ( tan−1 x )
θ
  = sinθ
x
1 y=-1
= 
  x +1
2

Properties of inverse function:

Property-I (A)

1.  sin (sin–1x) = x, ∀ x ∈ [–1, 1]

Proof:

Let f z(x) = sin (sin–1x) y

Domain: x ∈ [–1, 1]
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Range: y ∈ sin (sin–1([–1, 1])) (1,1)

 π π y=x
y ∈ sin   − , 
 2 2
x
∈ [–1, 1]
Now, Let sin–1x =θ ⇒ x = sinθ
f(x) = sin (sin–1x)
   = sin(θ) (-1,-1)
   = x

16.
 y
2.  cos (cos–1(x)) = x, ∀ x ∈ [–1, 1]
(1, 1)
y=x

(-1,-1)

3.  tan (tan-1x) = x, ∀ x ∈ R

4.  cot (cot-1x) = x, ∀ x ∈ R

5.  cosec (cosec-1x) = x, ∀ x ∈ (–∞, –1]U[1, ∞)

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

17.
 6.  sec (sec-1x) = x, ∀ x ∈ (–∞, –1]U[1, ∞)

Property I (B)

1.  f(x) = tan-1(tanx)

3 /2
–2
x
–3 /2 – − /2 O /2 2

/2

− /2

ILLUSTRATIONS

Q1 
Tell value of tan−1  tan
13π 

 3 
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

A1 13π  7 π 9π 
∈ , 
3  2 2 
 13π  13π π
⇒ tan−1  tan  = − 4π =
 3  3 3

18.
Q2 
tan−1  tan
25π 

 4 

A2 25π π  π π
= 6π + ∈  6π − , 6π + 
4 4  2 2
 25π  25π π
tan−1  tan = − 6π =
 4  4 4

Q3 
tan−1  tan
19π 

 4 

A3 19π π  π π
= 5π − ∈  5π − , 5π + 
4 4  2 2
 19π  19π π
tan−1  tan = − 5π = −
 4  4 4

Q4 
tan−1  tan
27 π 

 4 

A4 27 π π  π π
= 7π − ∈  7π − , 7π + 
4 4  2 2
 27 π  27 π π
tan−1  tan = − 7π = −
 4  4 4

Q5 
tan−1  tan
17 π 

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

 3 

A5 17 π  π π
∈  6π − , 6π + 
3  2 2
 17 π  17 π π
tan−1  tan = − 6π = −
 3  3 3

19.
 Q6 tan–1 (tan1)

A6  π π
1 ∈ − , 
 2 2
⇒ tan−1 ( tan1) = 1

Q7 tan–1 (tan2)

A7  π 3π 
2∈ , 
2 2 
⇒ tan−1 ( tan2) = 2 − π

Q8 tan–1 (tan3)

A8  π 3π 
3∈ , 
2 2 
⇒ tan−1 ( tan3) = 3 − π

Q9 tan–1 (tan4)

A9  π 3π 
4∈ , 
2 2 
⇒ tan−1 ( tan4 ) = 4 − π

Q10 tan –1
(tan5)
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

A10 5∈
 3π 5π 
, 
 2 2 
⇒ tan−1 ( tan5 ) = 5 − 2π

20.
 Q11 tan–1 (tan6)

A11 6∈
 3π 5π 
, 
 2 2 
⇒ tan−1 ( tan6 ) = 6 − 2π

Q12 tan–1 (tan7)

A12 7∈
 3π 5π 
, 
 2 2 
⇒ tan−1 ( tan7 ) = 7 − 2π

Q13 tan–1 (tan8)

A13 8∈
 5π 7 π 
, 
 2 2  
⇒ tan−1 ( tan8) = 8 − 3π

2.  f(x) = cot-1 (cotx)

y


Inverse Trigonometric Functions

x
-2  O  2

21.
 ILLUSTRATIONS:

Q1  11π 
cot −1  
 3 

A1 11π
∈ ( 3π, 4π )
3
 11π  11π 2π
⇒ cot −1  cot = − 3π =
 3  3 3

Q2  17 π 
cot −1  
 3 

A2 17 π
∈ ( 5π, 6π )
3
 17 π  17 π 2π
⇒ cot −1  cot = − 5π =
 3  3 3

Q3  13π 
cot −1  
 7 

A3 13π
∈ ( π, 2π )
7
 13π  13π 6π
⇒ cot −1  cot = −π=
 7  7 7

Q4  25π 
cot −1  
 4 
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

A4 25π
∈ (6π, 7 π )
4
 25π  25π π
⇒ cot −1  cot = − 6π =
 4  4 4

Q5 cot–1 (cot1)

A5 1 ∈ ( 0,  π )
cot–1(cot1) = 1
22.
Q6 cot–1 (cot2)

A6 2 ∈ ( 0,  π )
cot–1(cot2) = 2

Q7 cot–1 (cot3)

A7 3 ∈ ( 0,  π )
cot–1(cot3) = 3

Q8 cot–1 (cot4)

A8 4 ∈ ( π,  2π )
cot–1(cot4) = 4 – π

Q9 cot–1 (cot5)

A9 5 ∈ ( π,  2π )
cot–1(cot5) = 5 – π

Q10 cot –1
(cot6)

A10 6 ∈ ( π,  2π )
cot–1(cot6) = 6 – π

Q11 cot–1 (cot7)

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

A11 7 ∈ ( 2π,  3π )

cot–1(cot7) = 7 – 2π

Q12 cot–1 (cot8)

A12 8 ∈ ( 2π,  3π )

cot–1(cot8) = 8 – 2π
23.
 3.  f(x) = cos-1(cosx)

Properties:

(i)  f(x) is an even function

(ii)  Domain is R
(iii)  Range is [0,  π]
(iv)  Period is 2π.

ILLUSTRATIONS:

Q1 
cos−1  cos
11π 

 3 

A1 11π
∈ ( 3π, 4π )
3
 11π  11π π
cos−1  cos  = 4π − =
 3  3 3

Q2 
cos−1  cos
25π 

 4 
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

A2 24π
∈ (6π, 7 π )
4
 25π  25π π
cos−1  cos = − 6π =
 4  4 4

24.
Q3 
cos−1  cos
7π 

 3 

A3 7π
∈ ( 2π, 3π )
3
 7π  7π π
cos−1  cos   = − 2π =
 3  3 3

Q4 cos–1 (cos1)

A4 1 ∈ (0, π)
cos–1 (cos1) = 1

Q5 cos–1 (cos2)

A5 2 ∈ (0, π)
cos–1 (cos2) = 2

Q6 cos–1 (cos3)

A6 3 ∈ (0, π)
cos–1 (cos3) = 3

Q7 cos–1 (cos4)

A7 4 ∈ (π, 2π)
cos–1 (cos4) = 2π – 4
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Q8 cos–1 (cos5)

A8 5 ∈ (π, 2π)
cos–1 (cos5) = 2π – 5

Q9 cos–1 (cos6)

A9 6 ∈ (π, 2π)
cos–1 (cos6) = 2π – 6

25.
 Q10 cos –1
(cos7)

A10 7 ∈ (2π, 3π)

cos–1 (cos7) = 7 – 2π

Q10 cos –1
(cos8)

A10 Sol. 8 ∈ (2π, 3π)

cos–1 (cos8) = 8 – 2π

4.  f(x) = sin-1(sinx)

Properties:

(i)  f(x) is odd function

(ii)  Domain is R
 π π
(iii) Range is  − , 
 2 2
(iv) Period is 2π

ILLUSTRATIONS:
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Q1 
sin−1  sin
13π 

 3 

A1 13π  7 π 9π 
∈ , 
3  2 2 
 13π  13π π
sin−1  sin = − 4π =
 3  3 3

26.
Q2 
sin−1  sin
25π 

 4 

A2 25π  11π 13π 

∈ , 
4  2 2 
 25π  25π π
sin−1  sin = − 6π =
 4  4 4

Q3 
sin−1  sin
19π 

 4 

A3  
sin−1  sin  4π +
3π   −1  3π  −1  1 
  = sin  sin  = sin   =
π
  4   4   2 4

