VEC&3D
Uploaded by
PHANINDRA MVEC&3D
Uploaded by
PHANINDRA MVE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
VECTOR
VECTORS AND SCALARS :
The physical quantities (we deal with) are generally of two types:
Scalar Quantity:
A quantity which has magnitude but no sense of direction is called scalar quantity (or scalar), e.g., mass,
volume, density, speed etc.
Vector Quantity:
A quantity which has magnitude as well as a sense of direction in space and obey the laws of vector
algebra is called a vector quantity, e.g., velocity, force, displacement etc.
Notation and Representation of Vectors :
Vectors are represented by a , b , c and their magnitude (modulus) are P
represented by a, b, c, or | a | , | b | ,| c | . The vectors are represented
by directed line segments. O
For example, line segment OP represents a vector with magnitude OP (length of line segment), arrow
denotes its direction. O is initial point and P is terminal point, also called as head & tail of vector
respectively.
KINDS OF VECTORS :
1. Zero or null vector : A vector whose magnitude is zero is called zero or null vector and it is denoted by
0 or 0 . The initial and terminal points of the directed line segment representing zero vector are coincident
and its direction is arbitrary.
2. Unit vector : A vector of unit magnitude is called a unit vector. A unit vector in the direction of a is
denoted by a . Thus
a Vector a
â = =
|a | Magnitude of a
Note :
(i) â = 1
(ii) Unit vectors parallel to x- axis, y- axis and z- axis are denoted by î , ˆj and k̂ respectively..
(iii) Two unit vectors may not be equal unless they have the same direction.
3. Equal Vectors : Two vectors a and b are said to be equal , if
(a) |a | = |b|
(b) they have the same sense of direction
4. Co-initial vectors: Vectors having same initial point.
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5. Free vectors: All such vectors are those which when transformed into space from one point to another
point without affecting their magnitude and direction, can be considered as equal. i.e. the physical effects
produced by them remains unaltered. e.g. displacement, velocity
6. Localised vectors: e.g. force , different physical effect if line of application is changed.
Note : In mathematics we mainly deal with free vectors.
ADDITION OF VECTORS :
Triangle law of addition :
If two vectors are represented by two consecutive sides of a triangle C
then their sum is represented by the third side of the triangle but in
opposite direction. This is known as the triangle law of addition of
a +b
vectors. c= b
Thus, if AB = a , BC = b, and AC = c
a
then AB + BC = AC i.e. a b c A B
Converse of triangle law is also true.
Parallelogram Law of Addition :
If two vectors are represented by two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, then their sum is represented
by the diagonal of the parallelogram whose initial point is the same as the initial point of the given vectors.
This is known as parallelogram law of addition of vectors. B C
Thus if OA = a , OB = b and OC = c b
b a +
then OA + OB = OC c =
i.e. a b c a
O A
POSITION VECTORS :
Let O be fixed point in space, then vector OP (P is any point in space) is called position vector of
point P w.r.t. O. If A and B are any two point in space then A
a
AB = p.v. of B – p.v. of A = OB OA . B
i.e. AB b a b
O
Note : Position vector of a point P (x, y, z) in terms of its cartesian coordinate is OP x î yˆj zk̂ .
Z
zk
O Y
xi xi+yj
yj
X
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MULTIPLICATION OF A VECTOR BY SCALAR :
If a is a vector & m is a scalar, then m a is a vector parallel to a whose modulus is
m | times that of a . This multiplication is called SCALAR MULTIPLICATION. If a & b are vectors &
m, n are scalars, then :
m(a ) (a ) m ma m (n a ) n (m a ) (m n ) a
( m n )a m a n a m (a b ) m a m b
DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS :
Let A and B
be two given points whose coordinate are respectively (x1,y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2)
If a and b are p.v. of A and B relative to point O, then
a = x1 î + y1 ˆj + z1 k̂
b = x2 î + y2 ˆj + z2 k̂
Now AB = OB – OA = b a = (x2 – x1) î + (y2 – y1) ˆj + (z2 – z1) k̂
Distance between the points A and B = magnitude of AB = x 2 x1 2 y 2 y1 2 z 2 z1 2
COLLINEAR VECTORS OR PARALLEL VECTORS :
Vectors which are parallel to the same line are called collinear vectors or parallel vectors. Such vectors
have either same direction or opposite direction. If they have the same direction they are said to be like
vectors, and if they have opposite directions, they are called unlike vectors.
a
b
c
In the diagram a and c are like vectors whereas a and b are unlike vectors.
i.e. a k1c (k1 0) , a k 2 b ( k 2 0)
COPLANAR VECTORS :
If the directed line segments of some given vectors are parallel to the same plane then they are called
coplanar vectors. It should be noted that two vectors are always coplanar but three or more vectors may
or may not be coplanar.
SECTION FORMULAE :
B
If a and b are the position vectors of two points A and B, then the
n
position vector c of a point P dividing AB in the ratio m : n is given by b P
mb na
m
c= c
mn
O
a A
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Particular Case :
ab
1. Position vector of the mid point of AB is
2
mb na
2. If the point P divides AB in the ratio m: n externally, then p.v. of P is given by c =
mn
Using section Formulae we can prove that :
1. p.v. of the centroid of a triangle ABC =
3
(Concurrency of medians)
a b c
2. p.v. of incentre of the =
abc
(Concurrency of internal angle bisectors)
a b c a b c a b c
Excentres of the are ; and
a bc a bc a bc
sin 2A sin 2B sin 2C
3. p.v. of circumcentre of the =
sin 2A
(Concurrency of perpendicular bisectors of sides)
a tan A b tan B c tan C
4. p.v. of orthocenter of the =
tan A
(Concurrency of altitudes)
Illustration :
ABCD is a parallelogram whose diagonals meet at P. If O is a fixed point, then
OA + OB + OC + OD equals-
(A) OP (B) 2 OP (C) 3 OP (D) 4 OP
Sol. Since, P bisects both the diagonal AC and BD, so
D(d) C(c)
P
A( a) B(b)
OA + OC = 2 OP and OB + OD =2 OP OA + OB + OC + OD = 4 OP Ans.[D]
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Illustration :
If a, b are represented by the sides AB and BC of a regular hexagon ABCDEF, then vector
represented by FA will be-
(A) a b (B) b a (C) a b (D) 2b a
Sol. AC = a b
E D
AD = 2 BC = 2 b ( By property of hexagon AD = 2BC )
F C
DC = DA + AC
b
= – 2b + (a b ) = a b A
a B
But FA = DC FA = a b Ans.[C]
Illustration :
If the mid-points of the consecutive sides of a quadrilateral are joined, prove that the resulting
quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
Sol. Let ABCD be the given quadrilateral and P, Q, R, S be the mid-points of sides AB, BC, CD and AD
respectively. Let O be origin of reference and let a, b, c, d be the position vectors of A, B, C and
D respectively.
1 1
Then, OP = ( a+ b), OQ = ( b+ c)
2 2 D R
C
1 1
OR = ( c+ d ), OS = ( d + a)
2 2 S Q
1 1
Now, PQ OQ OP = ( b+ c– a– b) = ( c– a) A P B
2 2
1 1
and SR OR OS = ( c+ d – d – a) = ( c– a)
2 2
PQ SR
Thus, PQ = SR and PQ || SR i.e., two opposite sides of PQRS are equal and parallel. Hence PQRS
is a parallelogram.
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Practice Problem
Q.1 If G is the centroid of ABC, prove that GA GB GC = 0. Further if G1 be the centroid of another
PQR, show that AP BQ CR 3GG1 .
Q.2
Show that the points A 2î ĵ k̂ , B î 3ˆj 5k̂ and C 3î 4ˆj 4k̂ are the vertices of a right-angled
triangle.
Q.3 If a and b are non-collinear vectors and
A = (x + 4y) a + (2x + y + 1) b and B = (y – 2x + 2) a + (2x – 3y – 1) b
find x and y such that 3 A = 2 B .
Answer key
Q.3 x = 2, y = –1
RELATION BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL VECTORS :
1. If a and b be two parallel vectors, then there exists a non-zero scalar k such that a = k b
i.e. there exist two non- zero scalar quantities x and y so that xa + yb = 0
2. If a and b be two non-zero non-parallel vectors then xa + yb = 0 x = 0 and y = 0
a 0, b 0
or
3. If x a + yb = 0 x 0, y 0
or
a || b
4. If a = a1 î + a2 ˆj + a3 k̂ and b = b1 î + b2 ˆj + b3 k̂ then from the property of parallel vector,,
we have a || b
a1 a2 a3
= =
b1 b2 b3
Illustration :
The value of when a = 2 î – 3 ˆj + k̂ and b = 8 î + ˆj + 4 k̂ are parallel is -
(A) 4 (B) – 6 (C) – 12 (D) 1
a1 a2 a3
Sol. Since a || b = =
b1 b2 b3
2 3 1
=– = = – 12 Ans. [C]
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VECTOR EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE :
Vector equation of a straight line passing through a given point A( a ) and parallel to
a given vector b :
Let O be the origin. Let the line pass through a given point A whose position vector is a , then OA = a
Let the given line be parallel to vector b
P
b
Let r be the position vector any point P on the line, then
A
OP r (r)
Since AP is parallel to b AP = t b , where t is a scalar.. (a)
O (origin)
Now OP OA AP r a tb …(i)
Since for different values of t, we get different positions of point P on the line, hence (i) is the vector
equation of the required straight line.
Vector equation of straight line passing through two given point A( a ) and B( b) :
Let O be the origin. Let the line pass through two given point A and B whose position vectors referred
to O be a and b respectively, then
OA = a and OB = b P
B
A
AB = OB – OA = b – a
b (r)
Clearly, the required line passes through A ( a) (a)
O
and is parallel to the vector ( b – a ).
Hence the vector equation of the required line is,
r a t (b a ) or r (1 t )a t b
Important Note :
(i) Two lines in a plane are either intersecting or parallel conversely two intersecting or parallel lines must be
in the same plane
(ii) However in space we can have two neither parallel nor intersecting lines. Such non coplanar lines are
known as skew lines. If two lines are parallel and have a common point then they are coincident.
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Vector equation of bisectors of angle between two straight lines :
Let OA and OB be the given straight line parallel to unit vectors â and b̂ respectively. Take the point
O as origin, and let Q be a point on the internal bisector of the angle AOB. From Q draw QR parallel to
OA cutting OB at R.
Now AOQ = BOQ (as OQ is the bisector)
and BOQ = OQP (alternative angles)
AOQ = OQP OP = QP = t (say), where t is a scalar.
OP = t â and PQ = t b̂
OQ r B
Q
Let OQ OP PQ R
or r t â tb r
tb
r t â b̂ b A
P
ta
a b O
or, r t
a a B
P
where | a | a , | b | b
This is the equation of internal bisector of AOB.
Equation of external Bisector :
If OP' be the external bisector of OAB, then OP' may be regarded as the internal bisector of the angle
between the lines which are parallel to â and b̂ . Hence its equaiton is
â b̂
r t ( â b̂) or, r t
a a
Corollary : If the the lines intersect at E having position vector , then the above equations becomes
r t ( â b̂) and r t ( â b̂) respectively..
Illustration :
Find the vector equation of the line through the point 2i j 3k and parallel to the vector
i 2j k .
Sol. Let the given point be A ( a ) and given vector be b and O be the origin.
Then, a OA 2î ˆj 3k̂ and b î 2 ˆj k̂
Now vector equaiton of the line through A and parallel to b is
r a t b , where t is a scalar..
or, r 2î ˆj 3k̂ t( î 2 ˆj k̂ )
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Illustration :
Prove, by vector method that the internal bisectors of the angles of a triangle are concurrent.
Sol. Let , , be the position vectors of vertices A, B, C respectively of ABC.
Let AL be the bisectors of ABC
A ( )
BL BA c M
Then
LC AC b
N
Thus L divides BC internally in the ratio c : b
C ( )
b c B ( ) L
P.V. of L =
bc
Now P.V. of the point which divide AL internally in the ratio b + c : a will be
a b c
abc
[Here we have divided AL in the ratio b + c : a because b + c occurs in the denominator of P.V.
of L and there is b and c therefore, there should also be a .]
Similarly, we can show that the position vectors of the points which divide bisectors BM of ABC
a b c
and CN of ACB in the ratio c + a : b and a + b : c respectively will be each .
abc
a b c
Thus the point having position vector lies on the three internal bisectors of the
abc
angles of the triangle ABC and hence internal bisectors of angles of a triangle are concurrent and
a b c
the position vector of incentre of ABC will be .
abc
COLLINEARITY OF THREE POINTS :
1. If a, b, c be position vectors of three points A,B and C respectively and x, y, z be three scalars so that
all are not zero, then the necessary and sufficient conditions for three points to be collinear is that
x a + yb + z c = 0 where x+y+z=0
2. Three points A, B and C are collinear, if AB = BC .
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Illustration :
If 2 a – 3 b , b and a – b are position vectors of three points A,B and C then they aree -
(A) Collinear (B) Non- collinear (C) Can’t say anything (D) None of these
Sol. 1 (2 a – 3 b) + 1 ( b) – 2 ( a – b) = 0 and 1 + 1 – 2 = 0
so the given vectors are collinear. Ans.[A]
Illustration :
If A (2 î + 3 ˆj ), B (p î + 9 ˆj ) and C ( î – ˆj ) are collinear, then the value of p is-
(A) 1/2 (B) 3/2 (C) 7/2 (D) 5/2
Sol. AB = (p – 2) î + 6 ˆj , AC = – î – 4 ˆj
p2 6
Now A,B,C are collinear AB || AC = p = 7/2 Ans. [C]
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PRODUCT OF VECTORS :
Product of two vectors is done by two methods when the product of two vectors results in a scalar
quantity then it is called scalar product. It is also called as dot product because this product is represented
by putting a dot.
When the product of two vectors results in a vector quantity then this product is called
Vector Product. This product is represented by (x) sign so that it is also called as cross product.
Scalar or dot product of two vectors :
Definition : If a and b are two vectors and be the angle between their tails or heads, then their scalar
product (or dot product) is defined as the number | a | | b| cos where | a| and | b| are modulii of a and
b respectively and 0 . It is denoted by a. b. Thus
a . b = | a | | b| cos
b
b
a a
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Note :
(i) a.b R
(ii) a.b |a| |b |
(iii) a . b > 0 angle between a and b say 0, .
2
a . b < 0 angle between a and b say ,
2
a . b = 0 angle between a and b say = or atleast one of a and b is zero vector..
2
(iv) The dot product of a zero and non- zero vector is a scalar zero i.e. 0 · a 0 .
a ·b
(v) If be angle between any two non zero vector a & b then cos = .
| a | ·| b |
Geometrical Interpretation :
Geometrically, the scalar product of two vectors is equal to the product of the magnitude of one and the
projection of second in the direction of first vector i.e. a . b = | a | (| b| cos )
= | a | (projection of b in the direction of a)
Similarly a . b = | b| (| a | cos )
b
= |b| (projection of a in the direction of b)
a .b
a
Here projection of b on a = | b | cos
|a|
a .b
Projection of a on b =
|b|
Illustration :
If angle between a and b is 120º and their magnitudes are respectively 2 and 3 , then a.b
equals-
(A) 3 (B) – 3 (C) 3 (D) – 3
Sol. We know that a. b= | a| | b| cos
= 2 3 cos 120º
= 2 3 (– 1/2) = – 3 Ans.[B]
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Illustration :
The projection of vector î + ˆj + k̂ on the vector î – ˆj + k̂ is-
(A) 3 (B) 1/ 3 (C) 2/ 3 (D) 2 3
Sol. Projection =
î ˆj k̂ .î ˆj k̂ = 1 1 1
=
1
Ans.[B]
| î ˆj k̂ | 1 1 1 3
Scalar product in particular cases :
1. a . b b .a
b
2. a . (b c ) a . b a . c
a
3. ( ma ) . b m( a . b ) a . ( m b )
4. If = 0 a . b | a || b | (like vectors)
5. If = a . b | a | | b | (unlike vectors)
6. If â and b̂ are unit vectors then â . b̂ = cos (where is angle between them).
7. a . a | a |2 | a | a .a
8. If a b a . b 0 but a . b 0 a 0 or b 0 or a b .
9. If iˆ , ˆj and k̂ are unit vectors along the rectangular coordinate are OX, OY and OZ then
î . î ˆj.ˆj k̂. k̂ 1 , î . ĵ ˆj. k̂ k̂. î 0
10. a.b = a.c
b=c
Infact a . b = a . c a .( b – c) = 0 a = 0 or b = c or a ( b – c)
11. ( a. b) . c is meaningless
Note : (a) ( a . b). b is not defined (b) ( a + b)2 = | a |2 + 2 a . b + | b|2
(c) ( a – b)2 = | a |2 – 2 a . b + | b|2 (d) ( a + b). ( a – b) = | a |2 – | b|2
(e) | a + b| = | a | + | b| a || b (f) | a + b|2 = | a |2 + | b|2 a b
(g) | a + b| = | a – b| a b
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Illustration :
Determine the values of c such that for all x (real) the vectors cxî 6 ˆj 3k̂ and xiˆ 2 ˆj 2cx kˆ
make an obtuse angle with each other.
cx 2 12 6 cx
Sol. If is the angle between the given vectors then cos
c 2 x 2 45 x 2 4 c 2 x 2 4
If is obtuse then cos < 0 cx2 + 6cx – 12 < 0 x R
Which is possible if c < 0 and 36c2 + 48c < 0 c < 0 and 12c (3c + 4) < 0
4
c < 0 and c 0 (but for c = 0, cx2 + 6cx – 12 < 0 x)
3
Hence 4 c 0 .
3
Illustration :
If a ,b ,c are unit vectors such that a is perpendicular to the plane of b and c then find
| a b c | when the angle between b and c is /3.
1
Sol. We have | a || b || c | 1,a .b a .c 0 and b . c cos
3 2
Now | a b c |2 ( a b c ) .( a b c ) | a |2 | b |2 | c |2 2b.c (a.c a .b 0 )
1
1 1 1 2. 4 | a b c | 2
2
Illustration :
Prove that the angle in a semi circle is a right angle.
Sol. Let O be the centre of the semi circle with AOB as its diameter. Let P be a point on the semi-circle,
so that APB is an angle in the semi circle. Join OP. Let O be taken as origin. Let the position
P
vectors of A, B and P be , and r respectively..
Clearly, OA = OB = OP
r
Now
AP r and BP r
A O– B
AP · BP = r · r = r –
2 2 = OP2 – OA2 =0
[ OP = OA]
AP BP i.e. APB = 90º .
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Scalar product in terms of components :
Let a and b be two vectors such that a = a1 î + a2 ˆj + a3 k̂ and a = b1 î + b2 ˆj + b3 k̂
Then a . b = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3
In particular
a . a = | a |2 = a12 a 22 a 32
For any vector a,
a = ( a . î ) î + ( a . ˆj ) ˆj + ( a . k̂ ) k̂
Illustration :
If a = 3 î + 2 ˆj + k̂ and b = î – 2 ˆj + 5 k̂ then find a. b.
Sol. a. b = (3) (1) + (2) (–2) + (1) (5) = 3 – 4 + 5 = 4.
Illustration :
Prove by vector method the following formula of plane trigonometry
cos ( – ) = cos cos + sin sin .
Sol. Let the unit vectors along OX and OY be î and ˆj respectively. If OA and OB be any two lines in
the same plane making angles and respectively, with OX then, PB = –
Again, let OP and OQ represent unit vectors along OA and OB respectively, so that their dot
product is the consine of the angle between their directions.
y
Now, OP ·OQ = 1 · 1 cos ( – ) = cos ( – ) …(1) A
Since OP makes an angle with x-axis. P B
OP = cos î + sin ˆj Q
x
Similarly, OQ = cos î + sin ˆj O
OP ·OQ = [cos î + sin ˆj ] · [cos î + sin ˆj ]
= cos · cos + sin · sin …(2)
From (1) and (2), we get cos ( – ) = cos · cos + sin · sin
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Illustration :
a2 b2 c 2
In any ABC, prove that cos C = with the help of vectors.
2ab
Sol. In ABC, BC CA AB 0
AB ( BC CA ) A
A
AB · AB ( BC CA ) · ( BC CA )
c b
c ·c ( a b ) · ( a b )
c2 = a2 + b2 + 2 a ·b C
B
c2 a2 b2
= + + 2ab cos ( – C) B a C
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C
Illustration :
Prove by vector method that (a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3 )2 (a12 + a22 + a32) (b12 + b22 + b32)
Sol. Let a a1î a2 ˆj a3 k̂ and b b1î b2 ˆj b3 k̂
Then
a .b = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3 ... (1)
Also | a | a12 a22 a32 and | b | b12 b22 b32 ... (2)
If be the angle between the vectors a and b, then
2
a ·b a ·b
cos cos2 1 1
| a || b | | a || b |
or ( a · b )2 | a |2| b |2
(a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3)2 (a12 + a22 + a32) (b12 + b22 + b32)
Angle between two vectors in terms of components :
If a and b be two vectors such that a = a1 î + a2 ˆj + a3 k̂ and b = b1 î + b2 ˆj + b3 k̂ and be the
angle between them, then
a1b1 a 2 b 2 a 3b 3
cos = 2 2 2 2 2 2
a a 2 a 3 b b 2 b3
1 1
Note : If a and b are perpendicular to each other then a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 = 0
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Illustration :
Find the angle between the vectors 4 î + ˆj + 3 k̂ and 2 î + 2 ˆj – k̂ .
Sol. Let the required angle is .
4 .2 1.2 3 ( 1 ) 7
= cos–1 = cos–1
16 1 9 4 4 1 3 26
Components of b along & perpendicular to a :
1. Component of b along a = OM
= OM â = ( b cos ) â
N
ab cos (a . b )
= â = â b
a a2
O M
(a . b )
a
= .a | b | cos
| a |2
2. Component perpendicular to a = ON
b = ON OM
ON b OM
(a . b )
ON = b – 2 a .
a
Illustration :
Find the vector components of a vector 2î 3 ˆj 6 k̂ along and perpendicular to non-zero vector
2î ˆj 2 k̂ .
Sol. Let a 2î 3 ˆj 6 k̂ and b 2î ˆj 2 k̂
Now vector component of a along b
a · b 4 3 12 19
= b ( 2î ˆj 2k̂ ) = ( 2î ˆj 2k̂ )
|b | 9 9
and vector component of a perpendicular to b
a ·b 19 1
= a 2 b = ( 2î 3 ˆj 6 k̂ ) ( 2î ˆj 2k̂ ) ( 20î 8 ˆj 16 k̂ )
|b | 9 9
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Illustration :
Find the perpendicular distance of the point A(1, 0, 1) to the line through the points B(2, 3, 4) and
C(–1, 1, –2).
Sol. r BA î 3 ˆj 3k̂ and a BC 3î 2 ˆj 6 k̂
Now BL = Projection vector of r on a
r · a 3 6 18
a ( 3î 2 ˆj 6 k̂ )
| a |2 49 A(1, 0, 1)
27 r
= ( 3î 2 ˆj 6 k̂ )
49
LA LB BA BA BL B(2, 3, 4) L C(–1, 1, –2)
r ·a 27 1
= r 2 · a = ( î 3 ˆj 3k̂ ) ( 3î 2 ˆj 6 k̂ ) = ( 32î 93 ˆj 15 k̂ )
|a| 49 49
9898
LA = LA =
49
Linear Combination of Vectors :
A vector r is said to be a linear combination of the vectors a , b , c ......
if scalars x,y,z, ......... such that r xa yb zc ..........
Theorem in plane :
If a and b are two non zero non collinear vetors then any vector
a
r coplanar with them can be expressed as a linear combination
r
xa
r xa yb . (Explain using a sketch)
yb b
Illustration :
Arc AC of the quadrant of a circle with centre as origin and radius
unity subtends a right angle at the origin. Point B divides the arc
AC in the ratio 1 : 2. Express the vector c in terms of a and b.
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VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
Sol. c xa yb …(i)
Taking dot product with a in (i)
c · a = a · a ya · b
3
0=x+y …(ii)
2
Taking dot product with c in (i)
c · c = x a ·c + y b · c
y
1=0+ y=2
2
from (ii) x = – 3 c = 3 a 2b
Practice Problem
Q.1 Given that a î ĵ and b̂ î 2 ĵ are two vectors. Find a unit vector coplanar with a and b and
perpendicular to a .
Q.2 A line passes through a point with p.v. î 2ˆj k̂ and is parallel to the vector î 2ˆj 2k̂ . Find the
distance of a point P (5, 0, – 4) from the line.
Answer key
î ĵ
Q.1 ± Q.2 5
2
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VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
VECTOR OR CROSS PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS :
Definition :
If a and b be two vectors and (0 ) be the angle between them, then their vector (or cross)
product is defined to be a vector whose magnitude is ab sin and whose direction is perpendicular to
the plane of a and b such that a , b and a x b form a right handed system.
a × b = | a | | b| sin n̂
a ×b
Where n̂ is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane of
a and b such that a , b and n̂ form a right handed
b
system. a
Properties of Vector Product :
1. In general, a b b a . In fact a b b a . a ×b
B
2. For scalar m, ma b m(a b ) a m b . ^
n b
3. a (b c ) a b a c A
O a
4. If a | | b then = 0 or a b 0 (but a b 0 a 0 or b 0 or a || b ). In particular
a a 0 .
