A PROJECT

ON
SMART TOUCH SENSOR

SHADAN COLLEGE OF ENGG. AND TECHNOLOGY.

(SULTAN UL ULOOM EDUCATION SOCIETY) Affiliated to JNTU University, Peerancheru Himayath Nagar Road, Hyderabad, Andhra pradesh 500008

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF AH SAJID (MINI-PROJECT LAB INCHARE)

BY:
AHMED UDDIN GHALIB(07081A04A2)

SHADAN COLLEGE OF ENGG. AND TECHNOLOGY.

(SULTAN UL ULOOM EDUCATION SOCIETY) Affiliated to JNTU University, Peerancheru Himayath Nagar Road, Hyderabad, Andhra pradesh 500008

Certificate
This is to certify that the project entitled |SMART TOUCH SENSOR has been submitted by AHMED UDDIN

GHALIB,B.Tech IV/IV, 1st Semester (NR) during the year 20102011 under the guidance and supervision of

AH SAJID HOD, in

the Department of Electronics and Communications.

Place: Hyderabad.

Signature of lab In charge

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Our effort would not have been materialized without the grace of the almighty and the encouragement, support and guidance of the following people to whom we are indebted.

We take this opportunity to express our gratitude and thank Mr. AH Sajid, without whom this dream could not be completed. He had been a constant source of motivation to us for his invaluable suggestions, tremendous support and guidance throughout the entire length of this dissertation work. Especially we would like to express gratitude to Mr. A.H Sajid (H.O.D) for his immense experience that has Always helped us know our loopholes and to fill them. We also thank the other teaching and non-teaching staff. We also thank our classmates for helping us during the project work. Lastly, we thank the embodiments of love and affection of our beloved Parents, brothers and sisters without whose moral support and Encouragement, the project work would not have been completed.

S.NO

CONTENTS

PAGE

NO. 1. 2. 3. Abstract Introduction TOUCH SENSOR

a)defination b)classification c)characteristics d)design

4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Explanation of Program Program Output Conclusion Bibliography

ABSTRACT
In this TOUCH sensor alarm circuit, initially, when power switch S1 is flipped to on position, power indicator LED1 lights up immediately. IC LM555 (IC1), wired as a simple latch circuit with control input, is powered and R-C components R4 and C5 connected at its reset pin 4 force the latch to standby mode (with inactive low output). The circuit is driven into sleep mode. As soon as TOUCH is detected, MOSFET T1 is fired by the positive going pulse output from the TOUCH sensing mechanism built around Piezo-ceramic wafer and associated Components. As a result, control input Pins 2 and 6 of IC1 latch are grounded. Output pin 3 of IC1 now goes high. The positive supply from output pin 3 of IC1 is extended to three-tone siren generator UM3561 (IC2) through R5, D1 and R6. Components R6 and ZD1 stabilise the input power supply of IC2 to around 3.3V. Output signals from

IC2 are amplified by Darlington-pair transistors T2 and T3 to produce alert tone (police siren sound) via loud speaker LS1. Reset switch S1 can be used to switch off the alarm sound by resetting the latch circuit. For safety, use key-lock type switches for S1 and S2. A relay can also be connected at the output socket (SOC1) of the circuit to energise highpower beacons, emergency sirens and fence electrification units. The circuit works off 9V DC. A compact PP3-/6F22-type alkaline battery can be used to power the circuit.

HISTORY
A SMART TOUCH sensor with wireless communication for recording and analysing train TOUCH has been developed in the country. Alka Dubey and Ashish Verma of Sagar University brought this innovation to light, while presenting their paper at the fourth international Wireless Communication SensorNetworks concluded at Indian Institute of Information Technology-Allahabad (IIIT-A) on Monday (Dec 29). Dubey said that high speed trains are one of the most impressive developments of the recent years having brought a new degree of comfort for travelers. These trains posed serious accidents because of the high

level of TOUCH, which are generated. Therefore to make the train speed smoother, a smart TOUCH sensor is developed. It is a self sensation device equipped with recording and wireless communication interface. One programmed microcontroller 89C52 is used, which records TOUCH of trains with real time into memory. There are certain limits of TOUCHs, which are acceptable by the railway track. Beyond this limit the tracks may be damaged, resulting in major causality, she said. The sensor with microcontroller interface has been designed, developed and tested at Sagar railway station for reliability of electronics. The sensor can be accessed wirelessly from a personal computer or laptop, she informed. This sensor is useful for recording the TOUCHs of trains with respect to date and time by which investigation team can get the appropriate reason of accident due to TOUCH. Smart TOUCH sensor does not require wired communication. It can be communicated with PC or laptops using wireless communication. Railway is an enormous medium of transportation in India. The rate of rail accidents is high. To decrease the rate of accidents it is important to know the appropriate reason(s) of accidents. TOUCH induced by train is an important data for accident investigation team. There are certain limits of TOUCH from 0 to 100 Hz, which is acceptable for proper train movement. Beyond this limit accidents might occur. Speaking on the occasion, Prof M Radhakrishna said the conference had achieved another milestone this year by receiving quality research papers. Prof US Tiwari threw light on role of smart-dust sensors in coming years.