Q4 
sin−1  sin
37 π 

 4 

A4 37 π  17 π 19π 
∈ , 
4  2 2 
 37 π  37 π π
sin−1  sin  = 9π − =−
 4  4 4

Q5 
sin−1  sin
17 π 

 3 

A5 17 π  11π 13π 
∈ , 
3  2 2  Inverse Trigonometric Functions

 17 π  17 π
sin−1  sin = − 6π
 3  3
π
=−
3

27.
 Q6 sin−1 ( sin1)

A6  π π
1 ∈ − , 
 2 2
sin−1 ( sin1) = 1

Q7 sin−1 ( sin2)

A7  π 3π 
2∈ , 
2 2 
sin−1 ( sin2) = 2 − π

Q8 sin−1 ( sin3)

A8  π 3π 
3∈ , 
2 2 
sin−1 ( sin3) = 3 – π

Q9 sin−1 ( sin8)

A9  5π 7 π 
8∈ , 
 2 2 
sin−1 ( sin8) = 3π − 8
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

5.  f(x) = sec-1(secx)

28.
Properties:

(i)  f(x) is an even function

π
(ii)  Domain is R − ( 2n + 1) ,   n ∈ I
2
π
(iii) Range is [0,  π] −  
2
(iv) Period is 2π.

6. cosec-1(cosecx)

y


-  45º 3/2

2
 x
-3 /2 - O 
2

- 

Properties:

(i)  f(x) is odd function

(ii)  Domain is R – {nπ},  n ∈ I
 π π
(iii) Range is  − ,  − {0}
 2 2
(iv) Period is 2π.
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Inequality Based Illustrations:

Q1 Solve for x : log2 (tan-1x) > 1

A1 log2(tan-1x) > log22

⇒ (tan-1x) > 2 (As log2x is increasing function)
 π π
⇒ x ∈ ϕ (As range of tan-1x is  – ,  )
 2 2

29.
 Q2 Solve for x: (cot-1x)2 – 5(cot-1x) + 6 > 0

A2 (cot-1x) = u
⇒ u2 – 5u + 6 > 0
⇒ (u – 2) (u – 3) > 0
⇒ u ∈ (– ∞, 2) ∪ (3, ∞)
⇒ cot-1x ∈ (0, 2) ∪ (3, π) (As cot-1x ∈ (0, π))
⇒ x ∈ (cot 2, cot 0) ∪ (cotπ, cot 3) (As cot-1x is decreasing function)
⇒ x ∈ (cot 2, ∞) ∪ (– ∞, cot 3)

Q3 Solve for x: 0 ≤ cos-1x < 1

A3 ⇒ cos 1 < x ≤ cos 0 (As cos-1x is decreasing function)

⇒ cos 1 < x ≤ 1

Q4 Tell domain of f ( x ) =
1
ln(cot −1 x) 

A4 ln(cot-1x) > 0
⇒ cot-1x > 1
⇒ x < cot 1 (As cot-1x is decreasing function)
⇒ x ∈ (– ∞, cot 1)

Property-II:

1
1. (i)  cosec x = sin
−1 −1

x
(
, ∀x ∈ −∞, −1 ∪  1, ∞ )
1
  (ii)  sin−1 x = cosec−1 , ∀x ∈ [ −1, 1] − {0}
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

30.
Proof:

π π
Let cosec–1x = θ, where θ ∈  − ,  − {0}
 2 2 
⇒ x = cosecθ
1
⇒ = sinθ
x
1
⇒ θ = sin−1  
x

1
2. (i)  sec−1 x = cos−1 , ∀x ∈ ( −∞, −1] ∪ [ 1, ∞ )
x
1
  (ii)  cos−1 x = sec−1 , ∀x ∈ [ −1, 1] − {0}
x

 1
 tan−1 x>0

3.  cot −1 x =  x
π + tan−1 1 x<0
 x

Proof:

cot −1 x = θ , where θ ∈ (0, π)

⇒ x = cotθ
1
⇒ = tanθ
x
1
⇒ tan−1   = tan−1 ( tanθ )
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

x
 π
θ = cot −1x 0<θ< ⇒x>0
 2
=
θ − π = cot −1x − π π
<θ<π⇒x<0
 2
 
1 1
⇒ tan−1 = cot −1 x when x > 0 and tan−1 = cot −1 x − π when x < 0
x x
1 1
⇒ cot −1 x = tan−1 when x > 0 and cot −1 x = π + tan−1 when x < 0
x x

31.
 Property-III:

1.  sin ( −x ) = −sin x

−1 −1

2.  cosec ( −x ) = −cosec ( x )

−1 −1

3.  cos−1 ( −x ) = π − cos−1 ( x )

( )
4.  sec−1 −x = π − sec−1 x ( )
5.  tan
−1
( −x ) = −tan ( x )
−1

6.  cot
−1
( −x ) = π − cot −1 ( x )

Proof of 3:

cos−1 x = θ, θ ∈ [0,  π]

x = cosθ
−x = cos ( π − θ )
cos−1 ( −x ) = cos−1 ( cos ( π − θ ) )
= π−θ (As π – θ ∈ [0, π])
= π – cos x
–1

Property-IV:

π
1.  sin−1 x + cos−1 x = , ∀ x ∈ [–1, 1]
2
π
2.  tan x + cot x =
−1 −1
,∀x∈R
2
π
3.  sec−1 x + cosec−1 x = , ∀ x ∈ (–∞, –1] U [1, ∞)
2
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

32.
Proof of 1:

 π π
Let sin−1 x = θ, θ ∈  − , 
 2 2
⇒ x = sinθ
π 
⇒ x = cos  − θ 
2 
 π 
⇒ cos−1 x = cos−1  cos  − θ  
 2 
 π π  π π π  π
Now, θ ∈  − ,  ⇒ −θ ∈  − ,  ⇒ − θ ∈ 0, 
 2 2   2 2  2  2
π
So, cos−1 x = −θ
2
π
⇒ sin−1 x + cos−1 x =
2

ILLUSTRATIONS:

Q1 1
Tell value of tan−1   + tan−1 ( 2) + tan−1 ( 3)
2

A1 cot −1 ( 2) + tan−1 ( 2) +
π
3
π π 5π
⇒ + =
2 3 6

Q2 Tell x if sin−1 x + cos−1 ( x2 − 2x + 2) =

π
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

A2 Domain: (x2 – 2x + 2) ≤ 1
⇒ (x – 1)2 + 1≤ 1
⇒ (x – 1)2 ≤ 0
⇒x=1 (which is also satisfying –1 ≤ x ≤ 1)
Also, x2 – 2x + 2 = x
⇒ x2 – 3x + 2 = 0
⇒ x = 1, 2
⇒ x =1 (As x = 2 is not in domain)
33.
 Q3 If sin a + cos b =
−1 −1 π
and sec−1a + cosec−1b =
π
then find a + b
2 2
(A) 2 (B) –2 (C) 0 (D) None of these

A3 sin−1a + cos−1b =
π
⇒ a = b, –1 ≤ a, b ≤ 1 …..(i)
2
π
cosec–1a + sec–1 b =
2
⇒ a = b, a, b ∈ (–∞, –1] ∪ [1, ∞) …..(ii)
By (i) and (ii)
a = b = 1 OR a = b = –1
⇒ a + b = 2 OR –2 Ans. is AB

Q4 If ( tan x ) + ( cot x ) =
−12 −1 2 5π2
, then find the x
8

A4 Let tan−1 x = θ ⇒ cot −1 x =

π
−θ
2
2
π  5π2
So, given equation becomes θ2 +  − θ  =
2  8
π 2
5π 2
⇒ 2θ2 − πθ + − =0
4 8
3π2
⇒ 2θ2 − πθ − =0
8
⇒ 16θ2 − 8πθ − 3π2 = 0
⇒ ( 4θ + π ) ( 4θ − 3π ) = 0

π 3π
⇒θ=− ,
4 4
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

3π  π π
But θ = not possible as θ ∈  − , 
4  2 2
π
⇒θ=−
4
π
⇒ tan−1 x = −
4
 π
⇒ x = tan  −  ⇒ x = −1
 4