5. If a b then a b = | a | | b | n̂ (or | a b | | a | | b | )
^j
6. î î ˆj ĵ k̂ k̂ 0 and î ˆj k̂ , ĵ k̂ î and
k̂ î ˆj (use cyclic system)
k^
a b
7. Unit vector perpendicular to a and b is given by
|a b |
^i
| a b |
8. If is angle between a and b then sin
| a || b |
9. If a a1î a 2ˆj a 3k̂ and b b1î b2 ĵ b3k̂ then
î ĵ k̂
a b a1 a 2 a 3 = (a2b3 – a3b2) î + (a3b1 – a1b3) ˆj + (a1b2 – a2b1) k̂
b1 b 2 b3
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VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
Illustration :
If a = 2 î + 2 ˆj – k̂ and b = 6 î – 3 ˆj + 2 k̂ then a × b equals
(A) 2 î – 2 ˆj – k̂ (B) î – 10 ˆj – 18 k̂ (C) î + ˆj + k̂ (D) 6 î – 3 ˆj + 2 k̂
î ĵ k̂
Sol. a × b = 2 2 1 = î (4 – 3) – ˆj (4 + 6) + k̂ (–6 – 12) = î – 10 ˆj – 18 k̂ Ans.[B]
6 3 2
Illustration :
If angle between î – 2 ˆj + 3 k̂ and 2 î + ˆj + k̂ is then sin equals-
(A) 5/ 7 (B) 5/21 (C) 5/2 7 (D) 3/ 14
|a b |
Sol. We know that sin =
|a | |b |
Now a × b = – 5i + 5 ˆj + 5 k̂
| a × b| = 5 2 52 52 = 75 = 5 3
| a| = 1 4 9 , | b| = 4 1 1
5 3 5 3 5 5
sin = = = = Ans.[C]
1 4 9 4 1 1 14 6 28 2 7
Geometrical interpretation of vector product :
The vector product of the vectors a and b represents a D
C
vector whose modulus is equal to the area of the parallelogram b
b sin
whose two adjacent sides are represented by a and b.
A B
a
Area of parallelogram = base × height = ab sin = a b
1
Area of quadraliteral if its diagonal vectors are d1 & d 2 is given by = d1 d 2
2
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VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
Illustration :
Find the area of a parallelogram whose two adjacent sides are represented by
a = 3 î + ˆj + 2 k̂ and b = 2 î – 2 ˆj + 4 k̂ .
Sol. Area of parallelogram = | a × b|
î ˆj k̂
Now a × b = 3 1 2 = 8 î – 8 ˆj – 8 k̂
2 2 4
Area = |8 î – 8 ˆj – 8 k̂ | = 8 3 units
Area of a triangle :
1 1 1 A
1. Area of triangle ABC = ab sin = a b = | AB × AC |
2 2 2
a
b
2. If a , b, c are position vectors of vertices of a ABC then its B C
1
Area = |( a × b) + ( b × c) + ( c × a )| (think !)
2
Illustration :
Find the area of ABC if position vectors of its vertices A, B,C are î + ˆj , ˆj + k̂ and
k̂ + î respectively..
Sol. AB = ( ˆj + k̂ ) – ( î + ˆj ) = k̂ – î
AC = ( k̂ + î ) – ( î + ˆj ) = k̂ – ˆj
i j k
AB × AC = 1 0 1 = î + ˆj + k̂
0 1 1
1 1
Area of ABC = | AB × AC | = 1 1 1 = 3 /2.
2 2
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INTERPRETATION OF VECTOR PRODUCT AS VECTOR AREA :
1. Vector area of plane figures :
With every closed bound surface which has been described in a certain specific manner and whose
boundaries do not cross, it is possible to associate a directed line segment c such that
(i) | c | = no. of units of area enclosed by the plane figure
(ii) The support of c is perpendicular to the area and
(iii) The sense of description of the boundaries and the direction of c is in accordance with the R.H.
screw rule.
2. Vector area of a plane (Triangle) :
1
Vector area of OAB is (a b )
2
If a , b , c are the position vectors then the vector area of ABC is
1
2
(c b ) (a b )
1
2
(a b) (b c) (c a )
Note :
(i) If 3 points with position vectors a , b and c are collinear then a b b c c a = 0
(ii) Unit vector perpendicular to the plane of the ABC when a , b, c are the p.v. of its angular point is
, where a , b, c are the position vectors of the angular points of the triangle
a b b c c a
n̂
2
ABC.
(iii) Vector Area of a quadrilateral ABCD = Vector area of ABC + vector area of ACD
1 1
2
AB AC AC AD
2
C
1 1 D
AB AC AD AC AB AD AC
2 2
1 1
2
2
AB DA AC DB AC A
B
1 1
Area of ABCD = DB AC = AC BD
2 2
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Illustration :
Using vector method, show that the points A(2, –1, 3), B(4, 3, 1) and C(3, 1, 2) are collinear.
Sol. Let O be the origin
Given A (2, –1, 3) OA 2î ˆj 3k̂
B (4, 3, 1) OB 4î 3 ˆj k̂
C (3, 1, 2) OC = 3î ˆj 2k̂
Now,
AB = (P.V. of B) – (P.V. of A) = 4î 3 ˆj k̂ – 2î ˆj 3k̂ = 2î 4 ˆj 2 k̂
And AC = (P.V. of C) – (P.V. of A) = 3î ˆj 2k̂ – 2î ˆj 3k̂ = î 2 ˆj k̂
î ˆj k̂ î ˆj k̂
AB AC = 2 4 2 = 1 2 1 = 0 [ R2 and R3 are identical]
1 2 1 1 2 1
Thus, AB and AC are parallel vectors, having a common point A.
Hence, the points A, B, C are collinear.
Illustration :
AD, BE and CF are the medians of a triangle ABC intersecting in G. Show that
1
AGB = BGC = CGA = ABC.
3
Sol. Let b, c be the position vectors of B and C with respect to A as the origin of reference.
1 1 1
Therefore, the position vectors of D, E, F are ( b c ) , c , b respectively..
2 2 2
Also the position vector of the point G, the centroid, is
1 1
(0 b c ) ( b c )
3 3 A
1
Therefore, area of AGB =
2
AB AG
b
c
E
F
1 1 1
= b b c = b b b c
2 3 6
G
C
1 1 B
D
= b c = area of ABC
6 3
1
Similarly, we can show that area of BGC = area of ABC
3
1
and area of CGA = area of ABC
3
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Practice Problem
Q.1 For a non zero vector a , if a .b = a .c and a b = a c . Prove that b c .
Q.2 Find
(i) A vector of magnitude 6 perpendicular to the plane ABC
(ii) Area of triangle ABC
(iii) Length of the altitude from A (AB = AC = 11 )
Q.3 Let OA a , OB 10 a 2 b and OC b where O, A & C are noncollinear points. Let 'p' denote the
area of the quadrilateral OABC, and let 'q' denote the area of the parallelogram with OA and OC as
adjacent sides. If p = kq. Find k.
Answer key
Q.2 (i) ( 2î ˆj k̂ ) ; (ii) 2 6 ; (iii) 2 2 Q.3 6
Shortest distance between 2 skew lines :
Note :
(i) 2 lines in a plane if not | | must intersect and 2 lines in a plane if not intersecting must be parallel.
Convertely 2 intersecting or parallel lines must be coplanar.
(ii) In space, however we come across situation when two lines neither intersect nor | | , Two such lines
(like the flight paths of two planes) in space are known as skew lines or non coplanar lines.
(iii) S.D. between two such skew lines is the segment intercepted betweeen the two lines and perpendicular
to both.
Method I: Two ways to determine the S.D.
L1 : r a p
L2 : r b q
n pq
AB (b a )
AB .n (b a ) . (p q )
S.D. = | Projection of AB on n | = | n | =
| pq |
If S.D. = 0 lines are intersecting and hence coplanar..
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VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
Method II : p.v. of N1 = a p ; p.v. of N2 = b q
N1 N 2 = ( b a ) (q p )
Now N1N 2 . p = 0 and N1 N 2 . q = 0 (two linear equations to get the unique values of and .)
One p.v’s of N1 and N2 are known we can also determine the equation to the line of shortest distance
and the S.D.
Shortest Distance between two parallel lines :
d
(a b ) c
d = | a b | sin
|c|
Illustration :
Find the shortest distance between the two lines whose vector equations are given by :
r î 2 ˆj 3k̂ + ( 2î 3 ˆj 4 k̂ ) and r = 2î 4 ˆj 5 k̂ + ( 3î 4 ˆj 5 k̂ )
Sol. If the equations of the lines are r a1 b1 and r a2 b2 , then shortest distance 'd' between
them is given by
( a2 a1 )·( b1 b2 )
d …(i)
| b1 b2 |
Here a1 î 2 ˆj 3k̂ , b1 2î 3 ˆj 4 k̂
a2 2î 4 ˆj 5k̂ , b2 3î 4 ˆj 5 k̂
Now, a2 a1 = 2î 4 ˆj 5 k̂ – î 2 ˆj 3k̂
= î 2 ˆj 2 k̂ …(ii)
î ˆj k̂
b1 b2 2 3 4
3 4 5
= (15 + 16) î – (10 – 12) ˆj + (8 – 9) k̂
= î + 2 ˆj – k̂ …(iii)
b1 b2 = ( 1 )2 2 2 ( 1 )2 6 …(iv)
and a2 a1 · b2 b1 = î 2 ˆj 2 k̂ · î 2 ˆj k̂
= 1 × (–1) + 2 × 2 + 2 × (–1) = 1 …(v)
Substituting the values from (iv) and (v) in (i), we get
1 1
d
6 6
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VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
Illustration :
Determine whether the f ollowing pair of lines intersect r î ˆj + ( 2î k̂ ) and
r = 2î ˆj + ( î ˆj k̂ ) .
Sol. The shortest distance between the given pair of lines is given by
( a2 a1 )·( b1 b2 )
d
| b1 b2 |
The two lines will intersect if and only if d = 0.
i.e. a2 a1 · b1 b2 0
Here, equation of first line is r î ˆj ( 2î k̂ ) a1 b1
where a1 î ˆj and b1 2î k̂
Also equation of second line is r 2î ˆj ( î ˆj k̂ ) = a2 b2
where a2 2î ˆj and b2 î ˆj k̂
î ˆj k̂
Now, b1 b2 = 2 0 1 = î 3 ˆj 2 k̂ and a2 a1 2î ˆj ( î ˆj ) î
1 1 1
Since a2 a1 · b1 b2 î · î 3 ˆj 2k̂ = (–1) (1) + 3(0) + 2(0) = –1 0
Hence the given lines do not intersect
PRODUCT OF THREE OR MORE VECTORS :
Scalar triple product :
Definition : If a, b, c are three vectors, then their scalar triple product is defined as the dot product of
two vectors a and b× c. It is generally denoted by a . ( b× c) or [ a b c]. It is read as box product of
a , b, c. Similarly other scalar triple products can be defined as ( b× c). a , ( c× a ). b.
Note : Scalar triple product always results in a scalar quantity (number).
Geometrical Interpretation :
(a b) . c = | a | | b | sin n̂ . c = | a | | b | | c | sin cos where a ^ b ; n ^ c
but | a | | b | sin = area of | |gm OACB and | c | cos = h
There absolute value of scalar triple product of three
vectors is equal to the volume of the parallelopiped
whose three coterminous edges are represented by
the given vectors.
Therefore (a b) · c [a b c] = Volume of the
parallelopiped whose coterminous edges are a , b
and c.
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VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
Formula for scalar Triple Product :
If a = a1i + a2j + a3k, b = b1i + b2j + b3k and c =c1i + c2j + c3k, then
a1 a 2 a3
[ a b c] = b1 b 2 b3
c1 c 2 c3
Properties of Scalar Triple product :
1. The position of (.) and (×) can be interchanged i.e. a . ( b × c) = ( a × b) . c
2. [ a b c] = [ b c a ] = [ c a b]
Therefore if we don’t change the cyclic order of a, b and c then the value of scalar triple product is not
changed.
3. If the cyclic order of vectors is changed, then sign of scalar triple product is changed i.e.
a . [ b × c] = – a . ( c × b) or [ a b c] = – [ a c b]
From (ii) and (iii) we have
[ a b c] = [ b c a ] = [ c a b] = – [ a c b] = – [ b a c] = – [ c b a ]
4. The scalar triple product of three vectors when two of them are equal or parallel, is zero i.e.
[ a b b] = [ a b a ] = 0 (think !)
5. The scalar triple product of three mutually perpendicular unit vectors is ±1 Thus
[ î ˆj k̂ ] = 1, [ î k̂ ˆj ] = – 1
6. If two of the three vectors a , b, c are parallel then [ a b c ] = 0
7. a , b, c are three coplanar vectors if [ a b c] = 0 i.e. the necessary and sufficient condition for three
non-zero non-collinear vectors to be coplanar is
[ a b c] = 0
8. For any vectors a , b , c, d
[ a + b c d] = [ a c d] + [ b c d]
9. For right handed system, [a b c ] 0
and for left handed system, [a b c ] 0 ; where a , b , c are non- coplanar
10. [a b , b c , c a ] 2 [a b c ]
11. [ a b b c c a ] is always zero.
l.a l.b l . c
12. [l m n ] [ a b c ] = m .a m.b m.c , where l , m
, n & a , b, c are non coplanar vectors.
n.a n.b n.c
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VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
p.a q.a a
13. [a b c ] ( p q ) = p.b q.b
b
p.c q.c c
14. If a = a1 + a2m + a3n, b = b1 + b2 m + b3 n and c = c1 + c2m + c3n, then
a1 a2 a3
[ a b c ] = b1 b2 b3 [ mn]
c1 c2 c3
Illustration :
If a 2î 3 ˆj , b î ĵ k̂ and c 3 î k̂ represent three coterminous edges of a parallelopiped,
then the volume of that parallelopiped is-
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 10
Sol. Volume = [a b c]
2 3 0
= | 1 1 1 | = | –2 + 9 – 3| = 4 Ans.[B]
3 0 1
Illustration :
For any three vectors a, b, c [ a + b, b + c, c + a] equals-
(A) [ a b c] (B) 2 [ a b c] (C) [ a b c]2 (D) 0
Sol. [ a + b b + c c c + a] = ( a + b). [( b + c) × ( c + a)]
= ( a + b).( b × c+ b× a+ c× c + c× a)]
= ( a + b) . ( b × c + b × a + c × a) [ c × c = 0]
= [ a b c] + [ a b a] + [ a c a] + [ b b c] + [ b b a] + [ b c a]
= [ a b c] + [ b c a] = 2 [ a b c] Ans.[B]
Illustration :
If a, b, c be three non- zero vectors, then |( a × b). c| = | a| | b| | c|, if -
(A) a. b = b. c = 0 (B) b. c = c. a = 0
(C) c. a = a. b = 0 (D) a. b = b. c = c. a = 0
Sol. |( a × b) . c | = | a| | b| | c| |(a × b) | | c| cos = | a| | b| | c|
(where is the angle between a × b and c) | a| | b| | c| sin cos = | a| | b| | c|
(where is the angle between a and b) sin = 1, cos = 1 = 90º, = 0º
a .b = 0, a . c = 0, b . c = 0 Ans.[D]
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VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
Illustration :
If vectors a î ˆj k̂ , î b ˆj k̂ and î ˆj c k̂ ( a b c 1) are coplanar,, then
1 1 1
+ + equals-
1 a 1b 1c
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) – 1 (D) None of these
Sol. Since vectors are coplanar,
a 1 1 a 1 1
1 b 1 =0 1 a b 1 0 =0 [Using R2 – R1, R3 – R2]
1 1 c 0 1b c 1
a(b – 1) (c – 1) – (1 – a) {(c – 1) – (1 – b) ] = 0
a (1 – b) (1 – c) + (1 – a) (1 – c) + (1– a) ( 1– b) = 0
(a – 1 + 1) (1 – b) (1 – c) + (1 – a) (1 – c) + (1 – a) (1 – b) = 0
(1 – b) (1 – c) + (1 – a) (1 – c) + (1 – a) (1 – b) = (1 – a) (1 – b) (1 – c)
1 1 1
+ + =1 Ans.[A]
1a 1b 1c
VOLUME OF TETRAHEDRON :
1. If a , b, c are position vectors of vertices A, B and C with respect to O, then volume of tetrahedron
OABC represented by V is given by
1
V= Base area × height
3 O
1
Base Area = a b b c c a
2
A( a ) C( c )
Let a b b c ca n
1
Base area = n B( b )
2
Height = projection of a on n
a ·n
a· a b bc c a [a b c ]
= = =
n n n
1 1 [a b c ] 1
V= · n = [a b c]
3 2 n 6
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VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
2. If a , b , c , d are position vectors of vertices A,B,C,D of a tetrahedron ABCD, then
1
6 | AB AC AD |
its volume = or
1
[b a c a d a ]
6
Illustration :
If the vertices of any tetrahedron be a ˆj 2 k̂ , b 3î k̂ , c 4î 3 ˆj 6 k̂ and
d 2î 3 ˆj 2 k̂ then find its volume.
Sol. Let the p.v. of the vertices A,B,C,D with respect to 0 are a, b , c and d respectively then
AB = b – a = 3î ˆj k̂ ,
AC = 4î 2 ˆj 4 k̂ and AD = 2î 2 ˆj
3 1 1
Now volume of tetrahedron =
1
6
AB AC AD=
1
4 2
6 2 2
4 =–6
0
Required volume = 6 units
Practice Problem
Q.1 Find the value of p for which the vectors ( p 1) î 3 ĵ pk̂ ; pî (p 1)ˆj 3k̂ and
3î pĵ ( p 1) k̂ are linearly dependent/coplanar .
Q.2 Show that t he lines R R 0 tA and R R i sB intersect if (R 0 R i )·(A B) = 0
i.e. [R 0 A B] = [R i A B] .
Q.3 If u 2î ĵ k̂ ; v î ˆj k̂ and w is a unit vector then find the maximum value of [ u v w ] .
Answer key
Q.1 p=1 Q.3 [ u v w ] max = 14 ]
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VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
VECTOR TRIPLE PRODUCT :
Definition : The vector triple product of three vectors a , b , c is defined as the vector product of two
vectors a and b c . It is denoted by a ( b c) .
(a b) c is a vector which is coplanar with a and b and perpendicular to c.
Hence (a b) c = xa yb ....(1) [ linear combination of a and b)
c . (a b) c = x (a.c ) y( b.c)
0 = x (a.c ) y( b.c) ....(2)
x y
b.c a.c
x = ( b.c) and y = – (a.c )
Substituting the values of x and y in (a b ) c ( b . c ) a ( a . c ) b
This is an identity and must be true for all values of a , b, c
Put = a î ; b ˆj and c î
( î ĵ) î ( ĵ. î ) î ( î . î ) ˆj
ĵ ˆj = –1
hence (a b ) c (a . c) b ( b . c) a
Properties :
1. Expansion formula for vector triple product is given by
a ( b c ) (a . c ) b (a . b ) c
(b c ) a (b . a ) c (c . a ) b .
a.a a.b a.c
2. [a b b c c a ] = [a b c ]2 = b .a b.b b .c
c.a c.b c.c
Note that if a , b , c are non coplanar vectors then a b , b c and c a will also be non coplanar
vectors.
3. Vector triple product is a vector quantity.
4. a ( b c ) ( a b) c
(a b ) c
5. Unit vector coplanar with a & b and perpendicular to c is ±
| (a b ) c |
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VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
Illustration :
î ( ˆj k̂ ) + ˆj ( k̂ î ) + k̂ ( î ˆj ) equals-
(A) î (B) ˆj (C) k̂ (D) 0
Sol. î ( ˆj k̂ ) + ˆj ( k̂ î ) + k̂ ( î ˆj )
î × î + ˆj × ˆj + k̂ × k̂ = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 Ans.[D]
Illustration :
If a, b, c are coplanar, then show that a× b, b× c and c× a are also coplanar..
Sol. [ a b c] are coplanar [ a b c] = 0 [ a b c] = 0
[ a× b, b× c, c× a] = 0
a× b, b× c and c× a are coplanar
Illustration :
Let a, b, c such that | a| = 1, | b| = 1 and | c| = 2 and if a × ( a × c) + b = 0 then acute angle
between a and c is -
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
3 4 6
Sol. If angle between a and c is then –
a . c = | a| | c| cos
= 1.2 cos = 2 cos
but a ( a c ) b = 0
( a . c ) a ( a . a )c b = 0
(2 cos ) a – 1. c = – b
[(2 cos ) a – c]2 = [– b]2
4 cos2 | a|2 – 2. (2 cos ) a. c + | c|2 = | b|2
4 cos2 – 4 cos (2 cos ) + 4 = 1
4 (1 – cos2 ) = 1[ | a| = 1, | b| = 1]
sin = 1/2
= Ans.[C]
6
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Illustration :
Let a = 2 î ˆj 2 k̂ and b = î ˆj if vector c is such that a . c = | c|, | c a | = 2 2 and
angle between (a × b) and c is the 30º then | ( a b ) c | is equal to -
2 3
(A) (B) (C) 2 (D) 3
3 2
Sol. | c a |2 = ( c a ). ( c a ) = ( 2 2 )2
c 2 + a 2 – 2 c. a = 8 c 2 + (4 + 1 + 4) – 2 c. a = 8
c 2 + 9 – 2 | c| = 8 [ a. c = | c|]
c 2 – 2 | c| + 1 = 0 c 2 – 2 c + 1 = 0
( c – 1)2 = 0 c = 1
1 1
|( a × b) × c| = | a × b | | c| sin 30º = 1 × | a × b| = | a × b|
2 2
î ˆj k̂
But a × b = 2 1 2 = 2î 2 ˆj k̂
1 1 0
| a × b| = 4 4 1 = 3
3
| ( a × b ) × c| = Ans.[B]
2
Scalar Product of four Vector :
a .c a .d
(I) ( a b) . ( c d ) = ( a . c ) ( b . d ) ( a . d ) ( b . c ) =
b.c b.d
Proof : (
a b) · (c d ) = u ·( c× d ) = ( u × c)· d (Dot & cross are interchangeable in STP)
u
a · c a· d
(a b) c · d = (a c) b ( b c) a · d = (a c)( b d) (b c )( a d) =
b · c b ·d
a · a a · b
(a b) · (a b) = (a b) = a · b b · b = ( a )2 ( b)2 = ( a· b)2 which is lagrange's identity..
2
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Illustration :
1
Prove that acute angle between the two plane faces of a regular tetrahedron is cos–1 .
3
Sol. Let edge length of regular tetrahedron = 1
n1 = normal vector to plane OAB = a× b
n2 = normal vector to plane OBC = b× c
O (origin)
acute angle between plane focus OAB & OBC is given as
60º60º
a · b a · c
( a b ) ·( b c ) n1 n12
n1 n2 b ·b b · c
cos = = =
n1 n2 ( ab ) (b c ) sin 60 · sin 60º ( b )A C( c )
B( b )
cos 60º cos 60º 1 1
cos 0º cos 60º 4 2 1 1
= = 3 = = cos–1
3/4 3 3
4
Vector Product of Four Vector :
V (a b ) ( c d )
= u ( c d ) = [a b d ] c [a b c] d ....(1) (where u a b )
again V = (a b) ( c d ) = (a . v ) b ( b.v ) a = [a c d ] b [b c d] a ....(2)
V
from (1) and (2) [a b d ] c [a b c ] d = [a c d ] b [ b c d ] a ....(3)
Note that (a b) ( c d ) = 0 planes containing the vectors a & b and c & d are parallel.
|||ly ( a b ) ( c d ) = 0 the two planes are perpendicular..
(i) Equation (3) is suggestive that if a , b, c, d are four vectors no 3 three of them are coplanar then each one
of them can be expressed as a linear combination of other.
(ii) If a , b, c, d are p.v.’s of four points then these four points are in the same plane if
[a b d ] [ a b c ] [a c d ] [ b c d ]
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Illustration :
If a, b, c are three vectors such that a× b = c, b × c = a, then
(A) | b| = 1, | c| = | a| (B) | c| = 1, | a| = | b|
(C) | b| = 2, | c| = 2| a| (D) | a| = 1, | b| = | c|
Sol. Given a× b = c …(i)
b× c = a …(ii)
From (i), c a and c b …(iii)
From (ii), a b and a c …(iv)
From (iii) and (iv), a, b, c are mutually perpedicular..
Taking cross product of (i) with (ii), we get,
( a × b) × ( b× c) = c× a [ a b c] b – [ a b b] c = c × a
[ a b c] b = c × a [ [ a b b] = 0 ]
[ abc ] b c a [ abc ] b c a
| a| | b| | c| | b| = | c| | a| | b|2 = 1 | b| = 1
From (i), a× b = c
| a× b| = | c| | a| | b| = | c| [ a and b are mutually perpendicular ]
| a| = | c| [ | b| = 1 ]
| b| = 1 and | a| = | c| Ans. [A]
Practice Problem
Q.1 Prove : d.[ a {b ( c d )}] = ( b . d ) [ a c d ]
Q.2 Prove that : (a b) ( c d) (a c) ( d b) (a d ) ( b c) 2 [ b c d ] a
1
Q.3 If â (b̂ ĉ) b̂ where b̂ and ĉ are non collinear then find the angle between â and b̂ ; between
2
â and ĉ .
Q.4 Prove that î (a î ) ĵ (a ĵ) k̂ (a k̂ ) 2 a
Answer key
Q.3 /2 ; /3
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Condition for coplanarity of four points :
4 points with pv’s a , b, c, d are coplanar iff scalars x, y, z and t not all simultaneously zero and
satisfying xa yb zc td 0 where x + y + z + t = 0.
Case I : Let the four points A, B, C, D are in the same plane
the vectors b a , c a and d a are in the same plane.
hence d a = l ( b a ) m ( c a )
or (l m 1) a – l b – mc + 1 d = 0 xa yb zc td 0 where, x + y + z + t = 0 and
x y z t
x, y, z, t not all simultaneous zero.
Case II : Let x a y b z c t d 0 where x + y + z + t = 0 and not all simultaneously zero
Let t 0 ( y z t ) a y b z c t d 0 [ putting x = – y – z – t ]
(d a ) t y ( b a ) z ( c a ) 0
d a , b a and c a are coplanar points A, B, C, D are coplanar
Theorem in space :
If a , b, c are 3 non zero non coplanar vectors then any vector r can be
expressed as a linear combination : r x a y b z c of a , b, c
Examples :
Express the non coplanar vectors a , b, c in terms of b c, c a , a b .