Classification by technology
Passive filters Single pole types
The simplest electronic implementations of linear filters are based on combinations of resistors, inductors and capacitors. These filters exist in so-called RC, RL, LC and RLC varieties. All these types are collectively known as passive filters, because they do not depend upon an external power supply. Inductors block high-frequency signals and conduct low-frequency signals, while capacitors do the reverse. A filter in which the signal passes through an inductor, or in which a capacitor provides a path to earth, therefore presents less attenuation to lowfrequency signals than high-frequency signals and is a low-pass filter. If the signal passes through a capacitor, or has a path to ground through an inductor, then the filter presents less attenuation to high-frequency signals than low-frequency signals and is a high-pass filter. Resistors on their own have no frequency-selective properties, but are added to inductors and capacitors to determine the time-constants of the circuit, and therefore the frequencies to which it responds. At very high frequencies (above about 100 megahertz), sometimes the inductors consist of single loops or strips of sheet metals, and the capacitors consist of adjacent strips of metal. These are called stubs.

Multipole types
Second order filters are measured by their quality or Q factor. A filter is said to have a high Q if it selects or rejects a narrow range of frequencies compared with its centre frequency. Q is defined as center frequency fo/3dB bandwidth.

Active filters
Active filters are implemented using a combination of passive and active (amplifying) components. Operational amplifiers are frequently used in active filter designs. These can have Q, and achieve resonance without the use of inductors. However, their upper frequency limit is limited by the bandwidth if the amplifiers used.

Digital filters
igital signal processing allows the inexpensive construction of a wide variety of filters. The signal is sampled and an analog to digital converter turns the signal into a stream of numbers. A computer program running on a CPU or a specialized DSP, less often a hardware implementation of the algorithm, calculates an output number stream. This output is converted to a signal by passing it through a digital to analog converter. There are problems with noise introduced by the conversations, but these can be controlled and limited for many useful filters. Due to the sampling involved, the input signal must be of limited frequency content or aliasing will occur.

Classification by transfer function

Filters may be specified by family and passband. A filter s family is specified by certain design criteria which give general rules for specifying the transfer function of the filter. Some common filter families and their particular design criteria are; Butterworth filter no gain ripple in pass band and stop band, slow cutoff Chebyshev filter (Type 1) no gain ripple in stop band, moderate cutoff Chebyshev filter (Type 2) no gain ripple in pass band , moderate cutoff Bessel filter no group delay ripple, no gain ripple in both bands, slow gain cutoff Elliptic filter gain ripple in pass and stop band, fast cutoff

Generally, each family of filters can be specified to a particular order. The higher the order, the more the filter will approach the perfect filter of complete transmission in the passband, and complete attenuation in the stop band. Each family can be used to specify a particular pass band in which frequencies are transmitted, while frequencies in the stop band (i.e. outside the pass band) are more or less attenuated. Low-pass filter Low frequencies are passed, high frequencies are attenuated. High-pass filter High frequencies are passed, low frequencies are attenuated. Band-pass filter Only frequencies in a frequency band are passed. Band-stop filter Only frequencies in a frequency band are attenuated. All-pass filter All frequencies are passed, but the phase of the output is modified.

Digital filters
In electronics, a digital filter is any electronic filter that works by performing digital mathematical operations on an intermediate form of a signal. This is in contrast to older analog filters which work entirely in the analog realm and must rely on physical networks of electronic components (such as resistors, capacitors, transistors, etc.) to achieve the desired filtering effect. Digital filters can achieve virtually any filtering effect that can be expressed as a mathematical function or algorithm. The two primary limitations of digital filters are their speed (the filter can t operate any faster than the computer at the heart of the filter), and their cost. However as the cost of integrated circuits has continued to drop over time, digital filters have become increasingly common place and are now an essential element of many everyday objects such as radios, cell phones, and stereo receivers.

Digital filter advantages

Digital filters can easily realize performance characteristics far beyond what are (even theoretically) possible with analog filters. It is not particularly difficult, for example, to create a 1000 Hz low-pass filter which can achieve near-perfect transmission of a 999 Hz input while entirely blocking a 1001 Hz signal. Analog filters cannot discriminate between such closely spaced signals. Also, for complex multi-stage filtering operations, digital filters have the potential to attain much better signal to noise ratios than analog filters. This is because whereas at each intermediate stage the analog filter adds more noise to the signal, the digital filter performs noiseless mathematical operations at each intermediate step in the transform. The primary source of noise in a digital filter is to be found in the initial A to D analog to digital conversion step, where in addition to any circuit noise introduced, the signal is subject to an unavoidable quantization error which is due to the finite resolution of the digital representation of the signal. Note also those frequency components exceeding half the sampling rate of the filter (cf. Nyquist sampling theorem) will be confounded (or aliased) by the filter. Thus a small anti-aliasing filter is always placed ahead of the analog to digital conversion circuitry to prevent these high-frequency components from aliasing.