34.
 Q5 Solve for x: 5tan−1 x + 3cot −1 x =
7π
4

A5 2tan−1 x + 3 ( tan−1 x + cot −1 x ) =

7π
4
7 π 3π
⇒ 2tan−1 x = −
4 2
π
⇒ tan−1 x =
8
π
⇒ x = tan
8
    = 2 − 1

Note:

π
To find tan π
8 tan = 2−1
8
θ 1 − cosθ
tan = 3π
2 sinθ tan = 2+1
8
π
1 − cos π
π 4 tan = 2− 3
tan = 12
8 π
sin
4 5π
tan = 2+ 3
12
Point: Values to remember

ILLUSTRATION:

Q1 Solve for x, 4sin−1 x + cos−1 x =

3π
4
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

A1 3sin−1 x + sin−1 x + cos−1 x =

3π
4
π 3π
⇒ 3sin−1 x + =
2 4
π π
⇒ sin−1 x = ⇒ x = sin
12 12
3−1
⇒x=
2 2
35.
 Note: y
1. 
y=
Graph of f ( x ) = sin−1 x + cos−1 x 2
π
Domain: [–1, 1],  f ( x ) =
2 x
(-1, 0) (1, 0)

y
2. 
Graph of f ( x ) = sec−1 x + cosec−1 x y=
2
Domain: (–∞, –1] ∪ [1, ∞),
π
f (x) = x
2 (-1, 0) (1, 0)

ILLUSTRATIONS:

Q1 −1  n  π
If cot   > , then find maximum value of n (∈ N) .
π
  6

A1 cot −1
n π 
∈  , π
π 6 
n  π
⇒ ∈  cotπ, cot  (As graph of cot-1x is decreasing)
π  6

⇒
n
π
∈ −∞, 3( )
n
⇒ < 3
π
⇒ n < π 3 (approximately 5.44)
Greatest possible integral n = 5.
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

36.
Q2 Tell maximum and minimum value of ( sin−1 x ) + ( cos−1 x )
3 3

A2 Let sin−1 x = θ ⇒ cos−1 x =

π
−θ
2
3
π 
Now, y = θ3 +  − θ 
 2 
Use a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)
2
 π  π  π 
y =  θ + − θ  θ2 +  − θ  − θ  − θ  
 2   2  2  
π  2 3π π2 
= 3θ − θ +
2  2 4 
3π  2 π π2 
= θ − θ + 
2  2 12 
2
3π  π π2 π2 
=  θ −  + − 
2  4 12 16 
2
3π  π π2 
=  θ −  + 
2  4 48 

 π π π  3π π 
Now, θ ∈  − ,  θ − ∈  − ,
 2 2 4  4 4 
2
 π  9π2 
 θ −  ∈ 0, 
 4  16 
2
 π π2  π2 7 π2 
 θ −  + ∈ , 
 4 48  48 12 
2
3π  π π2   π3 7 π3 
 θ −  + ∈ , 
2  4 48   32 8 
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

7 π3
Maximum value =
8
π3
Minimum value =
32

37.
 Q3 Find range of f ( x ) = sin−1 x + cos−1 x + tan−1 x

A3 Domain: [–1, 1]
π π
f (x) = + tan−1 x (as sin−1 x + cos−1 x = )
2 2
π  π π
f (x) ∈ + − , (as tan–1x is increasing in [–1, 1])
2  4 4 
 π 3π 
f (x) ∈  , 
4 4 

Q4 Tell range of f ( x ) = sec−1 x + cosec−1 x + cot −1 x

A4 Domain ( −∞, −1] ∪ [ 1, ∞ )

π π
f (x) = + cot −1 x (as sec−1 x + cosec−1 x = )
2 2
π  3π   π 
()
f x ∈ + π,  ∪ 0,  (as cot–1x is decreasing in ( −∞, −1] ∪ [ 1, ∞ ) )
2  4   4 
 π 3π   5π 3π 
f (x) ∈  ,    ∪  , 
2 4   4 2 
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

38.
Q5 Tell domain and range of f ( x ) = sin−1 x + tan−1 x + sec−1 x

A5 Domain: x ∈ [ −1, 1] ∩ ( ( −∞, −1] ∪ [ 1, ∞ ) ) , x ∈ {–1,  1}

π π π π   π 3π 
Range = {f(1), f(–1)} =  + + 0, − − + π  =  , 
2 4 2 4  4 4 

π
Q6 Number of solution(s) of equation tan−1 x2 + x + sin−1 x2 + x + 1 =
2
 

A6 Domain: x + x ≥ 0 …(i)
2
(Because it is inside square root)
Also −1 ≤ x2 + x + 1 ≤ 1  (Because it is inside sin–1)
⇒ x2 + x + 1 ≤ 1 (As square root is always greater than negative)
Squaring
⇒ x2 + x ≤ 0 ...(ii)
By (i) and (ii):
x2 + x = 0
⇒ x(x + 1) = 0
⇒ x = 0, –1
Domain = {0, –1}
π
Now check by putting 0 : tan−1 0 + sin−1 1 =   (satisfied)
2
π
check by putting – 1 : tan−1 0 + sin−1 1 = (satisfied)
2
Hence, {–1, 0}
So, number of solutions = 2.

Method-II 2 + +1
2 +
Let tan x + x = θ ⇒ x + x = tanθ 
−1 2 2

1 
cosθ =
x +x+1
2
1

1 π
Given equation: cos−1 + sin−1 x2 + x + 1 =  
x +x+1
2 2
1
⇒ = x2 + x + 1 ⇒ x2 + x + 1 = 1 ⇒  x =  − 1,  0
x +x+1
2

But, still we need to check whether solutions are in domain or not.

Here, both are in domain.
So, Number of solutions = 2

39.

 IMPORTANT RESULT:

 π
 x>0
1
To remember: tan−1 x + tan−1 =  2  
x  π
− x<0
 2

Proof :

For x > 0;
1
tan−1 = cot −1 x
x
1 π
⇒ tan−1 x +  tan−1 = tan−1 x + cot −1 x =  
x 2
−1 1
For x < 0; tan x + tan
−1

x
 1 
= − tan−1 ( −x ) + tan−1  −  
  x 
=− π
2

ILLUSTRATIONS:

Q1 If α and β are roots of equation x2 + 7x – 8 = 0. Find the value of

1 1
tan−1 α + tan−1 + tan−1β + tan−1
α β

A1 Here, αβ < 0 ⇒ α and β are of opposite sign.

Let α > 0, β < 0
1 1 π  π
tan-1 α + tan−1 + tan−1β + tan−1 = +  −  = 0
α β 2  2

40.

Q2 Tell true or false f ( x ) = tan ( cot −1 x )  and g ( x ) = cot ( tan−1 x ) are identical
functions.

π π
A2 Domain of f ( x ) : cot −1 x ≠ ⇒ x ≠ cot
2 2
⇒x ≠ 0
Domain of g ( x ) : tan x ≠ 0
−1

⇒ x ≠ tan0 ⇒ x ≠ 0
Hence, Domain of f(x) = Domain of g(x) ... (i)
 
() ( ) π
(
Now, f x = tan cot −1x = tan  − tan−1x = cot tan−1 x = g x
2 
( )) ()
⇒ f ( x ) = g ( x ) … (ii)
By (i) and (ii): f(x) and g(x) are identical functions.
True

Q3  x2 − 1 
Solve for x : cot −1  −1  2x 
 + tan  2 =
2π
 2x   x − 1 3

x2 − 1
A3 Case-I: Let
2x
>0

1
For x > 0 : cot x = tan  
−1 −1

x
 2x  −1  2x  2π
Given equation becomes : tan−1  2  + tan  2 =
 x − 1  x − 1 3

2x  π
⇒ tan−1  2 =
 x − 1 3
2x π
⇒ 2 = tan
x −1 3
2x
⇒ = 3 
x2 − 1
⇒ 3x2 − 2x − 3 = 0 

(
⇒ x− 3 )( )
3x + 1 = 0

1
⇒ x = 3, −  
3
x2 − 1
Both are satisfying > 0 
2x
 1 
⇒ Both x =  3, −  are solutions.
 3 41.

 x2 − 1 1
Case-II:  Let < 0 For x < 0: cot −1 x = π + tan−1  
2x x
 2x  −1  2x  2π
Given equation becomes: tan−1  2  + π + tan  2 =
 x − 1  x − 1 3
 2x  2π
⇒ 2tan−1  2 = −π
 x − 1 3
 2x  π
⇒ tan−1  2 =−
 x − 1 6
2x 1
⇒ =−  
x −1
2
3
⇒ x2 − 1 = −2 3x 
⇒ x2 + 2 3x − 1 = 0 
x2 − 1
⇒ x = − 3 − 2, − 3 + 2 Both are satisfying <0
2x

{ }
⇒ x = − 3 − 2, − 3 + 2 are solutions.