Since [ a b c]2 = [( a × b) ( b× c) ( c× a )]
If a , b, c are non-coplanar
a × b, b× c, c× a are also non coplanar..
a = x( a × b) + y( b× c) + z( c× a)
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Taking dot product with a
(a ) 2
a2 = y[ a b c] y =
[a b c ]
Taking dot product with b
ab
a · b = z[ b c a ] z=
[a b c ]
Similarly taking dot product with c
a ·c
a · c = x[ a b c] x =
[a b c ]
(a · c)(a b ) (a )2 (b c) (a · b)(c a )
a=
[a b c ]
Practice Problem
Q.1 Express b c, c a , a b in terms of 3 non coplanar vectors a , b, c .
Q.2 Given the vector a and b orthogonal to each other find the vector V in terms of a and b satisfying
V . a 0 ; V . b 1 and [ V a b ] 1
Answer key
1 1
Q.2 V 2 b 2 (a b)
b (a b)
Real definition of linearly independence :
If V1 , V2 ,......... Vn are vectors and 1 , 2 ,......... n are scalar and if the linear combination
1V1 2 V2 ........ n Vn 0 , necessarily implies 1 = 2 = ....... n = 0, we say that
V1 , V2 ,......... Vn are said to constitutes a linearly independent set of vectors.
Note:
(i) 2 non zero , non collinear vectors are linearly independent.
(ii) Three non zero , non coplanar vectors are linearly independent i.e. [a b c] 0 a , b, c are linearly
independent.
(iii) Four or more vectors in 3D space are always linearly dependent.
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Illustration :
Show that vectors i 3 j 2 k , 2i 4 j k and 3i 2 j k are linearly independent.
Sol. Let a = i 3 j 2 k , b = 2i 4 j k and c = 3i 2 j k
1 3 2
a b c = 2 4 1 0
3 2 1
Reciprocal system of vectors :
1. If a , b , c and a ' , b ' , c ' are 2 sets of non coplanar vectors such that a .a ' b. b ' c. c ' = 1 and
a .b ' a .c ' = b.a ' b.c' = c.a ' c.b' = 0 , then a , b , c and a ' , b ' , c ' are said to be constitute a reciprocal
system of vectors.
2. Reciprocal system of vectors exists only in case of dot product.
3. It is possible to define a ' , b ' , c ' in terms of a , b , c as.
b c c a a b
a ' ; b' ; c' [ a b c ] 0
[a b c ] [ a b c] [a b c ]
a ( b c ) b ( c a ) c ( a b)
Note: (i) a a ' b b' c c ' 0 i. e.
[ a b c]
(ii) (a b c ).(a 'b' c' ) 3 (as a · b a · c 0 etc)
1
(iii) If [a b c] V then [a ' b' c ' ] [ a b c ] [ a ' b' c ' ] = 1
v
abc
(iv) a ' b' b' c ' c ' a ' = , [ a b c ] 0
[a b c ]
Isolating an known vectors
Satisfying a given relationship with some known vectors:
There is no general method for solving such equations, however dot or cross with known or unknown
vectors or dot with a b , generally isolates the unknown vector. Use of linear combination also proves
to be advantageous.
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Illustration :
Find vector r if r · a = m and r × b = c, wheree a. b 0.
Sol. r . a= m …(i)
and r ×b = c …(ii)
From (ii), a×( r × b) = a× c
or ( a. b) r – ( a. r ) b = a× c
or ( a. b) r = a× c+ ( a· r ) b = a× c + m b
1
r = ( a× c+m b)
a .b
Illustration :
Find r such that t r + r × a = b, wheree a & b ae non collinear vectors.
Sol. Given, t r + r × a = b …(i)
Since a, b, a× b are non-coplanar vectors thereforee r can be expressed as linear combination of
a, b and a× b
Let r = x a + y b+ z( a× b)
Putting the value of r in (i), we get
t [ xa yb z( a b )] x( a a ) y( b a ) z( a b ) a b
t [ xa yb z( a b )] y( b a ) z [( a · a )b ( a · b )a ] b
[ tx z( a · b )] a [ ty z( a · a ) 1 ] b ( tz y )( a b ) 0
Equating the coefficients of a, b and a× b, we get
t x – z( a· b) = 0 …(iii)
t y + za2 – 1 = 0 …(iv)
tz–y=0 …(v)
Solving (iii), (iv) and (v), we get
1
a .b t
x= , y= 2 , z=
2 2
t( t a ) t a2 t a2
2
Putting the values of x, y, z in (ii), we have
1 ( a .b )a
r 2 tb a b
t a2 t
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Second method :
Given t r r a b …(i)
r a b t r …(ii)
Taking corss product of both sides of (i) with a, we get
t( r a ) ( r a ) a b a [Putting the value of r a ]
t( b t r ) ( r a )a a 2 r b a
t b ( t 2 a 2 )r ( r a )a b a …(iii)
In (i), taking dot product with a, we get
a b
r( r a ) 0 = b a r a =
t
a b
From (ii), t b ( t 2 a 2 )r a b a
t
1 ab
r a t b a b
t 2 a 2 t
Illustration :
Solve the following simultaneous equations for x and y :
x y a , x y b and x . a 1
Sol. Given x y a …(i)
x y b …(ii)
x .a 1 …(iii)
Putting the value of y from (i) in (ii), we get
x ( a x ) b xa b a ( x a ) a b
a 2 x ( a . x )a a b a2 x a a b
1 1
x ( a ab ) and y a x a 2 ( a a b )
a a
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THREE DIMENSION
COORDINATES OF A POINT IN SPACE :
y
Consider a point P in space whose position is given by (x, y, z)
R Q
where x, y, z are perpendicular distance from yz plane, zx plane
and xy plane respectively.
S P
If we assume î, ˆj, k̂ unit vectors along OX, OY, OZ (x, y, z)
x
O C
respectively then the position vector of point P is x î y ĵ z k̂
or simply (x, y, z). z
A B
When a point lies on Co-ordinates
(i) x – axis (, 0, 0)
(ii) y – axis (0, , 0)
(iii) z – axis (0, 0, )
(iv) XY – plane (, , 0)
(v) XZ – plane (, 0, )
(vi) YZ – plane (0, , )
Distance formulae :
Distance between the points (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2) is equal to (x1 x 2 )2 ( y1 y 2 )2 (z1 z 2 )2 .
Section formulae :
(1) Coordinates a point P which divides line joining A (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2) in the ratio m : n internally
mx 2 nx1 my 2 ny1 mz 2 nz1
is given by , , .
mn mn mn
(2) Coordinates of a point P which divides line joining A (x1, y1, z1) and B (x2, y2, z2) in the ratio m : n
externally is given by mx 2 nx1 , my 2 ny1
,
mz 2 nz1 .
mn mn mn
(3) Coordinates of mid-point of line joining A (x 1 , y1 , z 1 ) and B (x 2 , y2 , z 2 ) is
x1 x 2 y1 y2 z1 z 2
, , .
2 2 2
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Direction cosines :
If , , are the angles which vector a a1î a 2 ĵ a 3k̂ makes with positive direction of the x, y, z axes
respectively then , , are called direction angles and their cosines cos , cos , cos are called the
direction cosines of the vector and are generally denoted l, m, n respectively.
Thus l = cos , m = cos , n = cos
Note :
(i) If a line makes , , with positive direction of x, y, z axes respectively then direction cosines of line will
be cos , cos , cos or – cos , – cos , – cos .
(ii) A unit vector along the line whose direction cosines are cos , cos , cos can be written as
(cos ) î (cos ) ĵ (cos ) k̂ .
(iii) If a vector a a1î a 2ˆj a 3k̂ makes angles , , with positive direction of x, y, z axes respectively
a · î a1 a · ˆj a2 a · k̂ a3
then cos = = , cos = = and cos = =
| a | | î | | a | | a | | ĵ | | a | | a | | ĵ | | a |
a12 a 22 a 32
cos2 + cos2 + cos2 = cos2 + cos2 + cos2 = 1
| a |2
Also note that sin2 + sin2 + sin2 = 2
(iv) Direction cosines of x-axis are (1, 0, 0) or (–1, 0, 0).
Direction cosines of y-axis are (0, 1, 0) or (0, – 1, 0).
Direction cosines of z-axis are (0, 0, 1) or (0, 0, – 1).
Direction ratios :
If a, b, c are three numbers proportional to the direction cosines l, m, n of a straight line, then a, b, c are
called its direction ratios. They are also called direction numbers or direction components.
l m n
Hence, we have = (say) l = a, m = b, n = c
a b c
1
l2 + m2 + n2 = 1 (a2 + b2 + c2)2 = 1 = ±
a 2 b2 c2
a b c
l= 2 2 2
,m= 2 2 2
and n =
a b c a b c a b2 c 2
2
Note :
(i) Direction ratios of a line is not unique but infinite in number but direction cosines will be for a line will be
only two. (l, m, n or – l, – m, – n)
(ii) A vector along the line with direction ratios a, b, c can be aî bˆj ck̂ .
(iii) Direction ratios a line joining two points A and B are proportional to x2 – x1, y2 – y1, z2 – z1.
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VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
(iv) Projection of a Point on a Line :
Let P be a point and AB be a given line. Draw perpendicular PQ from P on AB which meets it at Q. This
point Q is called projection of P on the line AB.
(v) Projection of a Line Segment Joining Two Points on a Line :
Projection of the line segment joining two points P(x1, y1, z1) and Q (x2, y2, z2) on another line whose
direction cosines are l, m, n is AB = | l (x2 – x1) + m (y2 – y1) + n (z2 – z1) |.
Q (x2, y2, z2)
Proof :
Vector PQ (x 2 x1 ) î ( y 2 y1) ˆj (z 2 z1) k̂
P (x1, y1, z1)
A unit vector along another line â l î m ˆj n k̂ .
PQ · â A B
Projection AB = Projection of PQ on â = â l î m ĵ n k̂
| â |
= | l (x2 – x1) + m (y2 – y1) + n (z2 – z1) |
Angle between two lines :
C
If direction ratios of two lines are a 1 , b 1 , c 1 and
B
a2, b2, c2 then acute angle between two lines is given by
A
a1a 2 b1b 2 c1c2
cos =
a12 b12 c12 a 22 b 22 c 22
Proof : Vector along lines can be taken as â a1î b1ˆj c1k̂ and b̂ a 2 î b 2 ĵ c 2 k̂ .
Acute angle between lines = acute angle between vectors a and b .
a ·b a1a 2 b1b 2 c1c2
cos = =
|a ||b| a12 b12 c12 a 22 b 22 c 22
If direction cosines of lines are l1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2 then acute angle between them is given by
cos = | l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 |.
Note :
(i) If lines are perpendiculars (i.e. vectors along them are also perpendicular) then
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0 or l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0.
a1 b1 c1 l m n
(ii) If lines are parallel (i.e. vectors along them area also parallel) then or 1 1 1 .
a 2 b2 c2 l2 m 2 n 2
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Illustration :
Find the coordinates of the point which divides the line joining points (2, 3, 4) and (3, – 4, 7) in
ratio 5 : 3 internally.
2 ( 3 ) 3( 5 ) 21
Sol. Let the coordinates of the required point be (x, y, z) then x = = ;
35 8
3 ( 3 ) 4( 5 ) 11 4 ( 3 ) 7( 5 ) 47
y= = ;z= =
35 8 35 8
21 11 47
The required point is , , .
8 8 8
Illustration :
1 1
Find unit vector(s) with cos = and cos = , wheree , are angles made by unit vector
2 2
with positive direction x, y axes respectively.
Sol. Let unit vectors makes angle with positive z-axis.
Unit vector will be (cos ) î (cos ) ĵ (cos ) k̂
1 1
cos2 + cos2 + cos2 = 1 + cos2 = 1
4 4
1 1
cos2 = cos =
2 2
î ˆj k̂
Unit vector will be : .
2 2 2
Illustration :
Find the direction cosines of two lines which are connected by the relations l – 5m + 3n = 0 and
7l2 + 5m2 – 3n2 = 0.
Sol. The given relations are l – 5m + 3n = 0 l = 5m – 3n .......(1)
and 7l2 + 5m2 – 3n2 = 0 .......(2)
Putting the value of l from (1) in (2), we get
7 (5m – 3n)2 + 5m2 – 3n2 = 0
m 1 2
or (2m – n) (3m – 2n) = 0 = or
n 2 3
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VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
m 1 l
When = i.e. n = 2m l = 5m – 3n = – m or =–1
n 2 m
m 1 l l m n
thus = and = – 1 giving
n 2 m 1 1 2
l m n ( l 2 m2 n2 ) 1
or, = =
1 1 2
( 1 )2
12 2 2 6
1 1 2
So, direction cosines of one line are , , .
6 6 6
m 2
Again when =
n 3
l 1 l m n 1 1
= giving = =
m 2 1 2 3 12 2 2 32 14
1 2 3
The direction cosines of the other line are , , .
14 14 14
Illustration :
Find the direction ratios and direction cosines of the line joining the points A (6, – 7, – 1) and
B (2, – 3, 1).
Sol. Direction ratios of AB are (4, – 4, – 2) = (2, – 2, – 1)
a2 + b2 + c2 = 9
2 2 1
Direction cosines are , , .
3 3 3
Illustration :
Find direction cosines of a line perpendicular to two lines whose drs are 1, 2, 3 and – 2, 1, 4.
Sol. Vector along lines can be taken as a î 2 ˆj 3k̂ , b 2î ˆj 4 k̂
a b 5( î 2 ˆj k̂ )
1 2 1 1 2 1
dcs of line = , , or , , .
6 6 6 6 6 6
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Illustration :
Find the projection of the line segment joining the points (–1, 0, 3) and (2, 5, 1) on the line whose
direction ratios are 6, 2, 3.
Sol. The direction cosines , m, n of the line are given by
m n 2 m2 n2 1 1
= = = = =
6 2 3 6 2 2 2 32 49 7
6 2 3
= ,m= ,n=
7 7 7
The required projection is given by
= | (x2 – x1) + m (y2 – y1) + n (z2 – z1) |
6 2 3
= [ 2 ( 1 ) ( 5 0 ) ( 1 3 )
7 7 7
6 2 3
= 3 5 ( 2 )
7 7 7
18 10 6 18 10 6 22
= = = . Ans.
7 7 7 7 7
Practice Problem
Q.1 If points P, Q are (2, 3, 4), (1, – 2, 1), then prove that OP is perpendicular to OQ where O is (0, 0, 0).
Q.2 A line OP makes with the x-axis an angle of measure 120º and with y-axis an angle of measure 60º. Find
the angle made by the line with the z-axis.
Q.3 What are the d.c's of the lines equally inclined to the axes ?
Q.4 A line makes angle , , , with four diagonals of a cube then cos2 + cos2 + cos2 + cos2 is
equal to
4 3 4
(A) 1 (B) (C) (D)
3 4 5
Q.5 If a variable line in two adjacent positions has direction cosines l, m, n and l + l, m + m, n + n,
show that the small angle between the two positions is given ()2 = (l)2 + (m)2 + (n)2.
Answer key
1 1 1
Q.2 = 45º or 135º Q.3 , , Q.4 B
3 3 3
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PLANES :
Definition :
A plane is a surface such that a line joining any two points on the surface lies completely on it.
General equation of plane :
A linear equation in three variables of the type ax + by + cz + d = 0 represents the general equation
of a plane.
where a, b, c are not simultaneously zero.
a b c
Dividing by d we get x y z + 1 = 0.
d d d
Thus equation of plane involves only three arbitrary constants. Hence in order to determine a unique
plane 3 independent conditions are needed.
Note :
(i) Equation of xy plane is z = 0.
(ii) Equation of yz plane is x = 0.
(iii) Equation of zx plane is y = 0.
Division by Coordinate Planes :
The ratios in which the line segment PQ joining P(x1, y1, z1) and Q(x2, y2, z2) is divided by coordinate
planes are as follows.
x1
(i) by yz - plane : – ratio
x2
y1
(ii) by zx - plane : – ratio
y2
z1
(iii) by xy - plane : – ratio
z2
Illustration :
Find the ratio in which the line joining the points (3, 5, –7) and (–2,1,8) is divided by yz-plane.
Sol. Let the line joining the points (3, 5, –7) and (–2, 1, 8) divides yz-plane in the ratio : 1, then
coordinates of the dividing point will be
2 3 5 8 7
, ,
1 1 1
Now above points lies on the yz-plane, so its x-coordinate should be zero i.e.
2 3 3
=0=
1 2
3
Hence yz-plane divides line joining the given points in the ratio :1 or 3 : 2. Ans.
2
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DIFFERENT FORMS OF THE EQUATIONS OF PLANES :
1. A point in the plane and a vector normal to it is given :
Let a point A ( a ) lies in the plane and a vector normal to it is n aî bˆj ck̂ .
P ( r ) is a moving point whose locus is plane then for every position of vector AP , vector n will be
perpendicular to it.
n a î bĵ c k̂
AP · n = 0
(r a) · n = 0 r · n a · n P (r )
r · n = d is general equation of plane in vector form. A (a )
It is also known as equation of plane in dot (or scalar) product form.
If r x î yˆj zk̂ and a x 0 î y0 ĵ z 0 k̂ the equation of plane will be
a (x – x0) + b (y – y0) + c (z – z0) = 0.
This is equation of plane containing point (x0, y0, z0) and perpendicular to vector aî bˆj ck̂ .
Note :
If equation of a plane is ax + by + cz + d = 0 then a, b, c are direction ratio of normal to the plane.
2. Plane passing through three given points :
Let three points A ( a ), B ( b) and C ( c) lies in the plane and point P ( r ) is moving point whose locus is
plane.
A(a )
AP, AB and AC are coplanar.. P (r )
r a ba ca 0 B ( b) C (c )
In represents equation of plane passing through three points.
If A = (x1, y1, z1), B = (x2, y2, z2), C = (x3, y3, z3) and P (x, y, z) then equation of plane is
x x1 y y1 z z1
x2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1 0
x3 x1 y3 y1 z3 z1
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3. Plane containing two intersecting lines :
Let the equations of two lines are r a b and r a b . n
q
Now, n p q is a vector perpendicular to the plane.
R (r )
Hence equation of plane is ( r a ) · ( p q ) = 0
A (a )
r a p q = 0 r p q a p q
p
Since vectors r a , p, q are coplanar..
Therefore r a p q r a p q
It represents equation of a plane containing point a and parallel to two non-collinear vectors p and q .
This is also known as parametric equation.
Illustration :
Express the equation of a plane r î 2 ˆj 2î ˆj 3k̂ µ 3î 4 ˆj k̂ in
(a) cartesian form.
(b) Scalar product form.
Sol.
(a) Clearly plane is passing through the point î 2 ˆj and parallel to vectors 2î ˆj 3k̂ and
3î 4 ˆj k̂ .
Equation of plane is
x 1 y 2 z 0
2 1 3 0
3 4 1
(x – 1) (– 11) – (y +2) (– 11) + z(11) = 0
x – 1 – y – 2 – z = 0 x – y – z = 3 x(1) + y(–1) + z(–1) = 3
(b)
Therefore equation of plane is scalar product form is r · î ˆj k̂ = 3. Ans.
4. Equation of plane containing two parallel lines :
Let lines be r a b and r c µb
A(a ) c n
vector normal to plane is
n a c b c
P ( r)
equation of plane is B (b )
r a · a c b 0
Alternatively : Vectors r a , c a and b are coplanar
equation of plane is
r a c a b 0.
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Illustration :
Find the equation of the plane passing through the point (2, – 1, 3) which is the foot of the
perpendicular drawn from the origin to the plane.
Sol. The direction ratios of the normal to the plane are 2, – 1, 3.
The equation of required plane is 2 (x – 2) – 1 (y + 1) + 3 (z – 3) = 0
2x – y + 3z – 14 = 0.
O
Illustration :
Find the equation of the plane through (2, 3, – 4), (1, – 1, 3) and parallel to x-axis.
Sol. The equation of the plane passing through (2, 3, – 4) is a (x – 2) + b (y – 3) + c (z + 4) = 0
....(1)
Since (1, – 1, 3) lies on it, we have a + 4b – 7c = 0 ....(2)
Since required plane is parallel to x-axis i.e. perpendicular to YZ plane i.e.
b c
1 · a + 0 · b + 0 · c = 0 a = 0 4b – 7c = 0 =
7 4
Equation of required plane is 7y + 4z = 5.
Illustration :
Two planes are given by equations x + 2y – 3z = 0 and 2x + y + z + 3 = 0. Find
(i) DC’s of their normals and the acute angle between them.
(ii) DC’s of their line of intersection.
(iii) Equation of the plane perpendicular to both of them through the point (2, 2, 1)
Sol. n1 î 2 ˆj 3k̂ , n2 2î ˆj k̂
n1 n2 1
(i) cos
n1 n2 2 21
î ˆj k̂
(ii) n1 n2 1 2 3 5î 7 ˆj 3k̂
2 1 1
5 7 3
DC's of line of intersection of the plane , ,
83 83 83
(iii)
r ( 2î 2 ˆj k̂ ) · n1 n2 0
5 (x – 2) – 7 (y – 2) – 3 (z – 1) = 0
5x – 7y – 3z + 7 = 0
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5. Normal form of the plane :
A unit vector n̂ normal to the plane from origin is known and
perpendicular distance of the plane from the origin is d.
R(0)
Projection of r on n̂ d
d
r · n̂ d ........(1) n
Note : d > 0, as d is distance of the plane from origin.
Cartesian form of the plane is O(0)
lx + my + nz = d
where l, m, n are dcs of normal to plane.
Illustration :
Let equation of plane be r · ( 6 î 3 ˆj 2k̂ ) 1 0 then find perpendicular distance of plane from
origin and also find direction cosines of this perpendicular.
6 3 2 1
Sol. Plane is r ·( 6 î 3 ˆj 2 k̂ ) 1 r · î ˆj k̂
7 7 7 7
1 6 3 2
perpendicular distance from origin = and dcs of perpendicular = , , .
7 7 7 7
Illustration :
Find the vector equation of plane which is at a distance of 8 units from the origin and which is
normal to the vector 2 î ˆj 2k̂
Sol. Here, d = 8 and n = 2 î ˆj 2k̂
n 2î ˆj 2 k̂ 2î ˆj 2 k̂
n̂ = = =
|n| 2 2 12 22 3
Hence, the required equation of plane is,
r . n̂ = d
2î ˆj 2k̂
r 3
=8
or r .( 2î ˆj 2 k̂ ) = 24
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6. Intercept form the plane :
z
C (0, 0, c)
x y z
Equation of plane in the intercept form is = 1.
a b c
where a = x-intercept, O x
b = y-intercept, A (a, 0, 0)
c = z-intercept
y B (0, b, 0)
Proof :
Equation of plane passing through three points A (a, 0, 0), B (0, b, 0) and C (0, 0, c) will be
x a y0 z0
a b 0 = 0.
a 0 c
(x – a) bc – y (– ac – 0) + z (0 + ab) = 0
xbc + yac + zab = abc
x y z
=1
a b c
1 1 1
Note : Area of ABC = AB BC = ( bĵ aî ) (ck̂ bĵ) = bc î acˆj abk̂
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 ab bc ca
= a 2 b 2 b 2c 2 c 2a 2 =
2 2 2 2
Area of ABC = (area of OAB)2 (area of OBC)2 (area of OCA) 2
PERPENDICULAR DISTANCE OF A POINT FROM A PLANE :
Let equation of plane is r · n = d then perpendicular distance A(x1, y1, z1)
(r1)
from the point A ( r1 ) on the plane = projection of RA on n .
P
r1 r0 · n
r1 · n r0 · n
n = ai^ + bj^ + ck
^
p= =
|n| |n|
R(r0)
(x0, y0, z0)
r ·n d
p= 1
|n|
If equation of plane is ax + by + cz + d = 0 then perpendicular distance from point (x1, y1, z1) is given
| ax1 by1 cz1 d |
by .
a 2 b2 c2
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Note :
(i) Planes a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0 are
a1 b c d
(a) parallel but not identical if = 1 = 1 1
a2 b2 c2 d2
(b) perpendicular if a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
a1 b c d
(c) identical if a = 1 = 1 = 1
2 b2 c2 d2
(ii) The equation of a plane parallel to the plane ax + by + cz + d is ax + by + cz + k = 0, where k is an
arbitrary constant and is determined by the given condition.
(iii) Distance between two parallel planes ax + by + cz + d1 = 0 and ax + by + cz + d2 = 0 is equal to
| d1 d 2 |
.
a 2 b2 c2
(iv) 3 planes arx + bry + crz = dr r = 1, 2, 3
(a) Can intersect at a point system of equations in 3 variables having unique solution.
(b) Can intersect coaxially system of equations in 3 variables having infinite solutions.
(c) May not have a common point system of equations in 3 variables having no solution.
Illustration :
A variable plane passes through a fixed point (, , ) and meets the axes in A, B, C. Show that
the locus of the point of intersection of the planes through A, B and C parallel to the co-ordinate
planes is x–1 + y–1 + z–1 = 1.
x y z
Sol. Let the equation of the variable plane be =1 .......(1)
a b c
where a, b, c are parameters
The plane (1) passes through the point (, , ).
=1 .......(2)
a b c
The plane (1) meets the co-ordinate axes in the points A, B and C whose co-ordinates are respectively
given by (a, 0, 0), (0, b, 0) and (0, 0, c). The equations of the planes through A, B and C are
x = a, y = b, z = c respectively .......(3)
The locus of the point of intersection of these planes is obtained by eliminating the parameters a,
b, c between the equation (2), (3). Putting the values of a, b, c from (3) in (2), the required locus
is given by =1 or x–1 + y–1 + z–1 = 1.
x y z
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EQUATION OF PLANES BISECTING THE ANGLES BETWEEN TWO
GIVEN PLANES :
Cartesian Form :
The equation of the planes bisecting the angles between the planes a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1= 0 and
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d2 = 0 are
(a1x b1y c1z d1) (a 2 x b 2 y c 2 z d 2 )
=±
a12 b12 c12 a 22 b 22 c22
Note :
If angle between bisector plane and one of the plane is less than 45° then it is acute angle bisector
otherwise it is obtuse angle bisector.
