Wireless Communication

Technology
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 Infrared is used in a variety of wireless communications,
monitoring, and control applications. Here are some
examples:

• Home-entertainment remote-control boxes

• Wireless (local area networks)
• Links between notebook i l. co
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• Cordless modem or
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• IntrusionO detectors
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• Motion detectors
• Fire sensors
• Night-vision systems
• Medical diagnostic equipment
• Missile guidance systems
• Geological monitoring devices
Transmitting IR data from one device to another is sometimes referred to as beaming.
What is Infrared(IrDA)?
Infrared is a new generation technology that is used to transfer data from one infrared enabled device to
another by lining up the infrared 'eye' with other devices.

The Infrared Data Association (IrDA) defines physical specifications communication protocol standard
for the short-range exchange of data over infrared light, for uses such as personal area networks (PANs).

IrDA Data is a standard established by the Infrared Data Association i l. co (IrDA) in 1994 for two-way point-
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IrDA Data is used for connection between palm computers,
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Generally in mobiles infrared technology is used for following

purposes :
● Connecting to the Internet from a laptop via your mobile using IrDA.
● Beaming contact / business card / ring tones / pictures etc to another mobile.
● Installing software or backing up your data to/from a PC.
 This technology was invented by Ericson in 1994. It operates in the
unlicensed, industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band from 2.4
GHz to 2.485 GHz
The Sony Ericsson T36 became the first mobile phone to include Bluetooth.

Bluetooth wireless technology is a short range communications

technology intended to replace the cables l. co
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It is a Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) technology and is used for exchanging
data over smaller distances.

Maximum devices that can be connected at the same time are 7. Bluetooth ranges up to
10 meters. It provides data rates up to 1 Mbps or 3 Mbps depending upon the version.
Wifi stands for Wireless Fidelity
Wifi is for Local Area Network (LAN)
The range of Wifi network is around 100 meters
Wifi is considered a short-range technology
The transmission speed of Wifi can be up to 54 Mbps.

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Wi-Fi is a local area wireless isltechnology that allows an electronic
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device to exchange data foorra
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UHF and 5 GHz SHF radio waves.
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The Wi-Fi Alliance defines Wi-Fi as any “wireless local area

network (WLAN) products that are based on the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers’ (IEEE) 802.11 standards”.
• According to Cisco Annual Internet Report (2018-2023),
there will be nearly 623 million public Wi-Fi hotspots
across the world by 2023, up from 169 million hotspots as
of 2018.
• Within this, the highest share of hotspots by 2023 will be in
the Asia Pacific region at 46%. As per the calculations of
the Telecom Regulatory Authority a i l. co
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Key BLUETOOTH WIFI
Definition Bluetooth is a wireless technology that is WiFi stands for Wireless Fidelity. Wi-Fi is a
used to connect devices in short range. technology that enables devices to connect to
the Internet wirelessly.
Component WiFi requires wireless adaptor on all Bluetooth mrequires an Bluetooth adaptor on
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devices and Wireless Router for all devices a il.c for connectivity.
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Power WiFi consumes high power. ly for Bluetooth is easier to use and consumes less
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Consumption power than Wi-Fi because it only requires an
adapter on each connecting device.
Security WiFi is more secure than Bluetooth. Bluetooth is less secure than other wireless
technologies such as Wifi.
Bandwidth WiFi needs high bandwidth. Bluetooth has a low bandwidth.

Coverage WiFi coverage area is up to 32 meters. Bluetooth coverage area is about 10 meters.
WiMAX is
• Acronym for Worldwide Interoperability
for Microwave Access.
• Based on Wireless MAN technology.
• A wireless . c o m technology optimized for the
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constructing alternative and

complementary broadband networks.
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The range of the Wimax network is about 50-90km
Wimax is considered a long-range technology
The transmission speed of WiMAX can be up to
70mbps.
 Light Fidelity (LiFi) Technology
Li-Fi, or light fidelity, invented by German
physicist and professor
LI-FI
Harald Haas
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LiFi (Light Fidelity) is a nwireless
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technology that transmits data using visible light at an
extremely high speed.
It can offer greater security, data rates
and densities to support more robust
and reliable wireless networks that
complement and enhance existing
cellular and Wi-Fi networks.

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It provides ultra-fast data connections, and are especially useful in

urban areas where radio spectra are congested and also very useful
in rural areas wherein Fiber Optic Cables or networks are not
reachable.
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The double benefit of a bulb giving us light as well as
internet access
Low interference leads to very high data speed
Li-Fi works underwater as well
The visible light spectrum is available in plenty,
unlicensed and free to use
LED illumination is already efficient and data
transmission needs very little additional power.
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Issues
• Li-Fi would be difficult to operate in harsh
weather conditions or harsh lighting conditions.
• LiFi requires specialized LEDs to work
flawlessly.
• Might Not Work During Night
• Requires Additional Devices
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• NFC is a short-range wireless connectivity technology
that allows NFC-enabled devices to communicate with
each other and transfer information quickly and easily a i l. co
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with a single touch - whether to pay bills, exchange w isln
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business cards, download coupons, or share a lydocument.
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• NFC transmits data through electromagnetic radio

fields, to enable communication between two devices.
Both devices must contain NFC chips, as transactions
take place within a very short distance.
NFC-enabled devices must be either physically touching
or within a few Centimetres from each other for data
transfer to occur.

In 2004, consumer electronics companies, Nokia, Philips

and Sony together formed the NFC Forum, which
outlined the architecture for NFC technology to create .com
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Nokia released the first NFC-

enabled phone in 2007.
What are the other applications of NFC technology?
• It is used in contactless banking cards to perform money
transactions or to generate contact-less tickets for public
transport.
• Contactless cards and readers use NFC in several m a i l. co
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applications
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booths.
• It is present in speakers, household appliances, and other
electronic devices that are controlled through smartphones.
• It also has an application in healthcare, to monitor patient
stats through NFC-enabled wristbands. NFC is used in
wireless charging too.
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Differences between NFC and other wireless technologies nly for
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NFC is a technology that is distinct from other wireless technologies, not only in the technology used, but also the
applications envisaged.
Bluetooth: Although both Bluetooth and NFC can be used to transfer data, Bluetooth has been designed to transfer
data over much greater distances. NFC is designed to be close proximity only.
Wi-Fi / IEEE 802.11: Wi-Fi is designed for local area networks, and is not a short range peer to peer technology.
RFID: Although RFID is very similar to NFC in many respects, RFID is a much broader technology. NFC is a
specific case which is defined by standards enabling it to be interoperable.
Relying on the radiated near field for its communication, the whole concept of NFC is based around the fact that
distance over which communication can be made is limited, and this is what is key to its success and this makes it
very different from other forms of communication.
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How safe is this technology?
• NFC technology is designed for an operation between devices within a few centimetres from each other.
This makes it difficult for attackers to record the communication between the devices compared to other
wireless technologies which have a working distance of several metres.
• The user of the NFC-enabled device determines by the touch gesture which entity the NFC communication
should take place with, making it more difficult for the attacker to get connected.
• The security level of the NFC communication is by default higher compared to other wireless
communication protocols.
• Since the receiving device reads data the instant one sends it, NFCs also reduce the chance of human error.
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