 1 
Hence, solutions are  3, − , − 3 − 2, − 3 + 2
 3 

Property-V

 −1  x + y 
 tan  , x, y > 0, xy < 1
  1 − xy 
 x+y 
tan-1 x + tan−1 y = π + tan−1   , x, y > 0, xy > 1
  1 − xy 
 π
 , x, y > 0, xy = 1
 2

x − y
tan–1 x − tan–1y = tan–1  ,
1 + xy
x, y > 0
Memorizing trick:
tanθ + tanα
tan ( θ + α ) =
1 − tanθtanα
tan ( π + θ ) = tanθ

42.

Proof:

 π
Let   tan−1 x = A, tan−1 y = B, A,  B ∈  0, 
 2
tanA + tanB
( )
tan A + B = 
1 − tanAtanB

−1  tanA + tanB 
( )
Take tan–1 on both sides tan tan A + B  = tan 
−1

 1 − tanAtanB 
 x+ y
( )
tan−1tan A + B  = tan−1 
 1 − xy 
…..(i)

 π  π
Here, A + B ∈  0,  +  0,  ∈ (0, π)
 2  2

Case-I:

 π π 1
A + B ∈  0,  ⇒ tan−1 x + tan−1 y < ⇒ tan−1 x < cot −1 y ⇒ x < ⇒ xy < 1
 2 2 y
 x+y 
Equation (i): A + B = tan−1   
 1 − xy 
 x+y 
tan−1 x + tan−1 y = tan−1  
 1 − xy 

Case-II:

π  π 1
A + B ∈  , π  ⇒ tan−1 x + tan−1 y > ⇒ tan−1 x > cot −1 y ⇒ x > ⇒ xy > 1
2  2 y
Using graph of y = tan–1(tanx)
/2 y

3/2
–2
x
–3 /2 –  − /2 O  /2  2

− /2

43.

  x+y 
Equation (i) becomes A + B – π = tan−1   
 1 − xy 
 x+y 
tan−1 x + tan−1 y = π + tan−1  
 1 − xy 

Q1 Tell value of tan–11 + tan–12 + tan–13

A1 2×3=6>1
 2+3 
So, tan−1 2 + tan−1 3 = π + tan−1  
 1 − 2× 3
π
⇒ tan 1 + tan 2 + tan 3 =
−1 −1 −1
+ π + tan−1 ( −1)
4
π π
= + π −  = π
4 4

1 1
Q2 Tell value of tan 1 + tan
−1 −1

2
+ tan−1
3

1 1 1
A2 × = < 1 
2 3 6
 1 1 
1 −1 1
 2+3 
So, tan−1
+ tan = tan 
−1

2 3 1− 1 × 1 
 2 3
1 1 π
⇒ tan−1 1 + tan−1
2
+ tan−1 = + tan−1 1
3 4
()

π π π
= + =
4 4 2

44.

Shortcut:

π
If tanx tany + tany tanz + tanz tanx = 1, then x + y + z = (2n + 1) ,   n ∈  I .
2
1 1
Here, Let x = tan−1 1,   y = tan−1   ,   z = tan−1  
2 3
1 1
⇒ tanx = 1, tany = ,  tanz =  
2 3
Here, tanx tany + tany tanz + tanz tanx = 1
π
⇒ x + y + z = ( 2n + 1) ,   n ∈ I
2
 π
But x,  y,  z ∈   0, 
 2
π
⇒ x+y+z =  
2

tan−1 1 + tan−1 2 + tan−1 3

Q3 Show that
cot −1 1 + cot −1 2 + cot −1 3
= 2 

tan−1 1 + tan−1 2 + tan−1 3

A3 LHS =   (Using cot −1 x = tan−1  1  , x > 0 )
1 1 x
tan−1 1 + tan−1 + tan−1
2 3
π
=    = 2 = RHS (Using previous questions)
π/2

Q4 If tan−1 4 + tan−1 5 = cot −1 ( λ ) then find λ

A4 As   4 × 5 > 1
−1  4 + 5   9
LHS = π + tan   = π + tan−1  − 
 1 − 4×5  19 
  19  
= π +  cot −1  −  − π 
  9 
 19 
= cot −1  – 
 9
19
λ=−
9
45.

 7 2 24 1
Q5 If α = tan 5 − tan 3 + tan
−1

9
  and β = tan−1 + cot −1
−1 −1

11 7
+ tan−1  , then
3
(A) α = β (B) α > β
π
(C) α < β (D) α + β =
2
7
A5 α = tan−1 5 − tan−1 3 + tan−1
9
 

 5−3  −1 7
= tan−1   + tan
 1 + 5× 3 9
1 7
= tan−1   +  tan−1  
8
  9
 1 7 
 + 
= tan−1  8 9 
1 7
1− × 
 8 9
= tan−1 ( 1)

π
=
4
2 24 1
β = tan−1 + cot −1 + tan−1
11 7 3
2 7 1  −1 1 
= tan−1 + tan−1 + tan−1  Using cot x = tan x , x > 0
−1

11 24 3
 2 7 
 11 + 24  −1 1
=  tan  −1
 + tan
2
1− × 7  3
 11 24 
 125  −1 1
= tan−1   + tan
 250  3
1 1
= tan−1   + tan−1
2 3
 1 1 
 + 
= tan−1  2 3 
1− 1 × 1 
 2 3
π
=  tan−1 ( 1) =
4
Hence, Answer is AD.

46.

Q6  1 
Find ‘x’ satisfying sin−1 
π
 + cos ( x ) = 4
−1

 5

1 1
A6 Let  θ = sin−1
5
⇒ sinθ =
5
 

1 1
tanθ = ⇒ θ = tan−1  
2 2 5
−1  1  π 1
So,  sin   + cos ( x ) = 4
−1

 5

1
⇒ tan + cos−1 ( x ) = tan−1 ( 1)
−1
2
2
1
⇒ cos−1 ( x ) = tan−1 ( 1) − tan−1  
2
 1
1− 2
= tan 
−1

1+ 1 
 2 10
1
−1  1 
= tan  
3

1  3 
α = tan   = cos−1 
−1
 2
3
   10 
3
⇒ cos−1 x = cos−1
10
3
⇒x=  
10

 3  11 
Q7 sin−1  −1 
 + cos   + cot
−1
( 3 ) equals
 73   146 

A7  3 
Let α = sin−1  
 73 
3
α = tan−1  
8

47.

  11 
Let β = cos−1  
 146 
11
cosβ =  
146 √73
5
β = tan−1  
 11  α
 3  −1  11 
sin−1   + cos 
 73 
 + cot
 146 
−1
( 3)
3 5 π
= tan−1   + tan−1   +
8  11  6
 3 5 
 +  π
= tan−1  8 11  +
1− 3 × 5  6
 8 11 
π
= tan−1 ( 1) +
6
π π 5π
= +  =
4 6 12

 7  3
Q8 Which is greater cos−1   + cos−1    or cot −1 ( −1)
 25  5

 7 
A8 Let α = cos−1  
 25 
 24  25
α = tan−1  
 7 
3
Let β = cos−1  
5
α
3
cosβ =  
5
4
β = tan−1  
3
7 3  24  −1  4 
cos−1 + cos−1 = tan−1   + tan  
25 5  7  3

48.