Vector Form :
The equation of the planes bisecting the angles between the planes r · n1 d1 and r · n 2 d 2 are
| r · n1 d1 | | r · n 2 d 2 |
| n1 | | n2 |
| r · n1 d1 | | r · n 2 d2 |
or
| n1 | | n2 |
d d
or r · (n̂1 n̂ 2 ) 1 2
| n1 | | n 2 |
FAMILY OF PLANES :
The equation of a plane passing through the lines of intersection of a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 and
a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0 is (a1x + b1y + c1z + d1) + (a2x + b2y + c2z + d2) = 0, where is a constant.
Vectorially :
Equation of a plane passing through the line of intersection of planes r.n1 d1 and r .n 2 d 2 is given by
( r .n1 d1) ( r .n 2 d 2 ) 0
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Illustration :
Find the equation of plane containing the line of intersection of the plane x + y + z – 6 = 0 and
2x + 3y + 4z + 5 = 0 and passing through (1,1,1)
Sol. The equation of the plane through the line of intersection of the given planes is ,
(x + y + z – 6) + (2x + 3y + 4z + 5) = 0 ...(i)
If it is passes through (1, 1, 1)
3
(1 + 1 + 1 –6) + (2 + 3 + 4 + 5) = 0 =
14
Putting = 3/14 in (i) we get
3
(x + y + z – 6) + (2x + 3y + 4z + 5) = 0
14
20x + 23y + 26z –69 = 0
ANGLE BETWEEN TWO PLANES :
1. Vector form :
The angle between the two planes is defined as the angle between their normals.
Let be the angle between planes;
r . n1 = d1 and r . n 2 = d2 is given by
n1 . n 2
cos =
| n1 || n 2 |
2. Cartesian form :
The angle between the planes a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0 and a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d2 = 0 is given by
a1a 2 b1b 2 c1c 2
cos =
a12 b12 c12 a 22 b 22 c22
3. Two planes are perpendicular iff
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0 & Parallel if n1 n2 0
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Angle between a line and a plane :
The angle between a line and a plane is the complement of the angle between the line and the normal to
the plane
I f , , be the direction ratios of the line and Normal
ax + by + cz + d = 0 be the equation of plane
and be the angle between the line and the
plane.
a b c
Plane
cos (90° – ) = a 2 b 2 c 2 2 2 2
a b c Line
or sin = a 2 b 2 c 2 2 2 2
Vector form :
If is the angle between the line; r a b and plane r . n = d
b.n
sin=
| b ||n |
Illustration :
Find the angle between the planes 2x – y + z = 11 and x + y + 2z = 3.
a1a2 b1b2 c1c2
Sol. cos =
a 2
1
b12 c12 a22 b22 c22
2 · 1 ( 1 ) · 1 1 · 2 1
cos = = = .
22 ( 1 )2 12 12 12 22 2 3
Illustration :
Find the equation of plane passing through the intersection of planes 2x – 4y + 3z + 5 = 0,
x + y + z = 6 and parallel to straight line having direction cosines (1, – 1, – 1).
Sol. Equation of required plane be (2x – 4y + 3z + 5) + (x + y – z – 6) = 0
i.e. (2 + ) x + (– 4 + ) y + z (3 – ) + (5 – 6) = 0
This plane is parallel to a straight line. So, al + bm + cn = 0
1 (2 + ) + (–1) (– 4 + ) + (–1) (3 – ) = 0 i.e. = – 3
Equation of required plane is – x – 7y + 6z + 23 = 0.
i.e. x + 7y – 6z – 23 = 0.
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Illustration :
x 1 y –1 z –2
Find the angle between the line = = and the plane 2x + y – 3z + 4 = 0
3 2 4
Sol. The given line is parallel to the vector b 3 î 2 ˆj 4 k̂ and the given plane is normal to the
vector
n 2î ˆj – 3k̂
b .n ( 3î 2 ˆj 4 k̂ ).( 2î ˆj – 3k̂ )
sin = =
| b || n | 32 2 2 4 2 2 2 12 3
6 2 – 12 –4 –4
= = = sin–1
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Practice Problem
Q.1 The ratio in which yz-plane divides the line joining (2, 4, 5) and (3, 5, 7)
(A) – 2 : 3 (B) 2 : 3 (C) 3 : 2 (D) – 3 : 2
Q.2 The points (0, – 1, – 1), (– 4, 4, 4), (4, 5, 1) and (3, 9, 4) are
(A) collinear (B) coplanar (C) forming a square (D) none of these
Q.3 The distance of centroid from x-axis of the triangle formed by the points (2, –4, 3), (3, –1, –2) and
(–2, 5, 8) is-
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 3 (D) 10
Q.4 The locus of a point, which moves in such a way that its distance from the origin is thrice the distance
from xy-plane is -
(A) x2 – 8y2 – 8z2 = 0 (B) x2 – 8y2 + z2 = 0
(C) –8x2 + y2 + z2 = 0 (D) x2 + y2 – 8z2 = 0
Q.5 A non-zero vector a is parallel to the line of intetsection of the plane determined by the vectors î, î ˆj
and the plane determined by the vectors î ˆj, î k̂. The angle between a and î 2ˆj 2k̂ is.
(A) /3 (B) /4 (C) /6 (D) None of these
Answer key
Q.1 A Q.2 B Q.3 C Q.4 D Q.5 B
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STRAIGHT LINES :
Symmetric Form :
1. Equation of a straight line passing through (x1, y1, z1) and having drs as a, b, c is
x x1 y y1 z z1
a b c
P( r )
Proof : A(x1,y1,z1) c k (x,y,z)
j+
ai +b
A vector parallel to line will be aî bˆj ck̂ .
A vector along the line can be written as
AP (x x1)î ( y y1)ˆj (z z1)k̂ O
vector AP is parallel to aî bˆj ck̂
x x1 y y1 z z1
a b c
• Any point on this line can be taken as (x1 + a, y1 + b, z1 + c).
x x1 y y1 z z1
• If dcs of line be l, m, n then its equation will and any point on this line can
l m n
be taken as (x1 + a, y1 + b, z1 + c).
2. Equation of straight line passing through two points (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2) will be
x x1 y y1 z z1
x 2 x1 y2 y1 z 2 z1
Note :
x y z
(i) (a) Equation of x-axis is (or) y = z = 0
1 0 0
x y z
(b) Equation of y-axis is (or) x = z = 0
0 1 0
x y z
(c) Equation of z-axis (or) x = y = 0
0 0 1
Here zero in denominator represents that line is perpendicular to that axis.
x 2 y 1 x 2 y 1 z 2
(ii) Line and z = 2 is written as
3 2 3 2 0
This line is perpendicular to z-axis or parallel to xy plane at a distance of 2 units.
Unsymmetrical form of straight line:
The equations a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0 together represents a line in
unsymmetrical form. This represent equation of line of intersection of planes a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 and
a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0.
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Procedure to convert Unsymmetrical Form of straight line to Symmetrical
Form :
Let the direction ratios of the line of intersection (AB) of two planes
a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 .....(1) and a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0 .....(2) are a, b, c
Direction ratios of normal to plane (1) are a1, b1 , c1 and
Direction ratios of normal to plane (2) are a2 , b2 , c2
Line AB lies in both the planes (1) and (2)
hence normals to (1) and (2) are perpendicular to AB.
Hence aa1 + bb1 + cc1 = 0 and aa2 + bb2 + cc2 = 0
these two will give the proportional values of a, b, c.
Let the line AB cuts the xy plane at (x1 , y1 , 0)
Hence a1x1 + b1y1 = – d1 and a2x1 + b2y1 = – d2 This will give a point on the line AB
x x1 y y1 z 0
equation of AB is .
a b c
Illustration :
Find the angle between the line x – 2y + z = 0 = x + 2y – 2z and x + 2y + z = 0 = 3x + 9y + 5z.
Sol. Let a1, b1, c1 be the direction ratios of the line x – 2y + z = 0 and x + 2y – 2z = 0. Since it lies
in both the planes, therefore, it is to the normals to the two planes.
a1 – 2b1 + c1 = 0
a1 + 2b1 – 2c1 = 0
Solving these two equations by cross-multiplication, we have
a1 b c a1 b1 c1
1 1 or
4 2 1 2 2 2 2 3 4
Let a2, b2, c2 be the direction ratios of the line x + 2y + z = 0 = 3x + 9y + 5z. Then the discussed
above
a2 + 2b2 + c2 =0 3a2 + 9b2 + 5c2 = 0
a2 b c a2 b2 c2
2 2 or
10 9 3 5 9 6 1 2 3
Let be the angle between the given lines. Then
a1a2 b1b2 c1c2
cos =
a12 b12 c12 a22 b22 c22
( 1 )( 2 ) ( 2 )( 3 ) ( 3 )( 4 )
2 2 32 4 2 12 ( 2 )2 ( 3 )2
2 6 12 8 8
= cos–1
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Illustration :
Find the coordinates of the point where the line joining the points (2, – 3, 1) and (3, – 4, – 5) cuts
the plane 2x + y + z = 7.
Sol. The direction ratios of the line are 3 – 2, – 4 – (– 3), – 5 – 1 i.e. 1, – 1, – 6
x 2 y 3 z 1
Hence equation of the line joining the given points is = r (say)
1 1 6
Coordinates of any point on this line are (r + 2, – r – 3, – 6r + 1)
If this point lies on the given plane 2x + y + z = 7, then
2 (r + 2) + (– r – 3) + (– 6r + 1) = 7 r = – 1
Coordinates of the point are (– 1 + 2, – (– 1) – 3, – 6 (– 1) + 1) i.e. (1, – 2, 7).
Illustration :
Find in symmetrical form the equations of the line 3x + 2y – z – 4 = 0 = 4x + y – 2z + 3.
Sol. The equation of the line in unsymmetrical form are 3x + 2y – z – 4 = 0, 4x + y – 2z + 3 = 0 .....(1)
Let l, m, n be the direction cosines of the line. Since the line is common to both the planes, it is
perpendicular to the normals to both the planes. Hence, 3l + 2m – n = 0, 4l + m – 2n = 0
l m n
Solving these we get,
4 1 4 6 38
l m n 1 1
i.e. = =
3 2 5 2 2 2 38
( 3 ) 2 ( 5 )
3 2 5
So, direction cosines of the lines are , ,
38 38 38
Now to find the coordinates of a point on a line. Let us find out the point where it meets the plane
z = 0. Putting z = 0 in the equation given by (1), we have 3x + 2y – 4 = 0, 4x + y + 3 = 0.
Solving these, we get x = – 2, y = 5
So, one point of the line is (–2, 5, 0)
x 2 y 5 z 0 x2 y5 z
Equation of the line in symmetrical form is i.e. .
3 2 5 3 2 5
38 38 38
Illustration :
x 1 y 2 z
Find the equation of the plane which contains the two parallel lines and
3 2 1
x 3 y 4 z 1
.
3 2 1
Sol. The equations of the two parallel lines are
x 1 y 2 z 0
.......(1)
3 2 1
x 3 y 4 z 1
and .......(2)
3 2 1
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the equation of any plane through the line (1) is
a(x + 1) + b(y – 2) + cz = 0 .......(3)
where 3a + 2b + c = 0 .......(4)
the line (2) will also lie on the plane (3) if the point (3, – 4, 1) lies on the plane (3), and for this we
have a (3 + 1) + b (– 4 – 2) + c = 0 or 4a – 6b + c = 0 .......(5)
a b c
Solving (4) and (5), we get
8 1 26
Putting the values of a, b, c in (3), the required equation of the plane is 8x + y – 26z + 6 = 0.
Illustration :
x 3 y 8 z 3 x 3 y 7 z 6
Find the shortest distance between the lines , .
3 1 1 3 2 4
Also find the equation of line of shortest distance.
x3 y8 z 3
Sol. Given lines are = r1 (say) .......(1)
3 1 1
x 3 y 7 z 6
= r2 (say) .......(2)
3 2 4
any point on line (1) is P (3r1 + 3, 8 – r1, r1 + 3) and on line (2) is
Q ( – 3 – 3r2, 2r2 – 7, 4r2 + 6).
If PQ is line of shortest distance, then direction ratios of
PQ = (3r1 + 3) – (–3 – 3r2), (8 – r1) – (2r2 – 7), (r1 + 3) – (4r2 + 6)
i.e. 3r1 + 3r2 + 6, – r1 – 3r2 + 15, r1 – 4r2 – 3
As PQ is perpendicular to lines (1) and (2)
3 (3r1 + 3r2 + 6) – 1 (– r1 – 2r2 + 15) + 1 (r1 – 4r2 + 3) = 0
11r1 + 7r2 = 0 .......(3)
and – 3 (3r1 + 3r2 + 6) + 2 (– r1 – 2r2 + 15) + 4 (r1 – 4r2 + 3) = 0
i.e. 7r1 + 11r2 = 0 .......(4)
On solving equations (3) and (4), we get r1 = r2 = 0.
So, point P (3, 8, 3) and Q (– 3, – 7, 6)
Length of shortest distance PQ = ( 3 3 )
2
( 7 8 )2 ( 6 3 )2 = 3 30 .
Direction ratios of shortest distance line is 2, 5, – 1.
x3 y8 z 3
Equation of shortest distance line .
2 5 1
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Illustration :
Find the distance of the point (1, – 2, 3) from the plane x – y + z = 5 measured parallel to the line
x y z
.
2 3 6
Sol. Here we are not to find perpendicular distance of the point from the plane but distance measured
along with the given line. The method is as follow :
The equation of the line through the point (1, – 2, 3) and parallel to given line is
x 1 y 2 z 3
= r (say)
2 3 6
The coordinate of any point on it is (2r + 1, 3r – 2, –6r + 3).
If this point lies in the given plane then
1
2r + 1 – (3r – 2) + (– 6r + 3) = 5 – 7r = – 1 or r =
7
9 11 15
Point of intersection is , , .
7 7 7
9 11 15
The required distance = the distance between the points (1, – 2, 3) and , ,
7 7 7
2 2 2
9 11 15 49
= 1 2 3 = = 1 Unit.
7 7 7 7
Illustration :
Find the image of the point (1, 3, 4) in the plane 2x – y + z + 3 = 0.
Sol. As it is clear from the figure that PQ will be perpendicular to the plane and foot of this perpendicular
is mid point of PQ i.e. N. P (1, 3, 4)
So, direction ratios of line PQ is 2, – 1, 1
x 1 y 3 z 4
Equation of line PQ = = r (say)
2 1 1
Any point on line PQ is (2r + 1, – r + 3, r + 4) N
If this point lies on the plane, then Plane
2 (2r + 1) – ( – r + 3) + (r + 4) + 3 = 0
r=–1
Coordinate of foot of perpendicular N = (–1, 4, 3). Q (Image point)
As N is middle point of PQ.
1 x1 3 y1 4 z1
–1 = ,4= ,3= x1 = – 3, y1 = 5, z1 = 2
2 2 2
Image of point P (1, 3, 4) is the point Q (– 3, 5, 2).
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VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
Illustration :
Determine whether each statement is true or false
(a) Two lines parallel to a third line are parallel.
(b) Two lines perpendicular to a third line are parallel.
(c) Two planes parallel to a third plane are parallel.
(d) Two planes perpendicular to a third plane are parallel.
(e) Two lines parallel to a plane are parallel.
(f) Two lines perpendicular to a plane are parallel.
(g) Two planes parallel to a line are parallel.
(h) Two planes perpendicular to a line are parallel.
(i) Two planes either intersect or are parallel.
(j) Two lines either intersect or are parallel.
(k) A plane and a line either intersect or are parallel.
Ans. (a) True, (b) False, (c) True, (d) False, (e) False, (f) True,
(g) False, (h) True, (i) True, (j) False, (k) True
Illustration :
Find the equation of a plane passing through the point A(3, –2, 1) and perpendicular to the
vector 4 i 7 j 4 k . If PM be perpendicular from the point P(1, 2, –1) to this plane, find its
length.
Sol. Let O be the origin, then a OA 3 i 2 j k
Let n 4 i 7 j 4k n 4i 7 j 4 k
Let Q(x, y, z) be any point on the plane
then, r OQ x i y j z k
Q( r )
A (a )
Now r a = (x – 3) i + (y + 2) j + (z – 1) k
Now, equation of the required plane passing point A (a )
and perpendicular to n is
( r a)·n= 0
4(x – 3) + 7(y + 2) – 4(z – 1) = 0
or, 4x – 3y – 4z + 6 = 0. This is the required equation of the plane.
Now PM AM
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VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
Unit vector parallel to PM
n 4i 7 j 4k
n P(1, 2, –1)
|n| 9
Now PM = length of projection of PA on PM
M
A(3, –2, 1)
4i 7 j 4k
PA·n̂ 2i 4 j 2k · 9
Let OP i 2 j k
Second method :
( a )· n
Alternatively, PM =
n
Here, a = AP = 2i 4 j 2k and n 4 i 7 j 4 k
8 28 8 28
PM = =
9 9
Illustration :
Find the shortest distance and the vector equation of the line of shortest distance between the
lines given by r 3î 8 ˆj 3k̂ + (3î ˆj k̂ ) and r = 3î 7 ˆj 6 k̂ + ( 3î 2 ˆj 4 k̂ )
Sol. Given lines are r 3î 8 ˆj 3k̂ + ( 3î ˆj k̂ ) …(i)
and r = 3î 7ˆj 6k̂ + (3î 2ˆj 4k̂ ) …(ii)
Equations of lines (i) and (ii) in cartesian from are
x 3 y 8 z 3
AB : = = = …(iii)
3 1 1
x 3 y 7 z 6
and CD : = = = …(iv)
3 2 4
B
Let L (3 + 3, – + 8, + 3) A
90º
and M (–3 – 3, 2 – 7, 4 + 6)
Direction ratios of LM are 90º
C M D
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VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
3 + 3 + 6, – – 2 + 15, – 4 – 3
Since LM AB
3(3 + 3 + 6) –1 (– – 2 + 15) + 1 ( – 4 – 3) = 0
or 11 + 7 = 0 …(v)
Again LM CD
–3 (3 + 3 + 6) + 2(– – 2 + 15) + 4( – 4 – 3) = 0
or –7 – 29 = 0 …(vi)
Solving (v) and (vi), we get = 0, = 0
L (3, 8, 3), M (–3, –7, 6)
Hence shortest distance LM = ( 3 3 )2 ( 8 7 )2 ( 3 6 )2 = 270 3 30 units
Vector equation of LM is
r 3î 8ˆj 3k̂ t (6î 15ˆj 3k̂ )
x3 y8 z 3
Note : Cartesian equation of LM is
6 15 3
Practice Problem
x 4 3 y 6 5 z 3 2
Q.1 The shortest distance between the two straight lines and
2 3 4
5 y 6 2 z 3 3x 4
is
8 9 5
(A) 29 (B) 3 (C) 0 (D) 6 10
Q.2 A straight line passes through the point (2, – 1, – 1). It is parallel to the plane 4x + y + z + 2 = 0 and is
x y z 5
perpendicular to the line . The equations of the straight line are
1 2 1
x 2 y 1 z 1 x 2 y 1 z 1
(A) (B)
4 1 1 4 1 1
x 2 y 1 z 1 x 2 y 1 z 1
(C) (D)
1 1 3 1 1 3
Q.3 The cosine of angle between any two diagonal of a cube is -
(A) 1/3 (B) 1/2 (C) 2/3 (D) 1/ 3
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x 1 y 3 z 2
Q.4 The equation of the plane containing the line = = and the point (0, 7, – 7) is-
3 2 1
(A) x + y + z = 2 (B) x + y + z = 3 (C) x + y + z = 0 (D) None of these
Q.5 The distance of the point (1, – 2, 3) from the plane x – y + z = 5 measured parallel to the
x y z 1
line = = 6 is-
2 3
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) None of these
x –1 y 2 z
Q.6 The equation of the plane through the point (2, –1, –3) and parallel to the lines = = and
3 2 –4
x y –1 z – 2
= = is
2 –3 2
Answer key
Q.1 C Q.2 C Q.3 A Q.4 C Q.5 A
Q.6 0
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Solved Examples
Q.1 If ABCDEF is a regular hexagon and AB + AC + AD + AE + AF = k AD , then k equals-
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 6 (D) 5
Sol. AB = ED and AF = CD ,
E D
so AB + AC + AD + AE + AF
F C
= ED + AC + AD + AE + CD
= ( AC + CD ) + ( AE + ED ) + AD A B
= AD + AD + AD = 3 AD
k=3 Ans.[B]
Q.2 The length of diagonalAC of a parallellogramABCD whose two adjacent sides AB and AD are represented
respectively by 2î 4ˆj 5k̂ and î 2 ĵ 3k̂ is-
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 7
Sol. AC = AB + AD D C
= 3î 6 ĵ 2k̂
i + 2j + 3k
Length of the diagonal AC = | AC | A 2i + 4j – 5k B
= 32 62 22 = 7 Ans.[D]
Q.3 If the middle points of sides BC, CA & AB of triangle ABC are respectively D,E,F then position vector
of centre of triangle DEF, when position vector of A,B, C are respectively î ˆj , ĵ k̂ , k̂ î is-
1 2
(A) ( î ˆj k̂ ) (B) ( î ˆj k̂ ) (C) 2 ( î ˆj k̂ ) (D) ( î ˆj k̂ )
3 3
Sol. The position vector of points D,E,F are respectively
î ĵ k̂ ˆj î k̂
+ k̂ , î + and + ˆj
2 2 2
So, position vector of centre of DEF
1 î ˆj k̂ ĵ î k̂ ˆ
= k̂ î j = 2 [ î ˆj k̂ ] Ans.[D]
3 2 2 2 3
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Q.4 Let position vectors of points A,B,C and D are respectively 3 î 2 ˆj k̂ , 2 î 3 ĵ 4 k̂ , î ĵ 2 k̂
and 4 î 5 ĵ k̂ . If the points are coplanar, then the value of is-
146 146
(A) – (B) (C) 0 (D) None of these
17 17
Sol. AB = î 5 ĵ 3 k̂
AC = 4 î 3 ĵ 3 k̂ and AD = î 7 ĵ ( 1) k̂
If A,B,C,D are coplanar, then vectors AB , AC and AD are coplanar, then
1 5 3
AB AC AD = 0 or 4 3 3 =0
1 7 1
146
= Ans.[A]
17
Q.6 The vector c, directed along the internal bisector of the angle between the vectors 7î 4ˆj 4k̂ and
2î ĵ 2k̂ with | c| = 5 6 is-
5 5 5
(A) î 7ˆj 2k̂ (B) ( 5î 5ˆj 2k̂ ) (C) ( î 7ˆj 2k̂ ) (D) None of these
3 3 3
Sol. Let a 7î 4ˆj 4k̂ and b 2î ˆj 2k̂
b
7 î 4ˆj 4k̂ 2î ĵ 2k̂ î 7 ĵ 2k̂ c
c = (â b̂) = =
9 3 9
a
5
c =5 6 = ± 15 c = ±
3
î 7ˆj 2k̂ Ans.[A]
Q.7 If moduli of vectors a , b, c are 3,4 and 5 respectively and a and b c , b and c a , c and a b are
perpendicular to each other, then modulus of a b c is -
(A) 5 2 (B) 2 5 (C) 50 (D) 20
Sol. a ( b c ) a . b + a .c = 0
Similarly b ( c a ) b . c + b . a = 0 and c ( a b ) c . a c . b = 0
a . b + b . c + c .a = 0
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Now | a b c |2 = | a |2 + | b|2 + | c|2 + 2( a . b b . c c . a ) = 9 + 16 + 25 = 50
| a b c | = 5 2 Ans.[A]
Q.8 If | a b | = | a b | then angle between a and b is -
(A) 60º (B) 30º (C) 90º (D) 180º
Sol. |a + b | = | a b |
| a b |2 = | a b |2
| a |2 + | b|2 + 2 a . b = | a |2 + | b|2 – 2 a . b
4 a.b = 0
a.b = 0 a b Ans.[C]
Q.9 If a, b, c are three vectors such that a b c = 0, then-
(A) a b = b c (B) b c = c a
(C) a b = b c = c a (D) None of these
Sol. a b c = 0 c = – (a b)
b c = b (a b) = b a b b = a b
Similarly c a = a b
ab = bc = ca Ans.[C]
Q.10 If î mĵ nk̂ is a unit vector which is perpendicular to vectors 2 î ˆj k̂ and 3 î 4ˆj k̂ then || is
equal to-
3 3 3
(A) – (B) (C) (D) None of these
155 155 155
Sol. Vector 2 î ˆj k̂ and 3 î 4ˆj k̂
2î ˆj k̂ (3î 4 ĵ k̂) = î (1 4) ĵ (2 3) k̂ (8 3) 3î 5 ĵ 11 k̂
| 2î ĵ k̂ (3î 4ˆj k̂ ) |
= =
9 25 121 155
3 3
| | = = Ans.[C]
155 155
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Q.11 The unit vector perpendicular to the plane passing through points P ( î ˆj 2 k̂ ), Q( 2 î k̂ ) and
R( 2 ˆj k̂ ) is-
1 1
(A) 2 î ĵ k̂ (B) 6 ( 2 î ĵ k̂ ) (C) ( ) (D) ( 2 î ĵ k̂ )
6 2 î ĵ k̂ 6
Sol. PQ = ( 2 î k̂ ) – ( î ˆj 2k̂ ) = î ĵ 3k̂
PR = ( 2 î k̂ ) – ( î ˆj 2k̂ ) = î 3 ĵ k̂
î ĵ k̂
Now PQ × PR = 1 1 3 = 8 î 4 ĵ 4 k̂ PQ PR = 64 16 16 = 4 6
1 3 1
4 (2î ˆj k̂ ) 1
reqd. unit vector = = ( ) Ans.[C]
4 6 6 2 î ĵ k̂
Q.12 The area of parallelogram whose diagonals are respectively 3î ĵ 2k̂ and î 3ˆj 4k̂ is-
(A) 5 2 (B) 5 3 (C) 2 5 (D) 3 5
1
Sol. Area of parallelogram = |a × b |
2
where a = 3î ˆj 2k̂ and b = î 3ˆj 4k̂
î ˆj k̂
now a b = 3 1 2 = 2î 14 ĵ 10 k̂
1 3 4
Area of parallelogram
1
= | 2î 14 ĵ 10 k̂ | = 1 49 25 = 5 3 Ans.[B]
2
Q.13 If î ˆj 2 k̂ , 2î ˆj k̂ and 3î ˆj 2 k̂ are position vectors of vertices of a triangle, then its area is-
(A) 26 (B) 13 (C) 2 13 (D) 13
Sol. If A,B,C are given vertices, then
AB = î 2ˆj 3 k̂ , AC = 2î
AB × AC = ( î 2ˆj 3 k̂ ) × 2î = 4 k̂ 6ˆj AB AC = 16 36 = 2 13
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VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
1
Area of ABC = AB AC = 13 Ans.[D]
2
Q.14 If A,B,C,D are any four points, then | AB CD BC AD CA BD | equals-
(A) Area of ABC (B) 2(Area of ABC)
(C) 3(Area of ABC) (D) 4 (Area of ABC)
Sol. Let a, b, c and d be position vectors of points A,B,C and D respectively, then
AB × CD = (b a ) (d c ) = b × d – b × c – a × d + a × c
Similarly
BC × AD = c × d – c × a – b × d + b × a
CA BD = a × d – a × b – c × d + c × b
Therefore given expression
= |2 ( b × a – b × c + a × c)| = 2 |( a × b + b × c + c × a )|
= 4 (Area of ABC) Ans.[D]
Q. 15 a,b,c,d are the position vectors of four coplanar points A, B, C and D respectively. If
(a d ) . ( b c) = 0 = ( b d) . ( c a ) , then for the ABC,D is-
(A) incentre (B) orthocentre (C) circumcentre (D) centroid
Sol. ( b d) . ( c a ) = 0 (a d) ( b c) AD BC
Similarly ( b d ) . ( c a ) = 0 BD AC
D is the orthocentre of ABC. Ans.[B]
Q.16 For any vector a , u = î × ( a × î ) + ˆj × ( a × ˆj ) + k̂ × ( a × k̂ ) equals-
(A) 2 a (B) – 2 a (C) a (D) – a
Sol. u = ( î . î ) a – ( î . a ) î + ( ˆj . ˆj ) a – ( ˆj . a ) ˆj + ( k̂ . k̂ ) a – ( k̂ . a ) k̂
= a – a1 î + a – a2 ˆj + a – a3 k̂ [ a = a1i + a2 ˆj + a3 k̂ (say)]
u = 3a – a = 2a Ans.[A]
Q.17 Let a = 2î ˆj k̂ , b = î 2ˆj k̂ and c = î ˆj = 2 k̂ be three vectors. A vector in the plane of b
and c whose projection on a is 2 / 3 will be-
(A) 2 î 3ˆj 3 k̂ (B) 2 î 3ˆj 3 k̂ (C) 2 î ĵ 5 k̂ (D) 2 î ˆj 5 k̂
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Sol. Let the required vector r = b t c
r = (1 + t) î + (2 + t) ˆj – (1 + 2t) k̂
Also projection of r on a = 2 / 3
r. a 2 (1 t ) 2 t 1 2 t 2
= 2 / 3 = –t–1=2 t=–3
|a | 6 3
r = 2î ˆj 5 k̂ Ans.[C]
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SECTION-A [FUNDAMENTAL]
VECTORS
Q.1 Find the value of so that the vectors a 2î ĵ k̂ and b î 2 ĵ 3k̂ are perpendicular to each
other.
Q.2 If a + b + c = 0 and | a | 3 , | b | 5 and | c | 7 , show that the angle between a and b is 60º.
Q.3 Find the angle between the vector a î ˆj k̂ and b î ˆj k̂ .
Q.4 Write the value of p for which a 3î 2 ĵ 9k̂ and b î pˆj 3k̂ are parallel vector..
Q.5 Find the value of p, if ( 2î 6 ĵ 27 k̂ ) × ( î 3ˆj pk̂ ) = 0 .
Q.6 If a , b, c are three vectors such that a . b a . c and a b a c , a 0 , then show that b c .
Q.7 Write a vector of magnitude 15 units in the direction of vector i 2ˆj 2k̂ .
Q.8 What is the cosine of theangle which the vector 2 î ĵ k̂ makes with y-axis?
Q.9 Let a î ĵ , b 3ˆj k̂ and c 7î k̂ . Find a vector d which isperpendicular to both a and b and
c.d =1.
Q.10 Find the projection of the vector î ˆj on the vector î ˆj .
Q.11 What are the direction cosines of a line, which makesequal angles with the co-ordinate axes ?
Q.12 Find a unit vector perpendicular to each of the vectors a b and a b , where a 3î 2ˆj 2k̂ and
b î 2 ĵ 2k̂ .
Q.13 Write the value of î ˆj · k̂ î · ĵ .
Q.14 Let a î 4ˆj 2k̂ , b 3î 2ˆj 7k̂ and c 2î ˆj 4k̂ . Find a vector p which is perpendicular to
both a and b and p · c = 18.
Q.15 Find | x | , if for a unit vector a , ( x a ) · ( x a ) = 15.
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Q.16 L and M are two points with position vectors 2a b and a 2b respectively. Write the position vector
of a point N which divides the line segment LM in the ratio 2 : 1 externally.
Q.17 Find the value of ‘p’ for which the vectors 3iˆ 2ˆj 9kˆ and ˆi 2pjˆ 3kˆ are parallel.
ˆ b ˆi 2jˆ kˆ and c 3iˆ ˆj 2kˆ
Q.18 Find a.(b c) , if a 2iˆ ˆj 3k,
Q.19 Show that the four points A, B, C and D with position vectors 4iˆ 5jˆ k,
ˆ ˆj k,3
ˆ ˆi 9 ˆj 4 kˆ and
4( ˆi ˆj k)
ˆ respectively are coplanar..
Q.20 The scalar product of the vector a ˆi ˆj kˆ with a unit vector along the sum of vectors
b 2iˆ 4ˆj 5kˆ and c ˆi 2ˆj 3kˆ is equal to one. Find the value of and hence find the unit vector
along b c
Q.21 Find a vector of magnitude 171 which is perpendicular to both of the vectors a ˆi 2ˆj 3kˆ
and b 3iˆ ˆj 2kˆ .
Q.22 Find and if
î 3 ĵ 9k̂ 3î ĵ k̂ 0
Q.23 If a 4î ˆj k̂ and b 2 î 2 ĵ k̂ , then find a unit vector parallel to the vector a b .
Q.24 Show that the points A, B, C with position vectors 2î ˆj k̂ , î 3 ĵ 5k̂ and 3î 4ˆj 4k̂ respectively,,
are the vertices of a right-angled triangle. Hence find the area of the triangle.
Q.25 If a 2î ˆj 2k̂ and b 7 î 2 ĵ 3k̂ , then express b in the form of b b1 b 2 ,
where b1 is parallel to a and b2 is perpendicular to a.
Q.26 Find | a b | , if a î 7 ĵ 7 k̂ and b 3î 2ˆj 2k̂ .
Q.27 Writetheposition vector of apoint dividing theline segment joining pointsA and B with positionvectors
a and b externally in the ratio 1 : 4 where a 2î 3ˆj 4k̂ and b î ˆj k̂ .
Q.28 Write thevalue of î.(ˆj k̂ ) ĵ.( k̂ î ) k̂.( ĵ î ) .
Q.29 Let a , b and c be three vectors such that | a | 3 , | b | 4 , | c | 5 and each one of them being
perpendicular to thesum of the other two, find | a b c | .
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Q.30 Threevectors a , b and c satisfy thecondition a b c 0 . Evaluatethequantity = a . b b . c c . a ,
if | a | 1 , | b | 4 and | c | 2 .
Q.31 Find the area of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides are determined by the vectors a î ˆj 3k̂
and b 2î 7ˆj k̂ .
Q.32 In a regular hexagon ABCDEF, if AB a and BC b then express CD , DE , EF , FA , AC , AD ,
AE and CE in terms of a and b .
Q.33 Show that the pointsA ( 2î 3 ĵ 5k̂ ) , B ( î 2ˆj 3k̂ ) and C (7î k̂ ) are collinear..
1
Q.34 If a and b are unit vectors and is the angle between them, then prove that cos = | a b |.
2 2
Q.35 Find the volume of the parallelopiped whose adjacent sides are represented by a , b and c where
a 3î 2ˆj 5k̂ , b 2î 2 ĵ k̂ , c 4î 3 ĵ 2k̂ .
Q.36 If the position vectors of three consecutive vertices of any parallelogram are respectively
î ˆj k̂ , î 3 ĵ 5k̂ , 7î 9 ĵ 11 k̂ then, find the position vector of its fourth vertex.
xy 2
Q.37 ˆ ˆ
If a x î 2 j 5k̂ and b î yj zk̂ are linearly dependent, then find the value of .
z
Q.38 If a & b are non collinear vectors such that , p ( x 4 y )a ( 2 x y 1) b &
q ( y 2 x 2) a ( 2 x 3y 1) b , find x & y such that 3p 2q .
Q.39 a , b, c are three non zero vectors no two of them are parallel. If a b is collinear to c and b c is
collinear to a, then a b c is equal to
Q.40 Determine vector of magnitude 9 which is perpendicular to both the vectors:
4î ĵ 3k̂ & 2î ˆj 2k̂
Q.41 A triangle has vertices (1, 1, 1) ; (2, 2, 2), (1, 1, y) and has the area equal to csc 4 sq. units. Find the
value of y.
Q.42 Vector V is perpendicular to the plane of vectors a 2î 3ˆj k̂ and b î 2 ĵ 3k̂ and satisfies the
condition V · ( î 2 ĵ 7 k̂ ) = 10. Find | V |2 .
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THREE DIMENSION GEOMETRY
x 1 3y 5 3 z
Q.43 Find the angle between the line and the plane 10x + 2y – 11z = 3.
2 9 6
Q.44 Find the direction cosines of the linepassing through two points (–2, 4, –5) and (1, 2, 3).
Q.45 Find theanglebetween the pair of linesgiven by
r 3î 2 ĵ 4k̂ ( î 2ˆj 2k̂ ) and r 5î 2ˆj (3î 2 ĵ 6k̂ ) .
Q.46 Writethevector equation of thefollowing line.
x 5 y4 6z
= =
3 7 2
Q.47 Find the coordinatesof the point wherethe line through thepointsA (3, 4, 1) and B (5, 1, 6) crosses the
XY-plane.
3 x y 4 2z 6
Q.48 If the cartesian equations of a line are , write the vector equation for the line.
5 7 4
Q.49 Find the angle between the lines 2x = 3y = –z and 6x = – y = –4z.
Q.50 Write the sum of intercepts cut off by the plane r · 2î ˆj k̂ – 5 = 0 on the three axes.
Q.51 Show that the four points A (4, 5, 1), B (0, –1, –1), C (3, 9, 4) and D (–4, 4, 4) are coplanar.
Q.52 If thex-coordinate of a point P on the join of Q(2, 2, 1) and R(5, 1, –2) is 4, then find its z-coordinate.
Q.53 Find the equation of the plane passing through the intersection of the planes, 3x – y + 2z – 4 = 0 and
x + y + z – 2 = 0 and the point (2, 2, 1).
Q.54 If the point (1, 1, P) and (–3, 0, 1) be equidistant from the plane
r .(3î 4 ĵ 12k̂ ) + 13 = 0, then find the value of P.
Q.55 Find thevector equation of theplane passing through the intersection of theplanes r .( î ĵ k̂ ) 6 and
r .( 2î 3 ĵ 4k̂ ) 5 , and the point (1, 1, 1).
Q.56 Show that theline r ( 2î 2 ĵ 3k̂ ) ( î ˆj 4k̂ ) is parallel to the plane r ·( î 5 ĵ k̂ ) 5 . Also, find
the distancebetween them.
Q.57 The equation of the plane which has the property that the point Q (5, 4, 5) is the reflection of
point P (1, 2, 3) through that plane, is ax + by + cz = d where a, b, c, d N.
Find the least value of (a + b + c + d).
Q.58 Let P = (1, 0, – 1) ; Q = (1, 1, 1) and R = (2, 1, 3) are three points.
(i) Find the area of the triangle having P, Q and R as its vertices.
(ii) Give the equation of the plane through P, Q and R in the form ax + by + cz = 1.
(iii) Where does the plane in part (b) intersect the y-axis.
(iv) Give parametric equations for the line through R that is perpendicular to the plane in part (b).
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SECTION-B [JEE (MAIN)]
VECTOR
Q.1 The position vector of a point C with respect to B is î ˆj and that of B with respect to A is î ˆj .
The position vector of C with respect to A is- [3011711878]
(A) 2 î (B) – 2 î (C) 2 ˆj (D) – 2 ˆj
Q.2 If D,E,F are mid points of sides BC, CA, and AB respectively of a triangle ABC, and
î ˆj , ĵ k̂ , k̂ î are p.v. of points A,B and C respectively, then p.v. of centroid of DEF is-
î ĵ k̂ 2(î ˆj k̂ )
(A) (B) î ˆj k̂ (C) 2 ( î ˆj k̂ ) (D)
3 3
[3011711929]
Q.3 If D,E and F are midpoints of sides BC, CA and AB of a triangle ABC, then AD + BE + CF is equal
to-
(A) 0 (B) 2 BC (C) 2 AB (D) 2 CA [3011711980]
Q.4 If a line makes angle with the co-ordinate axis then cos2 + cos2 + cos 2equals to–
(A) –2 (B) –1 (C) 1 (D) 2 [3011712031]
Q.5 If E is the intersection point of diagonals of parallelogram ABCD and
OA OB OC OD x OE then x is equal to (where O represents origin)-
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6 [3011712082]
Q.6 Let p is the p.v. of the orthocentre & g is the p.v. of the centroid of the triangle ABC where
circumcentre is the origin. If p = K g , then K =
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1/3 (D) 2/3 [3011711765]
Q.7 A vector a has components 2p & 1 with respect to a rectangular cartesian system. The system is
rotated through a certain angle about the origin in the counterclockwise sense. If with respect to
the new system, a has components p + 1 & 1 then ,
(A) p = 0 (B) p = 1 or p = 1/3
(C) p = 1 or p = 1/3 (D) p = 1 or p = 1 [3011711816]
Q.8 The position vector of the points A and B are a and b respectively. If P divides AB is the ratio 3:
1 and Q is the mid point of AP, then the position vector of Q is- [3011711867]
ab a b 5a 3b 5a 3b
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 8 8
77
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
Q.9 If A = (x + 1) a + (2y – 3) b and B = 5 a – 2 b are two vectors such that 2 A = 3 B , & a , b are
non collinear vectors then- [3011711918]
(A) x = 13/2, y = 0 (B) x = 0, y = 3 (C) x = –13/2, y = 0 (D) None of these
Q.10 If the points P,Q,R,S are respectively î k̂ , î 2ˆj , 2î 3k̂ and 3î 2ˆj k̂ , then projection of
PQ on RS is- [3011711969]
(A) 4/3 (B) – 4/3 (C) 3/4 (D) –3/4
Q.11 Two vectors p , q on a plane satisfy p q 13 , p q 1 and p 3 .
The angle between p and q , is equal to [3011712020]
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 4 3 2
Q.12 The set of values of c for which the angle between the vectors cx i 6 j 3k & x i 2 j 2 cx k is
acute for every x R is [3011712071]
(A) (0, 4/3) (B) [0, 4/3] (C) (11/9, 4/3) (D) [0, 4/3)
Q.13 Let u, v, w be such that u 1, v 2, w 3 . If the projection of v along u is equal to that
of w along u and vectors v , w are perpendicular to each other then u v w equals
(A) 2 (B) 7 (C) 14 (D) 14 [3011712154]
Q.14 If p & s are not perpendicular to each other and r x p qx p & r . s = 0, then r = [3011712205]
q . p q . s
(A) p . s (B) q p (C) q p (D) q p for all scalars
p . s p . s
Q.15 Let a a1 i a2 j a3 k ; b b1 i b2 j b3 k ; c c1 i c2 j c3 k be three non-zero vectors such
that c is a unit vector perpendicular to both a & b . If the angle between a & b is then
6
2
a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2 =
a3 b3 c3
(A) 0 (B) 1 [3011712103]
1 3
(C) (a 2 + a22 + a32) (b12 + b22 + b32) (D) (a 2 + a22 + a32) (b12 + b22 + b32) (c12 + c22 + c32)
4 1 4 1
78
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
Q.16 If the volume of the tetrahedron with edges î ˆj k̂ , î aĵ k̂ and î 2ˆj k̂ is 6 cubic units, then
a is-
(A) 1 (B) – 1 (C) 2 (D) – 17 [3011712307]
Q.17 If a , b, c be any three unit vectors such that 3a 4b 5c = 0, then- [3011712256]
(A) a || b (B) b || c (C) a b (D) None of these
Q.18 If a , b, c be any three unit vectors such that a and b are perpendicular to each other and
2a 3b c , then value of is- [3011712358]
(A) 1 (B) 5 (C) 13 (D) 13
Q.19 If a , b, c are three non-zero vectors such that a + b + c= 0 and m = a b + b c+ c a , then
(A) m < 0 (B) m > 0 (C) m = 0 (D) m = 3 [3011712112]
Q.20 Let AB 3î ˆj , AC 2î 3 ĵ and DE 4î 2 ĵ . A
The area of the shaded region in the adjacent figure, is D
(A) 5 (B) 6
(C) 7 (D) 8 [3011712409]
E
B C
Q.21 The altitude of a parallelopiped whose three coterminous edges are the vectors, A î ˆj k̂ ;
B 2î 4 ĵ k̂ & C î ĵ 3k̂ with A and B as the sides of the base of the parallelopiped, is
(A) 2 19 (B) 4 19 (C) 2 38 19 (D) none [3011712163]
Q.22 Position vectors of the four angular points of a tetrahedron ABCD are A(3, – 2, 1); B(3, 1, 5);
C(4, 0, 3) and D(1, 0, 0). Acute angle between the plane faces ADC and ABC is [3011712265]
(A) tan–1 5 2 (B) cos–1 2 5 (C) cosec–1 5 2 (D) cot–1 3 2
Q.23 a , b and c be three vectors having magnitudes 1, 1 and 2 respectively. If
a × ( a × c ) + b = 0, then the acute angle between a & c is [3011712367]
(A) /6 (B) /4 (C) /3 (D) 5 12
Q.24 A vector of magnitude 5 5 coplanar with vectors î 2 ĵ & ĵ 2k̂ and the perpendicular vector 2î ĵ 2k̂
is
(A) ± 5 5î 6ˆj 8k̂ (B) ±
5 5î 6ˆj8k̂ [3011712316]
(C) ± 5 5 5î 6ˆj 8k̂
(D) ± 5î 6ˆj8k̂
Q.25 ( a + 2 b– c) {( a – b) × ( a – b– c)} is equal to [3011712418]
(A) [ a b c] (B) 2[ a b c] (C) 3[ a b c] (D) 0
79
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
3-DIMENSIONAL G E O M E T RY
Q.1 The equation of the plane which is parallel to the plane x – 2y + 2z = 5 and whose distance from
the point (1, 2, 3) is 1, is [3011712322]
(A) x – 2y + 2z = 3 (B) x – 2y + 2z + 3 = 0
(C) x – 2y + 2z = 6 (D) x – 2y + 2z + 6 = 0
Q.2 The intercept made by the plane r . n q on the x-axis is [3011712373]
q
î . n q
(A)
î . n
(B)
q
(C) î . n q (D) | n |
Q.3 If the plane 2x – 3y + 6z – 11 = 0 makes an angle sin–1(k) with x-axis, then k is equal to
(A) 3 2 (B) 2/7 (C) 2 3 (D) 1 [3011712424]
Q.4 A variable plane forms a tetrahedron of constant volume 64 K3 with the coordinate planes and the
origin, then locus of the centroid of the tetrahedron is [3011712128]
3 3 3
(A) x + y + z = 6K 3 (B) xyz = 6k3
(C) x2 + y2 + z2 = 4K2 (D) x–2 + y–2 + z–2 = 4K–2
Q.5 Which of the following planes are parallel but not identical? [3011712179]
P1 : 4x – 2y + 6z = 3
P2 : 4x – 2y – 2z = 6
P3 : –6x + 3y – 9z = 5
P4 : 2x – y – z = 3
(A) P2 & P3 (B) P2 & P4 (C) P1 & P3 (D) P1 & P4
x 2 y 9 z 13 x a y7 z2
Q.6 The value of 'a' for which the lines = and intersect, is
1 2 3 1 2 3
(A) – 5 (B) – 2 (C) 5 (D) – 3
[3011711239]
x 1 y 2 z 3
Q.7 For the line , which one of the following is incorrect? [3011712230]
1 2 3
(A) it lies in the plane x – 2y + z = 0
x y z
(B) it is same as line
1 2 3
(C) it passes through (2, 3, 5)
(D) it is parallel to the plane x – 2y + z – 6 = 0
80
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
Q.8 Given planes
P1 : cy + bz = x
P2 : az + cx = y
P3 : bx + ay = z
P1, P2 and P3 pass through one line, if [3011712332]
(A) a2 + b2 + c2 = ab + bc + ca (B) a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc = 1
(C) a2 + b2 + c2 = 1 (D) a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca + 2abc = 1
Q.9 The plane ax + by + cz = 1 meets the co-ordinate axes in A, B and C. The centroid of the triangle
is
a b c 3 3 3 1 1 1
(A) (3a, 3b, 3c) (B) , , (C) , , (D) , ,
3 3 3 a b c 3a 3b 3c
[3011712281]
Q.10 The equation of the plane passing through the point (–1, 3, 2) and perpendicular to each of the
planes x + 2y + 3z = 5 and 3x + 3y + z = 0, is -
(A) 7x – 8y + 3z – 25 = 0 (B) 7x – 8y + 3z + 25 = 0
(C) –7x + 8y – 3z + 5 = 0 (D) 7x – 8y – 3z + 5 = 0 [3011712340]
Q.11 The equation of the plane through intersection of planes x + 2y + 3z = 4 and 2x + y – z = – 5 and
perpendicular to the plane 5x + 3y + 6z + 8 = 0 is
(A) 7x – 2y + 3z + 81 = 0 (B) 23x + 14y – 9z + 48 = 0
(C) 51x + 15y – 50z + 173 = 0 (D) None of these [3011712289]
Q.12 The equation of the plane passing through the line of intersection of the planes
x + y + z = 1 and 2x + 3y – z + 4 = 0 and parallel to x-axis is - [3011712238]
(A) y – 3z – 6 = 0 (B) y – 3z + 6 = 0 (C) y – z – 1 = 0 (D) y – z + 1 = 0
Q.13 Image point of (1, 3, 4) in the plane 2x – y + z + 3 = 0 is - [3011712187]
(A) (–3, 5, 2) (B) (3, 5, – 2) (C) (3, – 5, 3) (D) none of these
Q.14 The graph of the equation x2 + y2 = 0 in three dimensional space is - [3011712136]
(A) x-axis (B) y-axis (C) z-axis (D) xy-plane
1 1 1
Q.15 If the direction cosines of a line are , , , then - [3011712283]
c c c
(A) c > 0 (B) c = 3 (C) 0 < c < 1 (D) c > 2
81
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
Q.16 The equations of the line passing through the point (1, 2, –4) and perpendicular to the two lines
x 8 y 19 z 10 x 15 y 29 z 5
and will be [3011712434]
3 16 7 3 8 5
x 1 y 2 z 4 x 1 y 2 z 4
(A) (B)
2 3 6 2 3 8
x 1 y 2 z 4
(C) (D) None of these
3 2 8
Q.17 Equation of the plane through (3, 4, –1) which is parallel to the plane r . ( 2î 3ˆj 5k̂ ) + 7 = 0 is
[3011712391]
(A) r . ( 2î 3ˆj 5k̂ ) + 11 = 0 (B) r . (3î 4 ĵ k̂ ) + 11 = 0
(C) r . (3î 4 ĵ k̂ ) + 7 = 0 (D) r . ( 2î 3ˆj 5k̂ ) –7 = 0
Q.18 Equation of the plane containing the lines. r = î 2ˆj k̂ ( î 2ˆj k̂ ) and r = î 2ˆj k̂ ( î ˆj 3k̂ )
is
[3011712442]
(A) r . (7 î 4 ĵ k̂ ) = 0 (B) 7(x – 1) – 4(y – 1) – (z + 3) = 0
(C) r . ( î 2 ĵ k̂ ) = 0 (D) r . ( î ˆj 3k̂ ) = 0
x 3 y 5 z 1
Q.19 If the line = = is parallel to the plane 6x + 8y + 2z – 4 = 0, then k
2 k 2k
(A) 1 (B) –1 [3011712142]
(C) 2 (D) 3
Q.20 If x & y are two non collinear vectors and a, b, c represent the sides of a ABC satisfying
(a b) x + (b c) y + (c a) x y = 0 then ABC is [3011712244]
(A) an acute angle triangle (B) an obtuse angle triangle
(C) a right angle triangle (D) a scalene triangle
82
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
[JEE ADVANCED]
VECTOR
[ SINGLE CORRECT CHOICE T Y PE]
Q.1 Consider ABC with A (a ) ; B ( b) & C ( c) . If b . (a c) = b . b a . c ; b a = 3;
c b =4thentheanglebetweenthemedians A M & BD is [3011712214]
1 1
(A) cos1 (B) cos1
5 13 13 5
1 1
(C) cos1
(D) cos1
5 13 13 5
Q.2
Let r a b sin x b c cos y 2 c a , where a , b, c are non-zero and non-coplanar vectors.