  24 4 
 +
= π + tan  7
−1 3  (as 24 × 4 > 1 )

 1 − 24 × 4  7 3
5
 7 3
4
 100 
= π + tan−1  
 −75 
4
= π − tan−1   β
3
3
= π − (greater than π/4).
7 3 3π
⇒ cos−1 + cos−1 < = cot −1 ( −1)
25 5 4
So, cot −1 ( −1) is greater

 3 
Q9 Find A : 2cos−1 
13
 = tan A
−1

 

A9 ⇒ 2θ = tan−1 A(Let θ = cos−1

3
13 )
2tanθ
⇒ tan2θ = A ⇒ = A 
1 − tan2 θ
2
2× 12
⇒ 3 = A  ⇒A=  
2
2
5
1− 
3

1 7
Q10 Find B if
2
cos−1
25
= tan−1B 

A10 1
2
θ = tan−1B 
 −1 7 
 Let θ   = cos 25 
θ
⇒ tan = B 
2
1 − cosθ
⇒B=  
sinθ
7
1− 3
⇒B= 25   ⇒B=
24 4
25
49.

 Property-VI

−1 
(a)  sin x + sin y = −1
(
 sin−1 x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x2
       
)
if x, y ≥ 0, x2 + y 2 ≤ 1

( )
π − sin−1 x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x2 if x, y ≥ 0, x + y > 1
2 2

Proof:

Let x = sinA,  y = sinB,  x, y ≥ 0

sin(A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB
= x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x2

( )
sin−1 ( sin ( A + B) ) = sin−1 x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x2   …(i)

π
Also A,  B ∈  0,  A + B ∈ [0, π]
 2 

Make two case

Case-I:

 π π π π
A + B ∈  0,  ⇒ A + B ≤  ⇒ A  ≤ − B ⇒ sin−1 x ≤ − sin−1 y
 2  2 2 2
π 
⇒ sin ( sin−1 x ) ≤ sin  − sin−1 y 
2 
(
⇒ x  ≤ cos sin−1 y )
⇒ x  ≤ 1 − y2  

⇒ x2   ≤  1 − y 2

⇒ x2 + y 2   ≤ 1

(
By (i) A + B = sin−1 x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x2 )
(
sin−1 x + sin−1 y = sin−1 x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x2   )

50.

Case-II:

π  π π π
A + B ∈  , π  ⇒ A + B > ⇒ A > − B ⇒ sin−1 x > − sin−1 y
 2  2 2 2
π 
⇒ sin ( sin−1 x ) > sin  − sin−1 y 
2 
(
⇒ x > cos sin−1 y   )
⇒ x > 1 − y2  
⇒ x2 + y 2 > 1

(
By (i) π − ( A + B) = sin−1 x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x2 )
(
⇒ sin−1 x + sin−1 y = π − sin−1 x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x2 )

3 12
Q1 Find whether sin−1
5
+ sin−1
13
  is acute/obtuse

2 2
3  12 
A1 Method-I    +   > 1 ⇒ obtuse
5  13 
3 12
Method-II  tan + tan−1
−1

4 5
3 12
xy = × > 1 ⇒ obtuse 
    4 5 .
Note: Generally, conversion in tan is considered as better.
–1

Property-VI

(b) sin–1x – sin–1y = sin−1  x 1 − y 2 − y 1 − x2  where x ∈ [0, 1], y ∈ [0, 1]

 

cos–1 x + cos–1 y = cos–1 x y – 1 − x2 1 − y 2  where x ∈ [0, 1], y ∈ [0, 1]

 

cos–1 x – cos–1 y = cos–1 x y + 1 − x2 1 − y 2  where 0 ≤ x < y ≤ 1

 

51.

 Q1 If cos−1 x + cos−1 y + cos−1z = π  then prove that x2 + y 2 + z2 + 2xyz = 1 

A1 cos−1 x + cos−1 y = π − cos−1z 

Take cosine on both sides
( ) (
cos cos−1 x + cos−1 y = cos π − cos−1 z )
⇒ cos ( cos−1 x ) cos ( cos−1 y ) − sin ( cos−1 x ) sin ( cos−1 y ) = −cos ( cos−1z )
.
⇒ xy − 1 − x 2
1 − y = −z
2

⇒ xy + z = (1 − x ) (1 − y )  
2 2

Squaring both sides

⇒ ( xy + z ) = ( 1 − x2 ) ( 1 − y 2 )
2

⇒ x2 y 2 + 2xyz + z2 = 1 − x2 − y 2 + x2 y 2  
⇒ x2 + y 2 + z2 + 2xyz = 1

2 6+1 π
Q2 Show that cos−1
3
− cos−1
2 3
=  
6

  6 + 1 + 2 6 
A2 LHS  = cos−1 
2 6+1
+ 1−
2
1−  
 3 2 3 3  12  
 6+1 1 5−2 6 
= cos−1  + 
 3 2 3 12 
 
Let  5−2 6 = a −b

Squaring  5 − 2 6 = a2 + b2 − 2ab 
By hit and trial  a = 3,   b = 2
 6+1 3− 2 
So, LHS = cos 
−1
+ 
 3 2 3 × 2 3 
 3 π
= cos 
−1
 =
 2  6

52.

 Method II
1  3− 2  1
L.H.S. = tan
−1

2
− tan−1 
1 + 3· 2
 = tan
−1

2
(
− tan−1 3 − tan−1 2 )
 
π π
= cot −1 2 − tan−1 3 + tan−1 2 = − tan−1 3 =
    2 6

Property VII

  x + y + z − xyz 
 tan 
−1


tan−1 x + tan−1 y + tan−1z =   1 − ( xy + yz + zx )   x, y, z >  0,  xy +  yz +  zx <  1 
      
  x + y + z − xyz  if x, y, z >  0,  xy +  yz +  zx >  1
π + tan  1 − ( xy + yz + zx ) 
−1

  

Proof:

x+y
tan−1 x + tan−1 y + tan−1z = tan−1 + tan−1z    (xy < 1)
1 − xy
x+y 
 1 − xy + z
= tan−1        x+y
if z<1
 x+ y 1 − xy
1−  z
 1 − xy 

x + y + z − xyz
= tan–1 if xy + yz + zx < 1 and xy < 1
1 − ( xy + yz + zx )

x + y + z − xyz
=  π + tan−1 if xy + yz + zx > 1
1 − ( xy + yz + zx )

Q1 Let r, s, t be roots of the equation x(x – 2) (3x – 7) = 2. Prove that its roots r,
s and t are real and positive. Compute tan–1r + tan–1s + tan–1t.

A1 r, s, t are point of intersection of graph

y = x(x – 2) (3x – 7) and y = 2
7 
r ∈ (0, 1), s ∈ (1, 2), t ∈  ,  3 
3 
x ( 3x2 − 13x + 14 ) = 2

⇒ 3x3 − 13x2 + 14x − 2 = 0 

53.

 13 y
⇒r+s+t =       …(i)
3 (3, 6)
6
14
⇒ rs + st + tr =      …(ii) 5
3
4 (1, 4)
2
⇒ rst = .         …(iii) 3
3 2 y=2
1
 r + s + t − rst 
tan−1r + tan−1s + tan−1 t = π + tan−1   x
 1 − (rs + st + tr )  1 2 3 4

 13 2 
 − 
= π + tan−1  3 3 
 1 − 14 
 3 
3π
= π + tan−1 ( −1) =  
4

π
Q2 Point (x, y) satisfying the equation sin−1 x + cos−1 y + cos−1 ( 2xy ) =
2
. Lies on

(A) the bisector of the first and third quadrant

(B) bisector of the second and fourth quadrant
(C) the rectangle formed by the lines x = ± 1 and y = ± 1
(D) a unit circle with centre at the origin

A2 π
cos−1 y + cos−1 ( 2xy ) =
− sin−1 x = cos−1 x .
2
Now, take cos on both sid
⇒ cos ( cos ( 2xy ) )   =  cos ( cos x − cos y )
−1 −1 −1

⇒ 2xy  =  xy +   1 − x 1 − y
2 2

⇒ xy  =   1 − x2 1 − y 2
Squaring on both sides
  = ( 1 − x2 ) ( 1 − y 2 )
2
⇒ ( xy )
⇒ x2 + y2 = 1 Ans. D

54.

(C) Simplification & Transformation of Inverse functions by elementry
substitution and their graphs:
y
 2 tan−1 x if −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
2x   /2
(1)  sin  
–1
=   π − 2 tan x if
−1
x≥1  
1 + x2 I
  − π − 2 tan−1 x if x ≤ −1 D


–1 1 x
Domain:
D I

2x
−1 ≤ ≤ 1  – /2
1 + x2
⇒ −1 − x2 ≤ 2x ≤ 1 + x2
⇒ −1 − x2 ≤ 2x ∩ 2x ≤ 1 + x2  
⇒ x2 + 2x + 1 ≥ 0 ∩ x2 − 2x + 1 ≥ 0 
2 2
⇒ ( x + 1) ≥  0 ∩ ( x − 1) ≥ 0  ⇒ x ∈ R ∩ x ∈ R ⇒ x ∈ R

Point:

Expression Domain Assumption

1 − x2 [–1, 1] x = sinθ,  cosθ

x2 − 1 ( −∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞ ) x = secθ,  cosecθ

x2 + 1 ( −∞, ∞ ) x = tanθ,  cotθ

55.

  2x 
f ( x ) = sin−1  2 
1+ x 
 −2x 
f ( −x ) = sin−1  2 
1+ x 
 2x 
= −sin−1  2 
= −f ( x )
1+ x 

⇒ f(x) is odd function.

 π π
Let  x  = tanθ,  where θ ∈  − , 
 2 2
 2tanθ 
f ( x ) = sin−1  2 
 1 + tan θ 
= sin−1 ( sin2θ )

Case-I

π π π π  π π
− ≤ 2θ ≤ ⇒ − ≤ θ ≤ ⇒ tan  −  ≤ tanθ ≤ tan ⇒ −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
2 2 4 4  4 4

f ( x ) = sin−1 ( sin2θ ) = 2θ = 2 tan− x

Case-II

π π π π π
< 2θ < π ⇒ < θ < ⇒ tan < tanθ < tan ⇒ 1 < x < ∞
2 4 2 4 2
f ( x ) = sin−1 ( sin2θ )
= π − 2θ
= π − 2 tan−1 x

Case-III

π π π  π
−π < 2θ < − ⇒ − < θ < − ⇒  − ∞ < tanθ < tan  −  ⇒ −∞ < x < −1
2 2 4  4
f ( x ) = sin−1 ( sin2θ )
= −π − 2θ = −π − 2 tan−1 x
56.

 1 − x2 2 tan x x≥ 0
−1

()
2   cos−1 = 
1 + x2  −2tan−1x x< 0

Properties:

(i) f(x) is even function

(ii) Domain is R

Proof :

 π π
Let x = tanθ, θ ∈  − ,  ⇒ θ = tan−1 x
 2 2
 1 − tan2 θ 
f ( x ) = cos−1  2 
 
 1 + tan θ 
= cos−1 ( cos2θ )
Now, use graph of y = cos-1(cosx)
  π
 2θ = 2tan x
−1
when 2θ∈ [0, π ) ⇒ θ ∈ 0,  ⇒ tanθ = x ∈ [0, ∞ )
  2
f (x) =    
−2θ = −2tan−1 x when 2θ∈ ( −π, 0 ) ⇒ θ ∈  − π , 0  ⇒ tanθ = x ∈ ( −∞, 0 )
  
 2  .

Q1 3cos−1 x = sin−1 ( )
1 − x2 ( 4x2 − 1)  

A1 Let x = cosθ, θ ∈ [0, π]  

3cos −1
(cosθ ) = sin−1 ( 1 − cos2 θ ( 4cos2 θ − 1) )
(
⇒ 3θ = sin−1 sinθ ( 4 − 4sin2 θ − 1) )
= sin−1 ( 3sinθ − 4sin3 θ )   

⇒ 3θ = sin−1 ( sin3θ )
 π π
sin−1 ( sin3θ ) = 3θ,  when 3θ ∈  − ,   but here θ ∈ [0,  π]
 2 2

57.

  π
⇒ 3θ ∈ 0, 
 2
 π
⇒ θ ∈ 0, 
 6
 3 
⇒ cosθ ∈  , 1
 2 
 3 
⇒ x∈ , 1
 2 

 1 + x2 − 1  1
Q2 Prove that tan−1 
 x
 = tan−1 x, ∀x ∈ R − {0}
 2
 

 π π
A2 Let  x = tanθ, θ ∈  − , 
 2 2
 secθ − 1 
LHS  = tan−1  
 tanθ 
 1 − cosθ 
= tan−1  
 sinθ 
 θ 
 2sin2
= tan−1  2 

 2sin θ cos θ 
 2 2
 θ
= tan−1  tan 
 2 
θ  π π 
=  as θ ∈   − ,  
2  2 2 
tan−1 x
=  = RHS Hence proved.
2

 π + 2tan−1x x < −1
2x 
()
3 tan−1
=  2 tan x
1 − x2 
−1
−1 < x < 1

2tan x − π x>1
−1

58.

 2x
Q3 Let f ( x ) = sin–1
1 + x2
 +  2tan−1 x . Find cos(f(10))

A3 f ( x ) = π − 2tan−1 x + 2tan−1 x , for x > 1

=π
cos(f(10)) = cosπ= –1

 2cos−1 x if x ∈ [0, 1]
( 4 )  cos−1 ( 2x2 − 1) = 
2π − 2cos x if x ∈ [ −1, 0]
−1
y

x
–1 0 1

 − ( π + 3sin−1 x ) if − 1 ≤ x ≤ −1 / 2

(5) sin–1 ( 3x –  4x3 )   =         3 sin−1x if − 1 / 2 ≤ x ≤ 1 / 2
 π − 3sin−1 x if 1 / 2 ≤ x ≤ 1


59.

 Proof:

 π π
Let x = sinθ, θ ∈  − , 
 2 2

(
y = sin−1 3sinθ − 4sin3 θ )
= sin ( sin3θ )
−1

 3π 3π 
Here, 3θ ∈  − , 
 2 2
Use graph of y = sin-1(sinx)

Case-I :

 3π π   π π  1
3θ ∈  − , −  ⇒ θ ∈  − , −  ⇒ x = sinθ ∈  −1, − 
 2 2  2 6  2
y = sin−1 ( sin3θ )

= − ( π + 3θ )

(
= − π + 3sin−1x )
Case-II:

 π π  π π  1 1
3θ ∈  − ,  ⇒ θ ∈  − ,  ⇒ x = sinθ ∈  − , − 
 2 2  6 6  2 2
y = sin−1 ( sin3θ )
= 3θ
= 3sin−1 x

Case-III:

 π 3π  π π 1 
3θ ∈  ,  ⇒ θ ∈  ,  ⇒ x = sinθ ∈  , 1
2 2  6 2  2 
y = sin−1 ( sin3θ )
= π − 3θ
= π − 3sin−1x

60.

 3cos−1x − 2π if −1 ≤ x ≤ −1 / 2

(6)  cos−1 ( )
4x3 − 3x = 2π − 3cos−1x if −1 / 2 ≤ x ≤ 1 / 2
 3cos−1x if 1/ 2 ≤ x ≤ 1


Proof:

Let x = cosθ, θ ∈ 0, π 

(
y = cos−1 4cos3 θ − 3cosθ )
= cos−1 ( cos3θ )

Here 3θ ∈ 0, 3π 
Now, using graph of y = cos-1(cosx)

Case-I:

 π 1 
3θ ∈ 0, π  ⇒ θ ∈ 0,  ⇒ cosθ = x ∈  , 1
 3 2 
y = cos−1 ( cos3θ )
= 3θ
= 3cos−1 x

Case-II:

 π 2π   1 1
3θ ∈  π, 2π  ⇒ θ ∈  ,  ⇒ x = cosθ ∈  − , 
3 3   2 2
y = cos ( cos3θ )
−1

= 2π −  3θ
= 2π − 3cos−1x

61.