20
If r is orthogonal to a b c , then the minimum value of 2 (x2 + y2), is [3011711032]
(A) 20 (B) 25 (C) 30 (D) 35
Q.3
Let O be an interior point of ABC such that 2 O A 5 O B 10 O C 0 . If the ratio of the area of
ABC to the area of AOC is t, where 'O' is the origin. The value of [t], is
(Where [ ] denotes greatest integer function.) [3011711419]
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
Q.4 If a and b are two vectors such that | a | 1 , | b | 4 , a · b 2 . If c ( 2a b) 3b then the angle
between b and c , is [3011710930]
2 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 3 3 6
Q.5 The minimum area of the triangle whose vertices are A(–1, 1, 2); B(1, 2, 3) and C(t, 1, 1)
where t is a real number, is [3011710879]
1 1 1 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 3 2
Q.6 Points X & Y are taken on the sides QR & RS , respectively of a parallelogram PQRS, so that
QX 4 XR & RY 4 YS . The line XY cuts the line PR at Z . If PZ k PR then k is equal to.
[3011710861]
20 21 22 23
(A) (B) (C) (D)
27 25 23 20
83
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
Q.7 The three vectors î ˆj , ĵ k̂ , k̂ î taken two at a time form three planes. The three unit vectors drawn
perpendicular to these three planes form a parallelopiped of volume : [3011712193]
(A) 1/3 (B) 4 (C) 3 3 4 (D) 4 3 3
Q.8 In a ABC, the side length BC, CA and AB are consecutive positive integers in increasing order. Let
a , b and c be the position vectors of vertices A, B and C respectively. If ( c a ) · ( b c ) = 0, then
the value of a b b c c a is equal to
(A) 3 (B) 6 (C) 12 (D) 24
[PARAGRAPH TYPE]
Paragraph for questions nos. 9 to 11
Consider three vectors p î ˆj k̂ , q 2î 4 ĵ k̂ and r î ˆj 3k̂ and let s be a unit vector, then
[3011712295]
Q.9 p, q and r are
(A) linearly dependent
(B) can form the sides of a possible triangle
(C) such that the vectors (q r ) is orthogonal to p
(D) such that each one of these can be expressed as a linear combination of the other two
Q.10 if ( p q ) × r = up vq w r , then (u + v + w) equals to
(A) 8 (B) 2 (C) – 2 (D) 4
Q.11 The magnitude of the vector ( p · s )(q r ) + (q · s )( r p) + ( r · s )( p q) is
(A) 4 (B) 8 (C) 18 (D) 2
Paragraph for question nos. 12 to 14
Let a = b = 2 and c = 1. Also (a c) · ( b c) = 0 [3011712397]
2
Q.12 a b 2c · (a b) has the value equal to
(A) 12 (B) 10 (C) 8 (D) 6
2
Q.13 a bc equals
(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 7 (D) 8
Q.14 Difference between of the maximum and minimum value of a b is equal to
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 1
84
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
[ REASONING T Y PE]
Q.15 Consider three vectors a , b and c
Statement-1: a b ( î a ) · b î (ˆj a ) · b ĵ ( k̂ a ) · b k̂
Statement-2: c ( î · c ) î (ˆj· c) ĵ ( k̂ · c) k̂
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true. [3011712171]
Q.16 Statement-1: Let the vector a î ĵ k̂ be vertical. The line of greatest slope on a plane with
normal b 2î ˆj k̂ is along the vector î 4ˆj 2k̂ .
Statement-2: If a is vertical, then the line of greatest slope on a plane with normal b is along the
vector (a b) b .
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true. [3011712222]
[MULTIPLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE]
Q.17 Given the following information about the non zero vectors A, B and C
(i) ( A B) A 0 (ii) B· B 4
(iii) A · B 6 (iv) B· C 6
Which one of the following holds good? [3011712273]
(A) A B 0 (B) A · ( B C) 0 (C) A · A 8 (D) A · C 9
Q.18 Let a and b be two non-zero and non-collinear vectors then which of the following is/are always
correct?
(A) a b = a b î î + a b ˆj ĵ + a b k̂ k̂
(B) a · b = (a · î ) ( b · î ) + (a · ĵ) ( b · ĵ) + (a · k̂ ) ( b · k̂ )
(C) if u = â (â · b̂) b̂ and v â b̂ then | u || v |
(D) if c a (a b) and d b (a b) then c d 0 . [3011712375]
Q.19 L et O be an interior point of ABC such that OA 2OB 3OC 0 and areas of ABC, AOB,
1
BOC and AOC are denoted by 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively then is
min . ( 2 , 3 , 4 )
divisible by
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 6
85
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
[ MAT RIX T YPE]
Q.20 If A(0, 1, 0), B (0, 0, 0), C(1, 0, 1) are the vertices of a ABC. Match the entries of column-I with column-II.
Column-I Column-II
2
(A) Orthocentre of ABC. (P)
2
3
(B) Circumcentre of ABC. (Q)
2
3
(C) Area (ABC). (R)
3
3
(D) Distance between orthocentre and centroid. (S)
6
(E) Distance between orthocentre and circumcentre. (T) (0, 0, 0)
1 1 1
(F) Distance between circumcentre and centroid. (U) , ,
2 2 2
1 1 1
(G) Incentre of ABC. (V) , ,
3 3 3
1 2 1
(H) Centroid of ABC (W) , ,
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
[3011712426]
Q.21 Column I Column II
(A) P is point in the plane of the triangle ABC. pv’s of A, B and C are (P) centroid
a , b and c respectively with respect to P as the origin.
If b c · b c = 0 and c a · c a = 0, then w.r.t. the (Q) orthocentre
triangle ABC, P is its
(B) If a , b, c are the position vectors of the three non collinear (R) Incentre
points A, B and C respectively such that the vector
V P A P B P C is a null vector then w.r.t.
the ABC, P is its
(C) If P is a point inside the ABC such that the vector (S) circumcentre
R (BC)(P A ) (CA )(P B) (AB)(P C) is a null vector then
w.r.t. the ABC, P is its
(D) If P is a point in the plane of the triangle ABC such that the
scalar product P A · C B and P B · A C vanishes, then w.r.t.
the ABC, P is its [3011712126]
86
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
Q.22 Column-I Column-II
(A) Centre of the parallelopiped whose 3 coterminous edges (P)
abc
OA, OB and OC have position vectors a, b and c
respectively where O is the origin, is
a bc
(B) OABC is a tetrahedron where O is the origin. Positions vectors (Q)
2
of its angular points A, B and C are a, b and c respectively..
Segments joining each vertex with the centroid of the opposite
face are concurrent at a point P whose p.v.'s are
a bc
(C) Let ABC be a triangle the position vectors of its angular points (R)
3
are a , b and c respectively. If a b b c c a then
the p.v. of the orthocentre of the triangle is
a bc
(D) Let a , b, c be 3 mutually perpendicular vectors of the same (S)
4
magnitude. If an unknown vectors x satisfies the equation
a x b a b x c b c x a c 0 .
Then x is given by
(E) ABC is a triangle whose centroid is G, orthocentre is H and circumcentre
is the orign. If position vectos of A, B, C, G and H are a , b, c, g and h
respectively, then h in terms of a , b and c is equal to [3011712228]
[ INT EGER T YPE]
Q.23 Let V1 and V2 are two vectors such that
V1 = 2(sin + cos ) î ĵ and V2 = sin î + cos ˆj where and satisfy the relation 2(sin +
cos )sin = 3 – cos , find the value of (3 tan2 + 4 tan2). [3011710912]
Q.24 Let P and Q are two points in xy-plane on the curve y = x7 – 2x5 + 5x3 + 8x + 5 such that
OP . î = 2 and OQ . î = – 2 and the magnitude of the vector OP OQ = 2M, (where O is origin)
then find the value of M. [3011710963]
Q.25 Given three points on the xy plane on O(0, 0), A(1, 0) and B(–1, 0). Point P is moving on the plane
satisfying the condition P A · P B + 3 O A · O B = 0 [3011710726]
If the maximum and minimum values of P A P B are M and m respectively then find the value of M2 + m2.
87
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
Q.26 Given a tetrahedron D-ABC with AB = 12 , CD = 6. If the shortest distance between the skew lines
AB and CD is 8 and the angle between them is , then find the volume of tetrahedron.
6
[3011710777]
Q.27 Let ( p q) r (q · r ) q ( x 2 y 2 )q (14 4x 6 y)p and ( r · r ) p r where p and q are
two non-zero non-collinear vectors and x and y are scalars. Find the value of (x + y).
[3011710828]
Q.28 Let OA = a ; OB = 100 a 2 b and OC = b where O, A, and C are non collinear points. Let P
denotes the area of the parallelogram with OA and OC as adjacent sides and Q denotes the area of the
quadrilateral OABC. If Q = P. Find the value of . [3011710736]
Q.29 In ABC, a point P is chosen on side A B so that AP : PB = 1 : 4 and a point Q is chosen on the side
MC
B C so that CQ : QB = 1 : 3. Segment C P and A Q intersect at M. If the ratio PC is expressed as a
a
rational number in the lowest term as , find (a + b). [3011711041]
b
Q.30 Given f 2(x) + g2(x) + h2(x) 9 and U(x) = 3 f (x) + 4 g (x) + 10 h(x),where f (x), g (x) and h (x) are
continuous x R. If maximum value of U(x) is N , then find N. [3011711470]
2
Q.31 Let two non-collinear vectors a and b inclined at an angle be such that | a | 3 and | b | 4 .
3
A point P moves so that at any time t the position vector OP (where O is the origin) is given as
OP = (et + e–t) a + (et – e–t) b . If the least distance of P from origin is 2 a b
where a, b N then find the value of (a + b). [3011711572]
Q.32 If x , y are two non-zero and non-collinear vectors satisfying [3011711725]
[(a – 2)2 + (b – 3) + c] x + [(a – 2)2 + (b – 3) + c] y + [(a – 2)2 + (b – 3) + c] (x y) = 0
where , , are three distinct real numbers, then find the value of (a2 + b2 + c2).
[ SUBJECT IVE T YPE]
Q.33 Find the scalars & if ax (bx c) (a. b) b ( 4 2 sin ) b ( 2 1) c & ( c. c) a c while b & c
are non zero non collinear vectors. [3011711623]
Q.34 The position vectors of the points A, B, C are respectively (1, 1, 1) ; (1, 1, 2); (0, 2, 1). Find a unit
vector parallel to the plane determined by ABC & perpendicular to the vector (1, 0, 1) .
[3011711040]
Q.35 Given that a,b,p,q are four vectors such that a b p , b .q 0 & ( b ) 2 1 , where µ is a scalar then
prove that ( a .q ) p ( p .q ) a p .q . [3011710981]
88
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
3 - D I M E N S I O N A L G E O M E T RY
[ SINGLE CORRECT CHOICE T Y PE]
Q.1 Equation of the line in the plane x + 3y – z = 9, which is perpendicular to the line
r î ˆj k̂ 2î ˆj k̂ and passing through a point where the plane P meets the given line, is
x 3 y2 z x 3 y2 z
(A) (B)
2 1 5 2 1 5
x 3 y2 z x 3 y2 z
(C) (D)
5 1 2 1 5 2
1 t
Q.2 The distance between the line x= 2 + t, y = 1 + t, z = – and the plane r · ( î 2ˆj 6k̂ ) 10 , is
2 2
1 1 1 9
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 41 7 41
b
Q.3 If the lines x = 1 + a, y = –3 – a, z = 1 + a and x = , y = 1 + b, z = 2 – b are coplanar,,
2
then is equal to
(A) –3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) –2
Q.4 If the equation of the plane passing through (1, 2, 0) and which contains the line
x 3 y 1 z2
= = is 6x + y + z = k, then the value of (2 – 5 – k) equals
3 4 2
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6
x 1 y 1 z 10
Q.5 Consider line L = = . Point P(1, 0, 0) and Q are such that PQ is perpendicular to
2 3 8
line L and the mid-point of PQ lies on the line L then Q is
(A) (3, –4, –2) (B) (5, –8, –4) (C) (1, –1, –10) (D) (2, –3, 8)
Q.6 The value of m for which straight line 3x – 2y + z + 3 = 0 = 4x – 3y + 4z + 1 is parallel to the plane
2x – y + mz – 2 = 0 is
(A) – 2 (B) 8 (C) 11 (D) – 18
Q.7 Let OA, OB, OC be coterminous edges of a cube. If l, m, n be the shortest distance between the sides
OA, OB, OC and their respective skew body diagonals to them respectively then
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 : 2
is equal to
l m n OA OB OC 2
2
1 1
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) (D)
2 3
Q.8 The distance of the z-axis from the image of the point M (2, –3, 3) in the plane x – 2y – z + 1 = 0, is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 2 (D) 4
89
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
[ PARAGRAPH T Y PE]
Paragraph for question nos. 9 and 10
Consider a plane
x + y – z = 1 and the point A(1, 2, –3)
A line L has the equation
x = 1 + 3r
y=2–r
z = 3 + 4r [3011712346]
Q.9 The co-ordinate of a point B of line L, such that AB is parallel to the plane, is
(A) 10, –1, 15 (B) –5, 4, –5 (C) 4, 1, 7 (D) –8, 5, –9
Q.10 Equation of the plane containing the line L and the point A has the equation
(A) x – 3y + 5 = 0 (B) x + 3y – 7 = 0 (C) 3x – y – 1 = 0 (D) 3x + y – 5 = 0
Paragraph for question nos. 11 to 13
Consider a plane P passing through the point (1, 1, 1) and perpendicular to the vector î ˆj k̂ .
If A (1, 2, 3) and B (3, 1, 2) are any two points in space, then
Q.11 If the coordinates of point C on plane P such that AC + BC is minimum are (, , ), then value of ( +
+ ) equals
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
Q.12 Image of AB in plane P is
x 1 y z 1 x 1 y z 1
(A) (B)
2 1 1 2 1 1
x 1 y z 3 x 1 y 3 z 1
(C) (D)
2 1 1 2 1 1
Q.13 Coordinates of point D on plane P such that | AD – BD | is minimum are (k1, k2, k3), then the value of
(k1 + k2 + k3) equals
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
Paragraph for question nos. 14 to 16
Let A(1, –2, 3) and B(5, 4, 7) be two points. If P is a point situated such that it is at minimum possible
distance from both the points A and B.
Q.14 Equation of plane passing through P and perpendicular to line joining A and B will be
(A) 4x + 6y + 4z = 7 (B) 2x + 3y + 2z = 19
(C) 2x – 3y + 2z = 19 (D) 4x – 6y – 4z = 17
1
V 3
Q.15 If volume of tetrahedron formed by above plane with coordinate planes is V and = k, then
3
[k] is equal to
[Note: [k] denotes greatest integer function less than or equal to k.]
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
Q.16 Distance of point O(0, 0, 0) from the line joining A and B, measured perpendicular to the plane
3x + y + 5z = 10 will be
(A) 5 (B) 15 (C) 2 5 (D) 35
90
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
[ REASONING T Y PE]
x 4 y 5 z 1 x 2 y 1 z
Q.17 Given lines and
2 4 3 1 3 2
Statement-1: The lines intersect.
Statement-2: They are not parallel.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true. [3011712120]
[ M ULT IPL E CORRECT CHOICE T YPE]
Q.18 Consider the family of planes x + y + z = c where c is a parameter intersecting the coordinate axes at P,
Q, R and , , are the angles made by each member of this family with positive x, y and z axis. Which
of the following interpretations hold good for this family.
(A) each member of this family is equally inclined with the coordinate axes.
(B) sin2 + sin2 + sin2 = 1
(C) cos2 + cos2 + cos2 = 2
(D) for c = 3 area of the triangle PQR is 3 3 sq. units. [3011712324]
Q.19 If a line passing through (–2, 1, p) and (4, 1, 2) is perpendicular to the vector 2î 7ˆj 6k̂ and
parallel to the plane containing the vectors î qk̂ and qˆj pk̂ then the ordered pair (p, q) is
1 1
(A) 1, (B) (0, 0) (C) (–1, 0) (D) 0,
2 3
Q.20 In 3-D space, let three lines L1, L2 and L3 be such that
L1 : intersecting the z-axis at P(0, 0, 2) and does not meet the x-y plane
L2 : passing through the origin and through the point P.
L3 : passing through the origin and making positive angles (, , ) with co-ordinate axes and 45° angle
with line L1
Identify the which of the following statement(s) is(are) correct?
(A) area of the triangle formed by the lines L1 , L2 and L3 is 2 square units.
(B) area of the triangle formed by the lines L1, L2 and L3 is 8 square units.
(C) If = 60°, then equation of L1 is x = y; z = 2.
(D) If = 60°, then equation of L1 is x + y = 0 and z = 2.
91
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
[ MAT RIX T YPE]
Q.21 Consider the following four pairs of lines in column-I and match them with one or more entries in
column-II.
Column-I Column-II
(A) L1 : x = 1 + t, y = t, z = 2 – 5t (P) non coplanar lines
L2 : r ( 2,1,3) + (2, 2, – 10)
x 1 y 3 z 2
(B) L1 : = = (Q) lines lie in a unique plane
2 2 1
x2 y6 z2
L2 : = =
1 1 3
(C) L1 : x = – 6t, y = 1 + 9t, z = – 3t (R) infinite planes containing both the lines
L2 : x = 1 + 2s, y = 4 – 3s, z = s
x y 1 z2
(D) L1 : = = (S) lines do not intersect
1 2 3
x 3 y2 z 1
L2 : = = [3011712177]
4 3 2
[ INT EGER T YPE]
Q.22 Let A1, A2, A3, A4 be the areas of the triangular faces of a tetrahedron, and h1, h2, h3, h4 be the
corresponding altitudes of the tetrahedron. If volume of tetrahedron is 5 cubic units, then find the minimum
value of (A1 + A2 + A3 + A4) (h1 + h2 + h3 + h4) (in cubic units). [3011711718]
x 6 y7 z7
Q.23 Find the length of the perpendicular from point (1, 2, 3) to the line = = . [3011711087]
3 2 2
Q.24 The line which contains all points (x, y, z) which are of the form (x, y, z) = (2, –2, 5) + (1, –3, 2)
intersects the plane 2x – 3y + 4z = 163 at P and intersects the YZ plane at Q. If the distance
PQ is a b where a, b N and a > 3 then find (a + b). [3011711138]
Q.25 A vector V = v1î v 2 ĵ v 3k̂ satisfies the following conditions: [3011711394]
(i) magnitude of V is 7 2 (ii) V is parallel to the plane x – 2y + z = 6
(iii) V is orthogonal to the vector 2î 3ˆj 6k̂ (iv) V · î > 0.
Find the value of (v1 + v2 + v3).
[ SUBJECT IVE T YPE]
x 1 y 1 z 1
Q.26 If a plane passes through the point (1, 1, 1) and is perpendicular to the line , then
3 0 4
find its perpendicular distance from the origin. [3011711189]
Q.27 If the plane x + y + z = 1 is rotated through 90º about its line of intersection with the plane
x – 2y + 3z = 0, Find the equation of the new position of the plane. [3011711343]
x 1 y 2 z
Q.28 Find the equation of the plane containing the straight line and perpendicular to the
2 3 5
plane x – y + z + 2 = 0. [3011711514]
Q.29 Find the equations to the line of greatest slope through the point (7, 2 , –1) in the plane x – 2y + 3z = 0
assuming that the axes are so placed that the plane 2x + 3y – 4z = 0 is horizontal. [3011711565]
Q.30 The position vectors of the four angular points of a tetrahedron OABC are (0, 0, 0); (0, 0, 2); (0, 4, 0)
and (6, 0, 0) respectively. A point P inside the tetrahedron is at the same distance 'r' from the four plane
faces of the tetrahedron. Find the value of 'r'. [3011711616]
92
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
[JEE(MAIN) PREVIOUS YEAR]
Q.1 The non-zero vectors a , b and c are related by a = 8 b and c = –7 b . Then the angle between
a and c is [3011712799]
(A) (B) (C) (D) 0 [AIEEE 2008]
4 2
Q.2 The vector a = î + 2 ĵ + k̂ lies in the plane of the vectors b = î + ĵ & c = ĵ + k̂ & bisects the angle
between b & c . Then which one of the following gives possible values of & ? [3011712748]
(A) = 1, = 2 (B) = 2, = 1 (C) = 1, = 1 (D) = 2, = 2
[AIEEE 2008]
x 1 y 2 z 3 x 2 y 3 z 1
Q.3 If the straight lines = = and = = intersect at a point, then the integer
k 2 3 3 k 2
k is equal to [3011712697]
(A) 5 (B) 2 (C) –2 (D) –5 [AIEEE-2008]
17 13
Q.4 The line passing through the points (5, 1, a) and (3, b, 1) crosses the yz-plane at the point 0, 2 , 2 .
Then [3011712646]
(A) a = 4, b = 6 (B) a = 6, b = 4 (C) a = 8, b = 2 (D) a = 2, b = 8
[AIEEE-2008]
Q.5 If u, v, w are non-coplanar vectors and p, q are real numbers, then the equality
3u pv pw pv w qu 2w qv qu 0 holds for : [AIEEE 2009]
(A) exactly two values of (p,q) (B) more than two but not all values of (p, q)
(C) all values of (p, q) (D) exactly one value of (p, q) [3011712789]
x 2 y 1 z 2
Q.6 Let the line = = lie in the plane x + 3y – z + = 0. then () equals
3 5 2
(A) (–6, 7) (B) (5, –15) (C) (–5, 5) (D) (6, –17) [3011712535]
[AIEEE-2009]
Q.7 The projections of a vector on the three coordinate axis are 6, –3, 2 respectively. The direction cosines
of the vector are : [3011712484]
6 3 2 6 3 2 6 3 2
(A) , , (B) , , (C) , , (D) 6, –3, 2
5 5 5 7 7 7 7 7 7
[AIEEE-2009]
ˆ
Q.8 Let a j k̂ and c î ĵ k̂ . Then the vector b satisfying a b c = 0 and a · b = 3, is
(A) î ˆj 2 k̂ (B) 2î ˆj 2 k̂ (C) î ĵ 2 k̂ (D) î ĵ 2 k̂ [3011712586]
[AIEEE-2010]
Q.9 If the vectors a î ĵ 2 k̂ , b 2î 4 ĵ 4k̂ and c î ĵ k̂ are mutually orthogonal, then (, µ)
is equal to [3011712637]
(A) (– 3, 2) (B) (2, – 3) (C) (– 2, 3) (D) (3, – 2)
[AIEEE-2010]
93
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
Q.10 A line AB in three-dimensional space makes angles 45° and 120° with the positive x -axis and the
positive y-axis respectively. If AB makes an acute angle with the positive z-axis, then equals
(A) 30° (B) 45° (C) 60° (D) 75° [3011712739]
[AIEEE-2010]
Q.11 Statement-1 : The point A(3, 1, 6) is the mirror image of the point B(1, 3, 4) in the plane x – y + z = 5.
Statement-2 : The plane x – y + z= 5 bisects the line segment joining A(3, 1, 6) and B(1, 3, 4).
(A) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true and Statement-2 is the correct explanation of Statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false and Statement-2 is not the correct explanation of Statement-1
(C) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(D) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true. [3011712790]
[AIEEE-2010]
1
7
Q.12 If a 1 3î k̂ and b 2î 3ˆj 6k̂ , then the value of 2a b · a b a 2b is
10
(A) –5 (B) –3 (C) 5 (D) 3 [3011712485]
[AIEEE-2011]
Q.13 The vectors a and b are not perpendicular and c and d are two vector satisfying
b c b d and a · d 0 . Then the vector d is equal to [3011712536]
b · c a · c b · c a · c
(A) b c (B) c b (C) b c (D) c b
a · b a · b
a · b a · b
[AIEEE-2011]
y 1 z 3 5
Q.14 If the angle between the line x = and the plane x + 2y + 3z = 4 is cos–1 , then
2 14
equals [3011712638]
(A) 2/3 (B) 3/2 (C) 2/5 (D) 5/2 [AIEEE-2011]
Q.15 Statement-1 : The point A(1, 0, 7) is the mirror image of the point B (1, 6, 3) in the line
x y 1 z 2
. [3011712689]
1 2 3
x y 1 z 2
Statement 2 : The line : bisects the line segment joining A(1, 0, 7) and B(1, 6, 3).