 Case-III:

 2π   1
3θ ∈ 2π, 3π  ⇒ θ ∈  , π  ⇒ x = cosθ ∈  −1, − 
3   2
y = cos−1 ( cos3θ )
= 3θ − 2π
= 3cos−1x − 2π

 1 1
 3tan x if - <x<
−1

 3 3
3x − x 3
 1
(7)  tan−1 =  −π + 3tan−1x if x >
1 − 3x 2
 3
 1
 π + 3tan x if x < −
−1

 3

Proof :

 π π
Let  x = tanθ, θ ∈  − , 
 2 2
 3tanθ − tan3 θ 
y = tan−1   
 1 − 3tan θ 
2

= tan−1 ( tan3θ )
 3π 3π 
Here, 3θ ∈  − , 
 2 2
Now, using graph of y= tan-1(tanx)

Case-I:

 3π π  π π  1 
3θ ∈  − , −  ⇒ θ ∈  − , −  ⇒ tanθ = x ∈  −∞, − 
 2 2  2 6  3
y = tan−1 ( tan3θ )
= π + 3θ
= π + 3tan−1x

62.

Case-II:

 π π  π π  1 1 
3θ ∈  − ,  ⇒ θ ∈  − ,  ⇒ tanθ = x ∈  − , 
 2 2  6 6  3 3 
y = tan−1 ( tan3θ )
= 3θ
= 3tan−1 x

Case-III:

 π 3π  π π  1 
3θ ∈  ,  ⇒ θ ∈  ,  ⇒ tanθ = x ∈  , ∞
2 2  6 2  3 
y = tan ( tan3θ )
−1

= 3θ − π
= 3tan−1x − π

Q4 Show that tan−1 x = 2tan−1 cosec ( tan−1 x ) − tan ( cot −1 x ) 

A4  π π
Let  x = tanθ, θ ∈  − ,  ⇒ tan−1x = θ
 2 2
 π 
RHS  = 2tan−1 cosecθ − tan  − θ  
 2 
 1 
= 2tan−1  − cotθ
 sinθ 
 1 − cosθ 
= 2tan−1  
 sinθ 
 θ 
 2sin2 
= 2tan−1  2 
 2sin θ cos θ 
 
 2 2
 θ
= 2tan−1  tan 
 2
θ
= 2× =θ
2
= tan–1(x) = LHS Hence proved.
63.

 Q5 4
Find x; 2cot −1 2 − cos−1   = cosec−1 x .
5
 

A5 1 3
2tan−1   − tan−1   = cosec−1 x
2 4
 1 
 2× 
⇒   tan−1  2  − tan−1  3  = cosec−1 x
  
1  4
2

1−   
 2 

−1  4  −1  3 
⇒   tan   − tan   = cosec x
−1

3  4
 4 3 
 3−4 
⇒   tan   = cosec x
−1 −1
4 3
1+ × 
 3 4
−1  7 
⇒   tan   = cosec x
−1

 24 
 25 
⇒   cosec−1   = cosec−1 x
 7 
25
⇒ x=
7

Q6 If cos−1 x − sin−1 x = cos−1 x 3 , then tell x

A6 cos–1 x – sin–1 x  = cos–1 x 3 ... (i)

π
we know  cos–1 x + sin–1 x  = ... (ii)
2
(i) – (ii)

2
π
( )
− 2sin−1x = cos−1 x 3
Take cos on both sides
( (
⇒ sin ( 2sin−1 x ) = cos cos−1 x 3 ))
⇒ sin2θ = x 3  where θ= sin–1x
⇒ 2sinθcosθ = x 3 
⇒  2x· 1 − x2 = x 3 

64.

 ⇒  x = 0 or 4 (1 – x2) = 3
1
⇒  x  =  0,  ±  
2
Each is satisfying given equation
1 1
Ans. x = 0, , −
2 2

Q7 sin[2cos–1{cot(2tan–1x)}] = 0

A7 2cos–1{cot(2tan–1x)} = n π, Ố ∈
    = 0, π, 2π if n = 0,1,2 respectively
π
Hence cos–1{cot(2tan–1x)} = 0 or or π
2
or cot(2tan–1x) = 1, 0, or –1
π
(i)  cot ( 2tan−1 x ) = 1 ⇒ 2tan x = mπ + , m ∈ I
−1

4
mπ π
⇒ tan−1x = +
   2 8
3π π  π π
⇒ tan−1x = − , (as tan−1x ∈  − , 
8 8  2 2
   )
 3π  π
⇒ x = tan  −  , tan  
    8  8

  
⇒x=− ( )
2 +1 , 2 −1

π
( )
(ii) cot 2tan−1x = 0 ⇒ 2tan−1x = ( 2m + 1)
2
, m∈I

π
⇒ tan−1x = ( 2m + 1) ,   m ∈  I
   4
π π   π π
⇒ tan−1x = − ,  as tan x ∈  − 2 , 2  
−1

4 4  
  
 π π
⇒ x = tan  −  , tan  
    4 4
   ⇒ x = −1, 1
π
( )
(iii) cot 2tan−1x = −1 ⇒ 2tan−1x = mπ −
4
, m∈I

π
⇒ tan−1x = ( 4m − 1)
   8
π 3π   π π
   ⇒ tan−1x = − ,  as tan x ∈  − 2 , 2  
−1

8 8  
65.

  π  3π 
⇒ x = tan  −  , tan  
    8  8 

  
⇒x=− ( )
2 −1 , 2 +1

Ans. x = ±1, ± 1 ± 2 ( )
π
Q8 Tell numbers of solution(s) and solve sin−1 x + sin–1 2x =
3

A8 Let f(x) = sin–1x + sin–12x

1 1
Domain of f(x) is  − , 
 2 2 
Here, both sin–1x and sin–12x are increasing function
Hence, f(x) is also increasing function.
  1   1 
Range of f(x) will be f  −  , f   
  2   2 
 3π 3π 
Range is  − , 
 4 4
So, number of solution(s) of equation is 1.
Again, consider equation
π π
α + β =  where sin α  =  x and sinβ =  2x and β =   − α
3 3
π 
now  sinβ = sin  − α  ;
 3 
π π
hence sinβ = sin cosα − cos sinα  
3 3
3 1
2x = 1 − x2 − x
2 2
5x 3
⇒ = 1 − x2
2 2
⇒ 25x2 = 3 ( 1 − x2 )

3
⇒ 28x2 = 3 ⇒ x2 =
28
3 3
⇒x=   (as –     is not satisfying given equation)
2 7 2 7

66.

  x + 1 −1  x − 1 
Q9 tan−1   + tan 
 x − 1  x 
 = tan ( −7 )
−1

A9 Take tan on both side.

  x + 1   −1  x − 1  
tan  tan−1    + tan  tan  
  x − 1     x 
= tan ( tan−1 ( −7 ) )
 −1  x + 1    −1  x − 1  
1 − tan  tan    tan  tan  
  x − 1    x 

x+1 x−1
+
⇒ x−1 x = −7 
 x + 1 x − 1
1−  
 x − 1 x 
2
x2 + x + ( x − 1 )
( x − 1) x
⇒ = −7
(x 2
− x ) − ( x2 − 1 )
( x − 1) x
2x2 − x + 1
⇒ = −7 
−x + 1
⇒ 2x2 − x + 1 = 7x − 7
⇒ 2x2 − 8x + 8 = 0
2
⇒ 2 ( x − 2 ) = 0  ⇒ x = 2 
Cross Check: x = 2
Given equation becomes
1
tan−1 3 + tan−1   = tan−1 ( −7 )
2
 π  π  π 
⇒  0,  +  0,  =  − , 0 
 2  2  2 
Which is not possible. Hence, No solution.

67.

 Q10 Solve 2cot –1
2 + cos–1(3/5) = cosec–1x

1
2·
A10 LHS =  2tan
1
2
4
+ tan−1 = tan−1
−1

3
2 + tan−1  4 
1  3 
1−
4
4
⇒ 2tan−1 = cosec−1 x
3
π
⇒ No solution (As LHS is greater than )
2

Q11 Solve cos–1x > cos–1x2

A11 Domain: x ∈ [ −1, 1] ∩ x2 ∈ [ −1, 1] ⇒ x ∈ [ −1, 1]

Now, cos–1x > cos–1x2
⇒ x < x2 (as cos–1x is decreasing)
⇒ x(x – 1) > 0
⇒ x ∈ (–∞, 0) ∪ (1, ∞)
Solution ∩ Domain gives [–1, 0)

Q12 Solve sin–1 x > cos–1x

A12 Domain x ∈ [–1, 1]

Now, sin–1x > cos–1x
π
⇒ sin−1x > − sin−1x 
2
π π
⇒ 2sin−1x >   ⇒  sin−1x >  
2 4
1
⇒x>   (as sin–1x is increasing function)
2
 1 
Solution ∩ Domain gives  , 1
 2 

68.

Q13 Solve sin–1x > sin–1(1 – x)

A13 Domain: 1 – x ∈ [–1, 1] ∩ x ∈ [–1, 1]

⇒ x ∈ [0, 2] ∩ x ∈ [ −1, 1]
⇒ x ∈ [0, 1]
Now, sin–1x > sin–1(1 – x)
1
⇒ x > 1 – x ⇒ x  >   (as sin–1x is increasing function)
2
1 
Solution ∩ Domain gives  , 1
2 

Q14 Solve arc tan x – 3 arc tanx + 2 > 0

2

A14 (tan x)
2
−1
− 3tan−1x + 2 > 0  or t 2 − 3t + 2 > 0
⇒  ( t − 2 ) ( t − 1) > 0 [t = tan–1(x)]
( tan−1
x − 2) is always < 0
∴   tan−1 x < 1 ⇒ x < tan1
∴   x ∈ ( −∞, tan1)

Q15 Solve [sin–1x] > [cos–1x], where [.] denotes the greatest integer function.

A15 [sin–1x] > [cos–1x]

[sin–1x] can take the values {–2, –1, 0, 1} and [ cos–1x] can take the values
{0, 1, 2, 3}
Hence, [ sin–1x] can be greater than (cos–1x) only
if [ sin–1x] = 1 and [ cos–1x] = 0
now [ sin–1x] = 1 ⇒ 1 ≤ sin–1x ≤ π/2 (1 ≤ sin–1x < 2)
  ⇒ sin1 ≤ x ≤ 1 … (i)
and [ cos–1x] = 0 ⇒ 0 ≤ cos–1x < 1
  ⇒ cos1 < x ≤ 1 … (ii)
By (i) and (ii): x ∈ [sin1, 1]

69.

 2 4 6
Q16 tan−1
2+1 +1
2 4
+ tan−1
2+2 +2
2 4
+ tan−1
2 + 32 + 34
+…

A16 Summation of series

 x−y 
Think by method of difference and tan−1 x − tan−1 y = tan−1  
 1 + xy 
2n 2n
Tn = tan−1 = tan−1
2+n +n 1 + (n + 1) − n2
2 4 2 2

2n
=tan−1
( )(
1 + n + 1 + n n2 − n + 1
2
)
= tan −1 (n 2
+ n + 1) − (n2 − n + 1)
 
1 + (n2 + n + 1) (n2 − n + 1)

Tn = tan−1 (n2 + n + 1) − tan−1 (n2 − n + 1)

T1 = tan−1 3 − tan−1 1
T2 = tan−1 7 − tan−1 3
T3 = tan−1 13 − tan−1 7

Tn = tan−1 (n2 + n + 1) − tan−1 (n2 − n + 1)

Sn = tan−1 (n2 + n + 1) − tan−1 ( 1)

π
(
= tan−1 n2 + n + 1 − ) 4

x x x
Q17 Tell sum of n terms of tan−1
1 + ( 1 × 2) x 2
+ tan−1
1 + (2 × 3) x 2
+ … + tan−1
1 + n (n + 1 ) x 2
 

 x 
A17 General term = Tn = tan 
−1
2 

 1 + n (n + 1 ) x 
 (n + 1) x − nx 
= tan−1  ( )
 = tan−1 (n + 1) x − tan−1 (nx )
 (
 1 + (nx ) (n + 1) x ) 

T1 = tan−1 ( 2x ) − tan−1 ( x )
T2 = tan−1 ( 3x ) − tan−1 ( 2x )

70.

 T3 = tan−1 ( 4x ) − tan−1 ( 3x )

Tn = tan−1 ( (n + 1) x ) − tan−1 (nx )

Sn = tan−1 (n + 1) x − tan−1 ( x )
 (n + 1 ) x − x 
= tan−1  
 1 + (n + 1) x.x 
 nx 
= tan−1  2 

 1 + (n + 1 ) x 

 n
4n
Q18 Tell Sn = ∑tan
n= 1
−1 
 4

  and also tell S∞ . .
 n − 2n + 2 
2

 4n   (n + 1)2 − (n − 1)2 
A18 Tn = tan−1  4 
 n − 2n + 1 + 1 
2
= tan−1
 
 1 + (n − 1)2 (n + 1)2 
 
2 2
= tan−1 (n + 1) − tan−1 (n − 1)  
T1 = tan−1 4 − tan−1 0
T2 = tan−1 9 − tan−1 1
T3 = tan−1 16 − tan−1 4
T4 = tan−1 25 − tan−1 9

Tn−1 = tan−1 (n2 ) − tan−1 (n − 2)
2

2 2
Tn = tan−1 (n + 1) − tan−1 (n − 1)

Sn = tan−1 (n2 ) + tan−1 (n + 1) − tan−1 1 − tan−1 0

2

π
( )
2
Sn = tan−1 n + 1 + tan−1n2 −
4
π π π
S∞ = + −  
2 2 4
3π
S∞ =
4

71.

  1 
Q19
∞
Tell Sn = ∑tan
i= 1
−1
 2   and also tell S∞
 2i 

 1 
A19 Ti = tan−1  2 
 2i 
 2 
= tan−1  2 
 4i 
 ( 2i + 1) − ( 2i − 1) 
= tan−1   
 1 + 4i2 − 1 
= tan−1 ( 2i + 1) − tan−1 ( 2i − 1)
T1 = tan−1 3 − tan−1 1
T2 = tan−1 5 − tan−1 3
T3 = tan−1 7 − tan−1 5

Tn = tan−1 ( 2n + 1) − tan−1 ( 2n − 1)

π
Sn = tan−1 ( 2n + 1) −
4
π π π
S∞ = −    ⇒  S∞ =
2 4 4

Q20 Tell cosec −1

5 + cosec−1 65 + cosec−1 325 + ...∞  

1 −1  1  −1  1 
A20 tan −1
  + tan   + tan  
2 8  18 
 1 
Tn = tan−1  2 
 2n 
 2 
= tan−1  2 
 4n 
 ( 2n + 1) − ( 2n − 1) 
= tan−1    
 1 + ( 2n + 1) ( 2n − 1) 
= tan−1 ( 2n + 1) − tan−1 ( 2n − 1)

72.

 T1 = tan−1 3 − tan−1 1
T2 = tan−1 5 − tan−1 3
T3 = tan−1 7 − tan−1 5

Tn = tan−1 ( 2n + 1) − tan−1 ( 2n − 1)

π
(
Sn = tan−1 2n + 1 − ) 4
π π
S∞ = −  
2 4
π
S∞ =
4

∞
  1  −1  1  
Q21 Tell Sn = ∑  cos  − cos     and S∞
−1

n= 1  n + 1   n 

 1  −1  1 
A21 Tn = cos−1   − cos  
n + 1 n
1
T1 = cos−1   − cos−1 ( 1)
2
1 1
T2 = cos−1   − cos−1  
3 2 .
.
 1  −1  1 
Tn = cos−1   − cos  
 n + 1  n

 1 
Sn = cos−1   − cos ( 1)
−1

n + 1
S∞ = cos−1 ( 0) − 0
π
S∞ =
2

73.