1 2 3
(A) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true and Statement-2 is the correct explanation of Statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false and Statement-2 is not the correct explanation of Statement-1
(C) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(D) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true. [AIEEE-2011]
Q.16 Let â and b̂ be two unit vectors. If the vectors c â 2b̂ and d 5â 4b̂ are perpendicular to each
other, then the angle between â and b̂ [3011712740]
(A) (B) (C) (D) [AIEEE-2012]
3 4 6 2
Q.17 Let ABCD be a parallelogram such that AB q , AD p and BAD be an acute angle. If r is the
vector that coincides with the altitude directed from the vertex B to the side AD, then r is given by
p·q 3 p · q
(A) r q p (B) r 3q p [3011712791]
p·p p ·p
3 p · q p·q
(C) r 3q p (D) r q p [AIEEE-2012]
p ·p p·p
94
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
Q.18 An equation of a plane parallel to the plane x – 2y + 2z – 5 = 0 and at a unit distance from the origin is
(A) x – 2y + 2z – 1 = 0 (B) x – 2y + 2z + 5 = 0 [3011712490]
(C) x – 2y + 2z – 3 = 0 (D) x – 2y + 2z + 1 = 0 [AIEEE-2012]
x 1 y 1 z 1 x 3 yk z
Q.19 If the line and intersect, then k is equal to [3011712541]
2 3 4 1 2 1
9 2
(A) (B) 0 (C) – 1 (D) [AIEEE-2012]
2 9
x2 y 3 z 4 x 1 y 4 z 5
Q.20 If the lines = = and = = are coplanar, then k can have
1 1 k k 2 1
(A) exactly one value (B) exactly two values [3011712592]
(C) exactly three values (D) any value [JEE Main 2013]
Q.21 If the vectors AB 3î 4k̂ and AC 5î 2ˆj 4k̂ are the sides of a triangle ABC, then the length of
the median through A is [3011712643]
(A) 72 (B) 33 (C) 45 (D) 18 [JEE Main 2013]
Q.22 Distance between two parallel planes
2x + y + 2z = 8 and 4x + 2y + 4z + 5 = 0 is [3011712694]
5 7 9 3
(A) (B) (C) (D) [JEE Main 2013]
2 2 2 2
x 1 y 3 z 4
Q.23 The image of the line in the plane 2x – y + z + 3 = 0 is the line
3 1 5
x 3 y 5 z 2 x 3 y5 z2
(A) (B)
3 1 5 3 1 5
x 3 y5 z2 x 3 y 5 z 2
(C) (D) [JEE Main 2014]
3 1 5 3 1 5
Q.24 If a b b c c a [a b c]2 then is equal to
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 0 [JEE Main 2014]
Q.25 The angle between the lines whose direction cosines satisfy the equations l + m + n = 0 and
l2 = m2 + n2 is
(A) (B) (C) (D) [JEE Main 2014]
2 3 4 6
Q.26 Let a , b and c be three non-zero vectors such that no two of them are collinear and
1
(a b) c = b c a . If is the angle between vectors b and c , then a value of sin is
3
2 2 3 2 2 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 3 3
[JEE Main 2015]
95
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
Q.27 The equation of the plane containing the line 2x – 5y + z = 3; x + y + 4z = 5, and parallel to the plane,
x + 3y + 6z = 1, is
(A) x + 3y + 6z = 7 (B) 2x + 6y + 12z = –13
(C) 2x + 6y + 12z = 13 (D) x + 3y + 6z = –7 [JEE Main 2015]
x 2 y 1 z 2
Q.28 The distance of the point (1, 0, 2) from the point of intersection of the line = = and the
3 4 12
plane x – y + z = 16, is [JEE Main 2015]
(A) 3 21 (B) 13 (C) 2 14 (D) 8
Q.29 The distance of the point (1, – 5, 9) from the plane x – y + z = 5 measured along the line
x = y = z is [JEE Main 2016]
20 10
(A) (B) 3 10 (C) 10 3 (D)
3 3
x 3 y 2 z 4
Q.30 If the line, lies in the plane, lx + my – z = 9, then l2 + m2 is equal to
2 1 3
(A) 2 (B) 26 (C) 18 (D) 5 [JEE Main 2016]
3
Q.31 Let a , b and c be three unit vectors such that a ( b c) = (b c ) . If b is not parallel to c , then
2
the angle between a and b is [JEE Main 2016]
5 3 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 4 2 3
Q.32 If the image of the point P (1, – 2, 3) in the plane, 2x + 3y – 4z + 22 = 0 measured parallel to the line,
x y z
= = is Q, then PQ is equal to [JEE (Main) 2017]
1 4 5
(A) 3 5 (B) 2 42 (C) 42 (D) 6 5
Q.33 The distance of the point (1, 3, – 7) from the plane passing through the point (1, – 1, – 1) having normal
x 1 y 2 z 4 x 2 y 1 z 7
perpendicular to both the lines = = and = = is
1 2 3 2 1 1
20 10 5 10
(A) (B) (C) (D)
74 83 83 74
[JEE (Main) 2017]
Q.34 Let a = 2î ˆj 2k̂ and b = î ˆj . Let c be a vector such that | c a | = 3, (a b) c = 3 and the
angle between c and a b be 30°. Then a · c is equal to
25 1
(A) (B) 2 (C) 5 (D) [JEE (Main) 2017]
8 8
96
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
[JEE(ADVANCED) PREVIOUS YEAR]
Q.1 Show by vector methods, that the angular bisectors of a triangle are concurrent and find an expression
for the position vector of the point of concurrency in terms of the position vectors of the vertices.
[JEE '2001 (Mains)]
Q.2 Find 3–dimensional vectors v 1, v 2 , v 3 satisfying
v 1 v 1 = 4, v 1 v 2 = –2, v 1 v 3 = 6, v 2 v 2 = 2, v 2 v 3 = –5, v 3 v 3 = 29.
[JEE '2001 (Mains)]
2 2 2
Q.3 If a, b and c are unit vectors, then a b b c c a does NOT exceed
(A) 4 (B) 9 (C) 8 (D) 6
[JEE '2001 (Screening)]
Q.4 Let a î k̂ , b x î ĵ (1 x )k̂ and c yî x ˆj (1 x y)k̂ . Then [ a, b, c] depends on
(A) only x (B) only y (C) NEITHER x NOR y (D) both x and y
[JEE '2001 (Screening)]
Q.5 Let A (t ) = f 1 (t )i f 2 (t )j and B( t ) g1 ( t ) i g2 ( t ) j , t [0, 1], where f1, f2, g1, g2 are
continuous functions. If A (t ) and B( t ) are nonzero vectors for all t and A(0) = 2i 3j ,
A(1) = 6i 2j , B(0) = 3i 2j and B(1) = 2i 6j , then show that A (t ) and B(t ) are parallel for
some t. [JEE '2001 (Mains)]
Q.6 If a and b are two unit vectors such that a + 2 b and 5 a – 4 b are perpendicular to each other then
the angle between a and b is [3011711479]
(A) 450 (B) 600 (C) cos–1 1 3 (D) cos–1 2 7
[JEE 2002(Screening)]
Q.7 Let V 2î ˆj k̂ and W î 3k̂ . If U is a unit vector, then the maximum value of the scalar triple
product U V W is [3011711530]
(A) –1 (B) 10 6 (C) 59 (D) 60
[JEE 2002(Screening)]
Q.8 Let V be the volume of the parallelopiped formed by the vectors a a1î a 2 ˆj a 3k̂ ,
b b1î b 2 ˆj b 3k̂ , c c1î c 2 ĵ c 3k̂ . If ar , br , cr , where r = 1, 2, 3, are non-negative real
3
numbers and a r b r c r = 3L, show that V L3. [3011711581]
r 1
[JEE 2002(Mains), 5]
9 7
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
Q.9 If a = î aˆj k̂ , b = ˆj ak̂ , c = aî k̂ , then find the value of ‘a’ for which volume of
parallelopiped formed by three vectors as coterminous edges, is minimum, is [3011711632]
1 1 1
(A) (B) – (C) ± (D) none
3 3 3
[JEE 2003(Scr.)]
Q.10 Find the equation of the plane passing through the points (2, 1, 0) , (5, 0, 1) and (4, 1, 1).
[3011711683]
[ JEE 2003]
Q.11 If P is the point (2, 1, 6) then find the point Q such that PQ is perpendicular to the plane in (i) and the mid
point of PQ lies on it. [3011711683]
[ JEE 2003]
Q.12 If u , v , w are three non-coplanar unit vectors and , , are the angles between u and v ,
v and w , w and u respectively and x , y, z are unit vectors along the bisectors of the angles , ,
1 2
respectively. Prove that x y y z z x u v w sec 2 sec 2 sec 2 .
16 2 2 2
[3011711734]
[JEE 2003]
x 1 y 1 z 1 x 3 y k z
Q.13 If the lines and intersect, then k = [3011711414]
2 3 4 1 2 1
(A) 2/9 (B) 9/2 (C) 0 (D) – 1
[ JEE 2004 (screening)]
Q.14 A unit vector in the plane of the vectors 2î ˆj k̂ , î ĵ k̂ and orthogonal to 5î 2 ĵ 6k̂
6î 5k̂ 3 ĵ k̂ 2î 5k̂ 2 î ĵ 2k̂
(A) (B) (C) (D)
61 10 29 3
[3011711414]
[ JEE 2004 (screening)]
Q.15 If a î j k̂ , a · b 1 and a b ˆj k̂ , then b =
(A) î (B) î ˆj k̂ (C) 2ˆj k̂ (D) 2î [3011711414]
[ JEE 2004 (screening)]
Q.16 Let a , b , c , d are four distinct vectors satisfying a b = c d and a c b d . Show that
a ·b c ·d a ·c b ·d . [3011711465]
[JEE 2004]
Q.17 Let P be the plane passing through (1, 1, 1) and parallel to the lines L1 and L2 having direction ratios
1, 0, –1 and –1, 1, 0 respectively. If A, B and C are the points at which P intersects the coordinate axes,
find the volume of the tetrahedron whose vertices are A, B, C and the origin. [3011711465]
[JEE 2004]
9 8
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
Q.18 A variable plane at a distance of 1 unit from the origin cuts the co-ordinate axes at A, B and C. If the
1 1 1
centroid D (x, y, z) of triangle ABC satisfies the relation 2 2 2 = k, then the value of k is
x y z
(A) 3 (B) 1 (C) 1/3 (D) 9 [3011711516]
[JEE 2005 (Scr)]
Q.19 Find the equation of the plane containing the line 2x – y + z – 3 = 0, 3x + y + z = 5 and at a distance of
1 6 from the point (2, 1, – 1). [3011711516]
[ JEE 2005 (Mains)]
Q.20 Incident ray is along the unit vector v̂ and the reflected ray is along the unit vector ŵ . The normal is
along unit vector â outwards. Express ŵ in terms of â and v̂ .
[3011711516]
[ JEE 2005 (Mains)]
Q.21 A plane passes through (1, –2, 1) and is perpendicular to two planes 2x – 2y + z = 0 and
x – y + 2z = 4. The distance of the plane from the point (1, 2, 2) is [3011711567]
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 2 2 [JEE 2006]
Q.22 Let a î 2ˆj k̂ , b î ˆj k̂ and c î ˆj k̂ . A vector in the plane of a and b whose projection
on c has the magnitude equal to 1 3 , is [3011711618]
(A) 4î ˆj 4k̂ (B) 3î ĵ 3k̂ (C) 2î ˆj 2k̂ (D) 4î ˆj 4k̂ [JEE 2006]
Q.23 Let A be vector parallel to line of intersection of planes P1 and P2 through origin. P1 is parallel to the
vectors 2 ˆj + 3 k̂ and 4 ˆj – 3 k̂ and P2 is parallel to ˆj – k̂ and 3 î + 3 ˆj , then the angle between
vector A and 2 î + ˆj – 2 k̂ is [3011711669]
(A) (B) (C) (D) [JEE 2006]
2 4 6 3
Q.24 Match the following
Column-I Column-II [3011711720]
1 1
2 2
(A) ( y 1) dy + (1 y ) dy (P) 2 [JEE 2006]
0 0
(B) A point (, , ) lies on the plane x + y + z = 2.
0 1
The value of such that the vector a î ˆj k̂ (Q) 1 x dx + 1 x dx
1 0
satisfies k̂ ( k̂ a ) 0
4
(C) In a triangle ABC, if cos A cosB + sinA sinB sinC = 1, (R)
3
then the value of sin C is
(D) The set of values of a for which the lines (S) 1
x + y = | a |, ax – y = 4
intersect in the region x > 0, y > 0, is the interval (a0, ).
Then the value of a0 is
9 9
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
Q.25 Match the following [3011711436]
[JEE 2006, 6]
Column I Column II
5
(A) Let P be the plane passing through the point (2, 1, – 1) and perpendicular (P)
3
to the line of intersection of the planes 2x + y – z = 3 and x + 2y + z = 2.
Then the distance from the point
3 , 2, 2 to the plane P is
n
1 1
(B) If Lim tan 2 t , then tan t is (Q) 1
n
i 1 2i
a 2
(C) The sides a, b, c of a triangle ABC are in A.P. If cos 1 , (R)
bc 3
b c
cos 2 , cos 3 , then tan 2 1 tan 2 3 = (S) 0
ac ab 2 2
(D) Let L be the line passing through the point (0, 1, 0) and perpendicular to the plane
x + 2y + 2z = 0. Then the distance from the point (0, 0, 0) to the line L is
Q.26 The number of distinct real values of , for which the vectors 2 î ĵ k̂ , î 2 ĵ k̂ and î ĵ 2 k̂
are coplanar, is [3011711487]
(A) zero (B) one (C) two (D) three [JEE 2007]
Q.27 Let a , b, c be unit vectors such that a b c 0 . Which one of the following is correct?
(A) a b b c c a 0 (B) a b b c c a 0 [3011711538]
(C) a b b c a c 0 (D) a b, b c, c a are mutually perpendicular..
[JEE 2007]
Q.28 Let the vectors P Q , Q R , R S , S T , T U and U P represent the sides of a regular hexagon.
Statement-1: P Q × R S S T 0 [3011711538]
because [JEE 2007]
Statement-2: P Q R S = 0 and P Q S T 0
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true; statement-2 is a correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true; statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
Q.29 Consider the planes 3x – 6y – 2z = 15 and 2x + y – 2z = 5.
Statement-1: The parametric equations of the line of intersection of the given planes are
x = 3 + 14t, y = 1 + 2t, z = 15t. [3011711589]
[JEE 2007]
Statement-2: The vector 14î 2ˆj 15k̂ is parallel to the line of intersection of given planes.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true; statement-2 is a correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true; statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
100
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
MATCH THE COLUMN:
Q.30 Consider the following linear equations [3011711640]
[JEE 2007]
ax + by + cz = 0 ; bx + cy + az = 0 ; cx + ay + bz = 0
Match the conditions/ expressions in Column I with statements in Column II.
Column I Column II
(A) a + b + c 0 and (P) the equation represent planes
2 2 2
a + b + c = ab + bc + ca meeting only at a single point.
(B) a + b + c = 0 and (Q) the equation represent the line
a2 + b2 + c2 ab + bc + ca x=y=z
(C) a + b + c 0 and (R) the equation represent identical planes
a2 + b2 + c2 ab + bc + ca
(D) a + b + c = 0 and (S) the equation represent the whole of
2 2 2 =
a + b + c ab + bc + ca the three dimensional space.
Q.31 The edges of a parallelopiped are of unit length and are parallel to non-coplanar unit vectors â , b̂, ĉ
1
such that â · b̂ b̂ · ĉ ĉ · â . Then the volume of the parallelopiped is [3011711691]
2
[JEE 2008]
1 1 3 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2 2 3
Q.32 Let two non-collinear unit vector â and b̂ form an acute angle. A point P moves so that at any time t the
position vector O P (where O is the origin) is given by â cos t b̂ sin t . When P is farthest from origin
O, let M be the length of O P and û be the unit vector along O P . Then, [3011711742]
[JEE 2008]
1 1
â b̂ â b̂
(A) û and M (1 â · b̂) 2 (B) û and M (1 â · b̂) 2
| â b̂ | | â b̂ |
1 1
â b̂ â b̂
(C) û and M (1 2â · b̂) 2 (D) û and M (1 2â · b̂) 2
| â b̂ | | â b̂ |
Q.33 Consider three planes
P1 : x – y + z = 1 ; P2 : x + y – z = –1 ; P3 : x – 3y + 3z = 2
Let L1, L2, L3 be the lines of intersection of the planes P2 and P3, P3 and P1, and P1 and P2, respectively.
Statement-1 : At least two of the lines L1, L2 and L3 are non-parallel.
Statement-2 : The three planes do not have a common point.
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; statement-2 is a correct explanation for statement-1
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for statement-1
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True [3011711759]
[JEE 2008]
101
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
Paragraph for Question Nos. 34 to 36
x 1 y 2 z 1 x 2 y2 z3
Consider the lines L1 : ; L2 : [3011711810]
3 1 2 1 2 3
Q.34 The unit vector perpendicular to both L1 and L2 is
î 7ˆj 7 k̂ î 7ˆj 5k̂ î 7 ĵ 5k̂ 7 î 7 ĵ k̂
(A) (B) (C) (D)
99 5 3 5 3 99
Q.35 The shortest distance between L1 and L2 is
17 41 17
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D)
3 5 3 5 3
Q.36 The distance of the point (1, 1, 1) from the plane passing through the point (–1, –2, –1) and whose
normal is perpendicular to both the lines L1 and L2 is
2 7 13 23
(A) (B) (C) (D) [JEE 2008]
75 75 75 75
Q.37 Let P(3, 2, 6) be a point in space and Q be a point on the line r ( î ĵ 2k̂ ) ( 3î ˆj 5k̂ )
Then the value of for which the vector PQ is parallel to the plane x – 4y + 3z =1 is [3011711861]
(A) 1/4 (B) – 1/4 (C) 1/8 (D) – 1/8
[JEE 2009]
1
Q.38 If a , b, c and d are unit vectors such that a b · c d 1 and a · c , then [3011711912]
2
(A) a , b, c are non-coplanar (B) b, c, d are non-coplanar
(C) b, d are non-parallel (D) a , d are parallel and b, c are parallel
[JEE 2009]
Q.39 A line with positive direction cosines passes through the point P(2, – 1, 2) and makes equal angles with
the coordinate axes. The line meets the plane 2x + y + z = 9 at point Q. The length of the line segment
PQ equals [3011711963]
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 2
[JEE 2009]
102
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
Q.40 Match the statements/expressions given in Column I with the values given in Column II.
Column I Column II
(A) Root(s) of the equation 2 sin2 + sin22 = 2 (P)
6
6x 3x
(B) Points of discontinuity of the function f(x) = cos , (Q)
4
where [y] denotes the largest integer less than or equal to y
(C) Volume of the parallelopiped with its edges represented by the vectors (R)
3
î ˆj, î 2ˆj and î ˆj k̂
(D) Angle between vectors a and b where a , b and c are unit (S)
2
vectors satisfying a b 3 c 0 (T)
[3011712014]
[JEE 2009, 8 ]
Q.41 Let (x, y, z) be points with integer coordinates satisfying the system of homogeneous equations :
3x – y – z = 0 ; – 3x + z = 0 ; – 3x + 2y + z = 0 [3011712065]
2 2 2
Then the number of such points for which x + y + z 100 is [JEE 2009, 4]
x y z
Q.42 Equation of the plane containing the straight line and perpendicular to the plane containing
2 3 4
x y z x y z
the straight lines and , is [3011711771]
3 4 2 4 2 3
(A) x + 2y – 2z = 0 (B) 3x + 2y – 2z = 0 (C) x – 2y + z = 0 (D) 5x + 2y – 4z = 0
[JEE 2010, 3]
Q.43 Two adjacent sides of a parallelogram ABCD are given by [3011711822]
AB 2î 10 ĵ 11k̂ and AD î 2ˆj 2k̂
The side AD is rotated by an acute angle in the plane of the parallelogram so that AD becomes AD.
If AD makes a right angle with the side AB, then the cosine of the angle is given by
8 17 1 4 5
(A) (B) (C) (D) [JEE 2010, 5]
9 9 9 9
Q.44 If the distance of the point P(l, – 2, 1) from the plane x + 2y - 2z = , where > 0. is 5, then the foot
of the perpendicular from P to the plane is [3011711873]
8 4 7 4 4 1 1 2 10 2 1 5
(A) , , (B) , , (C) , , (D) , ,
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2
[JEE 2010, 5]
103
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
î 2 ĵ 2î ˆj 3k̂
Q.45 If a and b are vectors in space given by a and b , then the value of
5 14
2a b · a b a 2b , is [3011711924]
[JEE 2010, 3]
x 1 y 2 z 3
Q.46 If the distance between the plane Ax – 2y + z = d and the plane containing the lines
2 3 4
x 2 y 3 z 4
and is 6 , then | d | is [3011711975]
3 4 5
[JEE 2010, 3]
Q.47 Match the statements in Column-I with the values in Column-II. [3011712026]
Column I Column II
(A) A line from the origin meets the lines (p) – 4
8
x
x 2 y 1 z 1 3 y 3 z 1
and
1 2 1 2 1 1
at P and Q respectively. If length PQ = d, then d2 is
1 3
(B) The values of x satisfying tan–1 (x +3) – tan–1 (x – 3) = sin are (q) 0
5
(C) Non-zero vectors a , b and c satisfy a · b 0
b a b c 0 and 2 | b c | | b a | (r) 4
If a b 4c , then the possible values of are
(D) Let f be the function on , given by (s) 5
9x x
f(0) = 9 and f(x) = sin / sin for x 0
2 2
2
The value of
f x dx is
(t) 6
[JEE 2010, (2+2+2+2)]
Q.48 Let a î ĵ k̂ , b î ˆj k̂ and c î ˆj k̂ be three vectors. A vector v in the plane
1
of a and b , whose projection on c is , is given by [3011712077]
3
(A) î 3 ĵ 3k̂ (B) 3î 3 ĵ k̂ (C) 3î ĵ 3k̂ (D) î 3 ĵ 3k̂
[JEE 2011, 3]
Q.49 The vector(s) which is/are coplanar with vectors î ĵ 2k̂ and î 2ˆj k̂ and perpendicular to the
vector î ˆj k̂ is/are [3011711776]
(A) ĵ k̂ (B) î ĵ (C) î ˆj (D) ĵ k̂
[JEE 2011, 4]
104
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
Q.50 Let a î k̂ , b î ĵ and c î 2 ĵ 3k̂ be three given vectors. If r is a vector such that
r b c b and r · a 0 , then the value of r · b , is [3011711827]
[JEE 2011, 4]
Q.51 The point P is the intersection of the straight line joining the points Q (2, 3, 5) and R (1, – 1, 4) with the
plane 5x – 4y – z = 1. If S is the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point T (2, 1, 4) to QR, then
the length of the line segment PS is [3011712751]
1
(A) (B) 2 (C) 2 (D) 2 2
2
[JEE 2012, 3]
Q.52 The equation of a plane passing through the line of intersection of the planes x + 2y + 3z = 2 and
2
x – y + z = 3 and at a distance from the point (3, 1, – 1) is [3011712753]
3
(A) 5x – 11y + z = 17 (B) 2 x + y = 3 2 – 1
(C) x + y + z = 3 (D) x – 2y=1 – 2 [JEE 2012, 3]
Q.53 If a and b are vectors such that a b 29 and a ( 2î 3ˆj 4k̂ ) = ( 2î 3ˆj 4k̂ ) b , then a
possible value of a b · 7 î 2 ĵ 3k̂ is [3011712702]
(A) 0 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 8 [JEE 2012, 3]
x 1 y 1 z x 1 y 1 z
Q.54 If the straight lines and are coplanar, then the plane(s) containing
2 k 2 5 2 k
these two lines is(are) [3011712752]
(A) y + 2z = – 1 (B) y + z = – 1 (C) y – z = – 1 (D) y – 2z = – 1
[JEE 2012, 4]
2 2 2
Q.55 If a , b and c are unit vectors satisfying a b b c c a 9 , then 2a 5b 5c is
[3011712701]
[JEE 2012, 4]
x 2 y 1 z
Q.56 Perpendiculars are drawn from points on the line to the plane x + y + z = 3. The feet
2 1 3
of perpendiculars lie on the line [3011712649]
x y 1 z 2 x y 1 z 2
(A) (B)
5 8 13 2 3 5
x y 1 z 2 x y 1 z 2
(C) (D) [JEE Advance 2013, 2]
4 3 7 2 7 5
105
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
Q.57 Let PR = 3î ˆj 2k̂ and SQ = î 3ˆj 4k̂ determine diagonals of a parallelogram PQRS and
PT = î 2 ĵ 3k̂ be another vector. Then the volume of the parallelepiped determined by the vectors
PT, PQ and PS is
(A) 5 (B) 20 (C) 10 (D) 30 [3011712549]
[JEE (Advanced) 2013, 2]
Q.58 A line l passing through the origin is perpendicular to the lines
l1 : (3 t ) î ( 1 2 t ) ĵ ( 4 2t ) k̂ , – < t < [3011712551]
l2 : (3 2s ) î (3 2s) ˆj ( 2 s) k̂ , – < s <
Then, the coordinate(s) of the point(s) on l2 at a distance of 17 from the point of intersection of l and
l1 is (are)
7 7 5 7 7 8
(A) , , (B) (– 1, – 1, 0) (C) (1, 1, 1) (D) , ,
3 3 3 9 9 9
[JEE Advance 2013, 4]
y z y z
Q.59 Two lines L1 : x = 5, = and L2 : x = , = are coplanar. Then can take value(s)
3 2 1 2
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 [3011712599]
[JEE Advance 2013, 3]
Q.60 Consider the set of eight vectors V a î bĵ ck̂ : a , b, c{1,1} . Three non-coplanar vectors can
be chosen from V in 2p ways. Then p, is [3011712601]
[JEE Advance 2013, 5]
Q.61 Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code given below the lists:
Column-I Column-II
(A) Volume of parallelepiped determined by vector a , b and c is 2. (P) 100
Then the volume of the parallelepiped determined by vectors
2 a b , 3 b c and c a is
(B) Volume of parallelepiped determined by vectors a , b and c is 5. (Q) 30
Then the volume of the parallelepiped determined by vectors
3 a b , b c and 2 c a is
(C) Area of a triangle with adjacent sides determined by vectors (R) 24
a and b is 20. Then the area of the triangle with adjacent sides
determined by vectors 2a 3b and a b is
(D) Area of a parallelogram with adjacent sides determined by vectors (S) 60
a and b is 30. Then the area of the parallelogram with adjacent
sides determined by vectors a b and a is
[JEE (Advanced) 2013, 3]
106
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
x 1 y z3 x 4 y3 z3
Q.62 Consider the lines L 1 : , L2 : and the planes
2 1 1 1 1 2
P1 : 7x + y + 2z = 3, P2 : 3x + 5y – 6z = 4. Let ax + by + cz = d be the equation of the plane passing
through the point of intersection of lines L1 and L2, and perpendicular to planes P1 and P2.
Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code given below the lists:
List I List II
(A) a= (P) 13
(B) b= (Q) –3
(C) c= (R) 1
(D) d= (S) –2 [JEE (Advanced) 2013, 3]
Q.63 From a point P (, , ), perpendiculars PQ and PR are drawn respectively on the lines y = x, z = 1
and y = – x, z = – 1. If P is such that QPR is a right angle, then the possible value(s) of is(are)
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) – 1 (D) – 2
[JEE (Advanced) 2014, 3]
Q.64 Let x , y and z be three vectors each of magnitude 2 and the angle between each pair of them is .
3
If a is a nonzero vector perpendicular to x and y z and b is a nonzero vector perpendicular to y
and z x , then
(A) b ( b · z ) ( z x ) (B) a ( a · y) ( y z )
(C) a · b ( a · y) ( b · z) (D) a ( a · y) ( z y) [JEE (Advanced) 2014, 3]
Q.65 Let a , b and c be three non-coplanar unit vectors such that the angle between every pair of them is
p 2 2q 2 r 2
. If a b b c = pa qb rc , where p, q and r are scalars, then the value of is
3 q2
[JEE (Advanced) 2014, 3]
Q.66 In R3, consider the planes P1 : y = 0 and P2 : x + z = 1. Let P3 be a plane, different from P1 and P2,
which passes through the intersection of P1 and P2. If the distance of the point (0, 1, 0) from P3 is 1 and
the distance of a point (, , ) from P3 is 2, then which of the following relations is(are) true?
(A) 2 + + 2 + 2 = 0 (B) 2 – + 2 + 4 = 0
(C) 2 + – 2 – 10 = 0 (D) 2 – + 2 – 8 = 0
[JEE Adv. 2015, 4]
107
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
Q.67 In R3, let L be a straight line passing through the origin. Suppose that all the points on L are at a constant
distance from the two planes P1 : x + 2y – z + 1 = 0 and P2 : 2x – y + z – 1 = 0. Let M be the locus
of the feet of the perpendiculars drawn from the points on L to the plane P1. Which of the following
points lie(s) on M?
5 2 1 1 1 5 1 1 2
(A) 0, , (B) , , (C) , 0, (D) , 0,
6 3 6 3 6 6 6 3 3
[JEE Adv. 2015, 4]
Q.68 Let PQR be a triangle. Let a QR , b RP and c PQ . If | a | = 12, | b | = 4 3 and b · c = 24,
then which of the following is (are) true?
| c |2 | c |2
(A) | a | = 12 (B) | a | = 30
2 2
(C) | a b c a | 48 3 (D) a · b = – 72
[JEE Adv. 2015, 4]
Q.69 Column-I Column-II
(A) In a triangle XYZ, let a, b and c be the lengths of the sides (P) 1
opposite to the angles X, Y and Z respectively. If 2 (a2 – b2) = c2
sin (X Y )
and = , then possible values of n for which
sin Z
cos (n) = 0 is (are)
(B) In a triangle XYZ, let a, b and c be the lengths of the sides opposite (Q) 2
to the angles X, Y and Z respectively.
a
If 1 + cos 2X – 2cos 2Y = 2sin X sin Y, then possible value(s) of is (are)
b
(C) In R2, let 3 î ˆj , î 3 ĵ and î (1 ) ĵ be the position vectors (R) 3
of X, Y and Z with respect to the origin O, respectively. If the distance of
3
Z from the bisector of the acute angle of OX with OY is ,
2
then possible value(s) of | | is (are)
(D) Suppose that F() denotes the area of the region bounded by x = 0, (S) 5
x = 2, y2 = 4x and y = | x – 1 | + | x – 2 | + x, where {0, 1}.
8 2
Then the value(s) of F() + , when = 0 and = 1, is (are) (T) 6
3
[JEE Adv. 2015, 2 + 2 + 2 + 2]
108
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
Q.70 Suppose that p, q and r are three non-coplanar vectors in R3. Let the components of a vector s along
p, q and r be 4, 3 and 5 respectively. If the components of this vector s along
( p q r ), ( p q r ) and ( p, q r ) are x, y and z respectively, then the value of 2x + y + z is
[JEE Adv. 2015, 4]
Q.71 In R2, if the magnitude of the projection vector of the vector î ĵ on 3 î ˆj is 3 and if
=2 + 3 , then possible value(s) of | | is (are)
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
[JEE Adv. 2015, MTC, 2]
Q.72 Consider a pyramid OPQRS located in the first octant (x 0, y 0, z 0) with O as origin, and OP and
OR along the x-axis and the y-axis, respectively. The base OPQR of the pyramid is a square with
OP = 3. The point S is directly above the mid-point T of diagonal OQ such that TS = 3. Then
(A) the acute angle between OQ and OS is [JEE (Advanced) 2016, 4]
3
(B) the equation of the plane containing the triangle OQS is x – y = 0
3
(C) the length of the perpendicular from P to the plane containing the triangle OQS is
2
15
(D) the perpendicular distance from O to the straight line containing RS is
2
Q.73 Let P be the image of the point (3, 1, 7) with respect to the plane x – y + z = 3. Then the equation of the
x y z
plane passing through P and containing the straight line is [JEE (Advanced) 2016, 3]
1 2 1
(A) x + y – 3z = 0 (B) 3x + z = 0 (C) x – 4y + 7z = 0 (D) 2x – y = 0
1
Q.74 Let û u1î u 2 ĵ u 3k̂ be a unit vector in R3 and ŵ (î ˆj 2k̂ ) . Given that there exists a vector
6
v in R3 such that | û v | 1 and ŵ · (û v) 1 . Which of the following statement(s) is (are) correct ?
(A) There is exactly one choice for such v
(B) There are infinitely many choices for such v
(C) If û lies in the xy-plane then | u1 | = | u2 |
(D) If û lies in the xz-plane then 2| u1 | = | u3 | [JEE (Advanced) 2016, 4]
Q.75 The equation of the plane passing through the point (1, 1, 1) and perpendicular to the planes
2x + y – 2z = 5 and 3x – 6y – 2z = 7, is
(A) – 14x + 2y + 15z = 3 (B) 14x + 2y – 15z = 1
(C) 14x + 2y + 15z = 31 (D) 14x – 2y + 15z = 27
[JEE (Advanced) 2017, 3]
109
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
Q.76 Let O be the origin and let PQR be an arbitrary triangle. The point S is such that
OP · OQ OR · OS = OR · OP OQ · OS = OQ · OR OP · OS .
Then the triangle PQR has S as its
(A) circumcentre (B) orthocenter (C) incentre (D) centroid
[JEE (Advanced) 2017, 3]
Paragraph for question 77 & 78
Let O be the origin, and OX , OY , OZ be three unit vectors in the directions of the sides QR , RP ,
PQ , respectively, of a triangle PQR.
Q.77 OX OY = [JEE (Advanced) 2017, 3 ]
(A) sin (P + R) (B) sin 2R (C) sin (Q + R) (D) sin (P + Q)
Q.78 If the triangle PQR varies, then the minimum value of cos (P + Q) + cos (Q + R) + cos (R + P) is
3 5 3 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 2 3
[JEE (Advanced) 2017, 3]
110
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
[RANK BOOSTER]
VECTOR
[ SINGLE CORRECT CHOICE T Y PE]
Q.1 Four vectors a , b, c and x satisfy the relation (a · x ) b c x where b · a 1 . The value of x in terms
of a , b and c is equal to
c
(a · c )b c(a · b 1)
(A) (B)
(a · b 1) a · b 1
2( a · c ) b c 2( a · c ) c c
(C) (D)
a · b 1 a · b 1
Q.2 If a and b are two non-zero vectors, then the value of scalar [(a b) a ] · [( b a ) b] equals
(A) | b | 2 | a b | 2 (B) (a · b) | a b | 2 (C) a 2 | a b | 2 (D) (a · b) | a b | 2
Q.3 a , b, c are three coplanar unit vectors such that a b c = 0. If three vectors p, q, r parallel to
a , b, c respectively and having integral but different magnitudes, then among the following options
p q r can take a value equal to
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) 2
Q.4 If the acute angle that the vector i j k makes with the plane of the two vectors 2 i 3 j k and
i j 2k is cot–1 2 , then
(A) ( + ) = (B) ( + ) =
(C) ( + ) = (D) + + = 0
[ PARAGRAPH T Y PE]
Paragraph for question nos. 5 to 7
Let OABC be a regular tetrahedron with side length unity. Angle between skew lines OA & BC be ,
angle between skew lines OB & CA be and angle between skew lines OC & AB be .
Q.5 sin2 + sin2 + sin2 is equal to
3 9
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D) 3
4 4
Q.6 Volume of tetrahedron is equal to
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 2 6 2 12
Q.7 Let foot of perpendicular from vertex O on plane face ABC be N then AN is equal to
1 2 2 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 3 6
111
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
Paragraph for questions nos. 8 to 11
Suppose the three vectors a , b, c on a plane satisfy the condition that [3011712448]
| a | | b | | c | = | a b | = 1; c is perpendicular to a and b · c > 0, then
Q.8 The angle formed by 2a b and b is equal to
(A) (B) (C) (D) 0
4 3 2
Q.9 If the vector c is expressed as a linear combination a b then the ordered pair (, ) is equal to
1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2
(A) , (B) , (C) , (D) ,
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Q.10 For real numbers x, y the vector p xa yc satisfies the condition 0 p · a 1 and 0 p · b 1. The
maximum value of p · c is equal to
1
(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 3 (D)
3
Q.11 For the maximum value of x and y, the linear combination of p in terms of a and b is equal to
(A) a 2b (B) 2a b (C) 2 (a b) (D) 3a 2b
[ M ULT IPL E CORRECT CHOICE T YPE]
Q.12 If a , b are non-parallel unit vectors and c is a vector in a plane perpendicular to a and b such that
2
c = 5 and a b = a b then
3 3
(A) a · b = (B) a · b = (C) [a b c] = – 4 (D) [a b c] = 4
5 5
3 cos sin
Q.13 If a = 3 sin î cos ˆj and b = î ˆj represents diagonals of a parallelogram
3 2 cos 2 3 2 cos 2
3
such that area of the parallelogram is less than or equal to then
10
3
(A) a · b = (B) a · b = 0
5
9 9
(C) [a b a b] = (D) [a b a b] =
100 25
112
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
[ MAT RIX T YPE]
Q.14 Let â , b̂ and ĉ are three non coplanar unit vectors mutually inclined to each other at an angle . d̂ is
also a unit vector such that d̂ · â d̂ · b̂ d̂ · ĉ cos .
Match the entries for given in column-I with their corresponding values for given in column-II.
Column-I Column-II
() ()
(A) (P)
2 4
1
(B) (Q) cos–1
3 3
1 2
(C) cos–1 (R) cos1
4 3
5
(D) cos–1 (S)
8 6
[3011712279]
Q.15 Let a and b be unit vectors and angle between them is . If a · b and a b are the two roots of
1 1
the cubic equation x3 –
2 1 x2 + 2 x – = 0, then
2 2
List-I List-II
1 1
(A) 2 2 is equal to (P) 0
(a · b ) ab
(B) if is the area of the triangle whose sides are represented by (Q) 1
1
a & b and 2 is the angle between them, then is equal to
(C) third root of the equation is (R) 2
| a b |
2
(D) sin
x dx is equal to (S) 4
a·b
[ INT EGER
T YPE]
Q.16 Let a 3 dimensional vector V satisfies the condition, 2V V ( î 2 ĵ) = 2î k̂ .
If 3 V = m where m N, then find m. [3011711674]
Q.17 Let a x 2 î 3 ĵ ( x 3) k̂ and b î 3 ĵ ( x 3) k̂ be two vectors such that | a | = | b | .
3
v1
If v1 2a 3b & v 2 3a 2b and I = v 2 dx , then find the value of [I].
1
[Note: [k] denotes greatest integer function less than or equal to k.]
113
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
3 - D I M E N S I O N A L G E O M E T RY
[ SINGLE CORRECT CHOICE T Y PE]
Q.1 If acute angle between the line r = î 2 ĵ ( 4î 3k̂ ) and xy plane is and acute angle between the
planes x + 2y = 0 and 2x + y = 0 is then (cos2 + sin2) equals
1 2 3
(A) 1 (B) (C) (D)
4 3 4
Q.2 The point of intersection of the plane r · (3î 5ˆj 2k̂ ) 6 with the straight line passing through the
origin and perpendicular to the plane 2x – y – z = 4, is (x0, y0, z0). The value of (2x0 – 3y0 + z0), is
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
Q.3 Let be the plane containing the line x + y – z – 1 = 0 = x + 4y + 3z and parallel to the line
6(x – 1) = 3y = 2(z + 1). The perpendicular distance of the plane from origin is
1 1 1
(A) 1 (B) (C) (D)
2 3 6
Q.4 Let the equation of the two planes P1 and P2 are
P1 : r · (3î ĵ 2k̂ ) = 4 and
P2 : r · ( î ˆj k̂ ) = 2
If the equation of the plane containing the line of intersection of the planes P1 and P2 and also containing
the point with p.v. ( 2î 2ˆj k̂ ) is ax + by + 2z = c, then the value of (a + b + c) is
(A) 5 (B) 7 (C) 11 (D) 13
[ PARAGRAPH T Y PE]
Paragraph for question nos. 5 to 7
Let r1 a 2 î 2b ˆj 6 k̂ and r2 2a î a ĵ a 2 k̂ be non-zero vectors and r3 î 2ˆj a k̂ be a
position vector of a point where a, b R. P1 and P2 are two planes for the largest integral value of b,
which containing vector r1 and r2 is the normal vector of both the planes and passing through point r3 .
Q.5 If is the acute angle between the planes then cos is
7 7
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D) 1
3 6 18
Q.6 If d1 and d2 are perpendicular distances of the planes from the origin then (d1 + d2) equals
5 7 3
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D)
6 6 6 6
Q.7 Equation of the plane containing the line P1 = 0 = P2 and passing through the origin is
(A) 2x – y + 2z = 0 (B) 2x + y – z = 0 (C) 2x + y – 2z = 0 (D) x + y – 2z = 0
114
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
[ M ULT IPL E CORRECT CHOICE T YPE]
x 1 y 2 z 3 x 1 y 2 3( z 3) x 1 y 2 z 3
Q.8 Let L1 : , L2 : and L3 :
2 1 3 1 3 5 32 19 15
be three lines. A plane intersecting these lines at A, B and C respectively such that PA = 2, PB = 3
and PC = 6 where P (1, 2, 3). If V is the volume of the tetrahedron PABC and d is the
perpendicular distance of the plane from the point P then-
(A) V = 18 cubic units (B) V = 6 cubic units
6
(C) d = units (D) d = 7 units
14
x 1 y 3 z 1
Q.9 Consider a plane P containing the line L : = = . If Q(1, 10, 1) be a point in space then
1 2 3
(A) Equation of plane P located at a maximum distance from Q is x – 5y + 3z + 11 = 0.
(B) Equation of plane P located at a minimum distance from Q is 3x – z = 2.
(C) Image of Q with respect to L is (3, 0, 7).
(D) Orthogonal projection of Q in L is (2, 5, 4).
x2 y 1 z 1
Q.10 The line = = intersects the curve x2 – y2 = a2, z = 0 if a is equal to
3 2 1
(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) –4 (D) 5
[ MAT RIX T YPE]
Q.11 List I List II
(A) Given four points A(2, 1, 0), B(1, 0, 1), C(3, 0, 1) and D(0, 0, 2). (P) 9
Point D lies on a line L orthogonal to the plane determined by
points A, B, C. If point of intersection of plane ABC and line L is
(x0, y0, z0), then (7x0 + 2y0 + 8z0) is equal to
(B) If volume of parallelopiped formed by vectors a b , b c and (Q) 10
c a is 25 square units, then the volume of parallelopiped formed
by vectors a b , b c and c a is equal to
3
(C) A variable plane at a distance of unit from the origin cuts the (R) 11
2
coordinate axes at P, Q and R.If the centroid G(u, v, w) of triangle
PQR satisfies the relation u–2 + v–2 + w–2 = , then is equal to
(D) Let = î ĵ 2k̂ and = î 2 ĵ k̂ be two vectors. (S) 12
The area of parallelogram having diagonals 3 and 2 is equal to
Codes :
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(A) R Q P S
(B) R Q S P
(C) Q R S P
(D) Q R P S
115
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
x 1 y 2 z 3 x 2 y 3 z 4
Q.12 Let L1 : = = and L2 : = = be two lines.
2 3 4 3 4 6
List-I List-II
(A) If plane containing line L1 and parallel to line (P) 3
L2 is ax + by – z + d = 0, then (a + b + d) equals
(B) If is the shortest distance between both the lines (Q) 2
1
then 2 equals
1
(C) If P1 is the plane containing L1 and parallel to L2 and P2 (R)
5
is the plane containing L2 and parallel to L1 , then distance
between both the planes, is
(D) If vector along the shortest distance of both the lines is (S) 5
pî q ˆj k̂ , then (p + q) equals
Code :
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(A) Q P S R
(B) P S P Q
(C) Q S R P
(D) P S R Q
[ INT EGER T YPE]
Q.13 Consider a plane passing through three points A(a, 0, 0), B(0, b, 0), C(0, 0, c) with a > 0, b > 0, c > 0.
Let d be the distance between the origin O and the plane and m be the distance between the
origin O and the point M(a, b, c). If a, b, c vary in the range of any positive numbers, then find the
2
m
minimum value of . [3011711667]
d
x y z
Q.14 Line L meets lines L1 : and L2 : x 2 y 1 z 4 orthogonally at points P and Q.
1 2 3 2 4 5
5D
(PQ)2 is D. DRs of line L are (a, b, c) {a, b, c I}, then least value of a b c .
3
Q.15 Let equation of plane be x + 2y + z – 3 = 0. An insect starts flying from point P(1, 3, 2) in straight line.
It touches the plane at point R(a, b, c) and then goes to point Q(3, 5, 2) in straight line. If distance
travelled PR + QR is minimum then find the value of (a + b + c).
Q.16 Let the lines
L1 : r = (7 î + 6 ˆj + 2 k̂ ) + (–3 î + 2 ˆj + 4 k̂ )
L2 : r = (5 î + 3 ˆj + 4 k̂ ) + (2 î + ˆj + 3 k̂ )
be intersected by a line parallel to the vector 2 î – 2 ˆj – k̂ at P, Q respectively, find | PQ | .
116
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE-1
SECTION-A
5 1 2 27
Q.1 Q.3 cos–1 Q.4 Q.5
2 3 3 2
1
Q.7 5î 10ˆj 10k̂ Q.8
1
Q.9
4
d î ˆj k̂
2
1 1 1 2 2 1
Q.10 0 Q.11 ± ,± ,± Q.12 î ˆj k̂
3 3 3 3 3 3
Q.13 1 Q.14
p 2 32î ĵ 14k̂ Q.15 4 Q.16 5b
1
Q.17 p = – Q.18 –10
3
Q.19 Show that the four points A, B, C and D with position vectors 4iˆ 5jˆ k,
ˆ ˆj k,3
ˆ ˆi 9 ˆj 4 kˆ and
4( ˆi ˆj k)
ˆ respectively are coplanar..
Q.20 =1 Q.21
ˆi 11jˆ 7kˆ Q.22 = – 9, µ = 27
1 1
Q.23
7
6î 3 ĵ 2k̂ Q.24
2
210 sq. unit Q.26 19 2
11 ˆ
Q.27 3î j 5k̂ Q.28 1 Q.29 5 2
3
21
Q.30 = Q.31 15 2 sq. units
2
Q.33 Show that the pointsA ( 2î 3 ĵ 5k̂ ) , B ( î 2ˆj 3k̂ ) and C (7î k̂ ) are collinear..
1
Q.34 If a and b are unit vectors and is the angle between them, then prove that cos = | a b |.
2 2
4
Q.35 91 cubic units Q.36 7 ( î ĵ k̂ ) Q.37
5
Q.38 x = 2, y = 1 Q.39 0 Q.40 ± 3( î 2ˆj 2k̂ )
8
Q.41 y = 3 or y = – 1 Q.42 75 Q.43 sin 1
21
3 2 8 19
Q.44 , , Q.45 cos 1 Q.46 A (5î 4 ĵ 6k̂ ) (3î 7 ĵ 2k̂ )
77 77 77 21
117
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
13 23
Q.47 , , 0
5 5
Q.48
r 3î 4 ĵ 3k̂ 5î 7ˆj 2k̂ Q.49 90º
5 7
Q.50 Q.52 –1 Q.53 7x – 5y + 4z – 8 = 0 Q.54 1,
2 3
Q.55 r .( 20î 23 ĵ 26k̂ ) 69 Q.57 17
3 2x 2 y z 3
Q.58 (i) ; (ii) = 1; (iii) 0, , 0 ; (iv) x = 2t + 2 ; y = 2t + 1 and z = – t + 3
2 3 3 3 2
SECTION-B
VECTOR
Q.1 A Q.2 D Q.3 A Q.4 C Q.5 B
Q.6 A Q.7 B Q.8 D Q.9 A Q.10 B
Q.11 A Q.12 D Q.13 C Q.14 C Q.15 C
Q.16 D Q.17 C Q.18 C Q.19 A Q.20 C
Q.21 C Q.22 A Q.23 A Q.24 D Q.25 C
3-DIMEN SIONAL G E O M E T RY
Q.1 C Q.2 A Q.3 B Q.4 B Q.5 C
Q.6 D Q.7 D Q.8 B Q.9 B Q.10 B
Q.11 C Q.12 B Q.13 D Q.14 C Q.15 B
Q.16 A Q.17 A Q.18 A Q.19 B Q.20 A
EXERCISE-2
VECTOR
Q.1 A Q.2 B Q.3 C Q.4 D Q.5 D
Q.6 B Q.7 D Q.8 C Q.9 C Q.10 B
Q.11 A Q.12 B Q.13 C Q.14 A Q.15 A
Q.16 D Q.17 ABD Q.18 ABC Q.19 ABD
Q.20 (A) T; (B) U ; (C) P ; (D) R ; (E) Q; (F) S; (G) W; (H) V Q.21 (A) S; (B) P; (C) R; (D) Q
Q.22 (A) Q; (B) S; (C) R; (D) Q; (E) P Q.23 35 Q.24 5 Q.25 34
Q.26 48 Q.27 5 Q.28 51 Q.29 13 Q.30 1125
( 1) n
Q.31 488 Q.32 13 Q.33 n , n I & 1
2
1
Q.34 (î 5 ĵ k̂ )
3 3
118
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
3-DIMEN SIONAL G E O M E T RY
Q.1 A Q.2 D Q.3 D Q.4 D Q.5 B
Q.6 A Q.7 A Q.8 A Q.9 D Q.10 B
Q.11 C Q.12 A Q.13 C Q.14 B Q.15 C
Q.16 D Q.17 D Q.18 ABC Q.19 BD Q.20 AC
Q.21 (A) R ; (B) Q, (C) Q, S, (D) P, S Q.22 240 Q.23 7 Q.24 23
Q.25 12 Q.26 7/5 Q.27 x – 8y + 7z = 2
x 7 y2 z 1 2
Q.28 2x + 3y + z + 4 = 0 Q.29 Q.30
22 5 4 3
EXERCISE-3
Q.1 C Q.2 C Q.3 D Q.4 B Q.5 D
Q.6 A Q.7 B Q.8 A Q.9 A Q.10 C
Q.11 A Q.12 A Q.13 D Q.14 A Q.15 B
Q.16 A Q.17 D Q.18 C Q.19 A Q.20 B
Q.21 B Q.22 B Q.23 B Q.24 A Q.25 B
Q.26 C Q.27 A Q.28 B Q.29 C Q.30 A
Q.31 A Q.32 B Q.33 B Q.34 B
EXERCISE-4
Q.2 v 1 2i , v 2 i j, v 3 3i 2j 4k Q.3 B Q.4 C
Q.6 B Q.7 C Q.9 D Q.10 x + y – 2z = 3
Q.11 (6, 5, –2) Q.13 B Q.14 B Q.15 A Q.17 9/2
Q.18 D Q.19 2x – y + z – 3 = 0 and 62x + 29y + 19z – 105 = 0
Q.20 ŵ = v̂ – 2( â · v̂ ) â Q.21 D Q.22 A Q.23 B
Q.24 (A) Q, R; (B) P, (C) S, (D) P Q.25 (A) Q, (B) Q, (C) R, (D) P Q.26 C
Q.27 B Q.28 C Q.29 D Q.30 (A) R; (B) Q; (C) P; (D) S
Q.31 A Q.32 AC Q.33 D Q.34 B Q.35 D
Q.36 C Q.37 A Q.38 C Q.39 C
Q.40 (A) Q, S ; (B) P, R, S, T ; (C) T ; (D) R Q.41 7 Q.42 C
Q.43 B Q.44 A Q.45 5 Q.46 6
119
VE CT OR & 3 -DIM ENS IONA L GE OMET RY
Q.47 (A) T (B) P, R (C) Q (D) R Q.48 C Q.49 AD Q.50 9
Q.51 A Q.52 A Q.53 C Q.54 C Q.55 3
Q.56 D Q.57 C Q.58 D Q.59 A Q.60 5
Q.61 (A) R ; (B) S ; (C) P ; (D) Q Q.62 (A) R :;(B) Q ; (C) S ; (D) P Q.63 C
Q.64 ABC Q.65 4 Q.66 BD Q.67 AB Q.68 ACD
Q.69 (A) P, R, S ; (B) P ; (C) P, Q ; (D) S, T Q.70 BONUS Q.71 AB
Q.72 BCD Q.73 C Q.74 BC Q.75 C Q.76 B
Q.77 D Q.78 A
EXERCISE-5
VECTOR
Q.1 A Q.2 B Q.3 C Q.4 A Q.5 D
Q.6 C Q.7 A Q.8 C Q.9 B Q.10 B
Q.11 C Q.12 BCD Q.13 BD
Q.14 (A) Q ; (B) R, S ; (C) R, S ; (D) P Q.15 (A) S ; (B) R ; (C) Q ; (D) P Q.16 6
Q.17 3
3 - D I M E N S I O N A L G E O M E T RY
Q.1 A Q.2 D Q.3 C Q.4 A Q.5 B
Q.6 D Q.7 A Q.8 BC Q.9 ABCD Q.10 AC
Q.11 (A) R ; (B) Q ; (C) S ; (D) P Q.12 (A) ; P (B) ; S (C) ; R (D) ; Q Q.13 9
Q.14 6 Q.15 2 Q.16 9
120
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