TOUCH SENSOR:
Smart TOUCH sensor going pulse output from the TOUCH sensing mechanism built around piezo-ceramic wafer and associated components. As a result, control input pins 2 and 6 of IC1 latch are grounded. Output pin 3 of IC1 now goes high. The positive supply from output pin 3 of IC1 is extended to three-tone siren generator UM3561 (IC2) through R5, D1 and R6. Components R6 and ZD1 stabilise the input power supply of IC2 to around 3.3V. Output signals from IC2 are amplified by Darlington-pair transistors T2 and T3 to produce alert tone (police siren sound) via loudIn this TOUCH sensor alarm circuit, initially, when power switch S1 is flipped to on position, power indicator LED1 lights up immediately. IC LM555 (IC1), wired as a simple latch circuit with control input, is powered and R-C components R4 and C5 connected at its reset pin 4 force the latch to standby mode (with inactive low output). The circuit is driven into sleep mode. As soon as TOUCH is detected, MOSFET T1 is fired by the positivespeaker LS1. Reset switch S1 can be used to switch off the alarm sound by resetting the latch circuit. For safety, use key-lock type switches for S1 and S2. A relay can also be connected at the output socket (SOC1) of the circuit to energise highpower beacons, emergency sirens and fence electrification units.

The circuit works off 9V DC. A compact PP3-/6F22-type alkaline battery can be used to power the circuit.

CHARACTERICS:
y Fir filters can be designed with exactly linear phase. Linear phase is important for applications were phase distortion due to nonlinear phase can degrade performance, for example, speech processing, data transmission, and correlation processing. y FIR filters realized non recursively are inherently stable, that is, the filter impulse response is of finite length and therefore bounded. y Quantization noise due to finite precision arithmetic can be made negligible for nonrecursive realizations. y Coefficient accuracy problems inherit in sharp cutoff IIR filters can be made less severe for realizations of equally sharp FIR filters. y FIR filters can be efficiently implemented in multirate DSP systems. y A disadvantage of FIR filters compared to IIR filters is that an appreciably higher order filter is required to achieve a specified magnitude response, thereby requiring more filter coefficient storage.

TOUCH sensors can be mounted fastened to machinery or other adhesive options such as wax, adhesive glue and magnets. A limitation of a TOUCH sensor can be how much shock and TOUCH the sensor will be able to withstand. Sometimes TOUCH sensors need to be mounted on an electrically isolated surface to provide ground isolation between the mounting surface and signals from the TOUCH sensors. Some of the mechanical characteristics to be considered for TOUCH sensors are the temperature range for function and storage, pull force of terminal, operational life, humidity endurance and solder ability. A TOUCH sensor is often used in conjunction with other mechanical devices so it is essential that there are no rust or high temperature problems. The strengths of a TOUCH sensor play a vital role in this as they can be made from high insulation plastic material, free from electrical conduction and rust problem and resist high temperature and meet fireproof function. The applications of a TOUCH sensor includes the following; earthquake detecting system, alarm systems, sporting devices, automotive devices, visual devices, home electrical appliances, information devices, communication devices and toys.

Windows:
In both digital filter design and spectral estimation, the choice of a windowing function can play an important role in determining the quality of overall results. The main role of the window is to damp out the effects of the Gibbs phenomenon that results from truncation of an infinite series. In signal processing, a window function (or apodization function) is a function that is zero-valued outside of some chosen interval. For instance, a function that is constant inside the interval and zero elsewhere is called a rectangular window, which describes the shape of its graphical representation. When another function or a signal (data) is multiplied by a window function, the product is also zero-valued outside the interval. All that is left is the view

through the window. Applications of window functions include spectral analysis and filter design.

Design specifications:
y Filter type: HP y Filter critical pass band and stop band frequencies in Hz y HP: fp and fs

y Filter passband ripple and minimum stop band attenuation in positive decibels Ap and As. y Filter sampling frequency in hz: F. y Filter order (N)-odd.

Design Procedure:
High-speed trains are one of the most impressive developments of the recent years having brought a new degree of comfort for travelers. These train posed serious accidents because of the high level of TOUCH, which they can generate. In the present paper a smart TOUCH sensor is developed which is a self-sensation device equipped with recording and wireless communication interface. One programmed microcontroller 89C52 is used, which record TOUCH of trains with real time into memory.There is certain limit of TOUCHs, which is acceptable by track. Beyond this limit track can be damaged and may result major casualty.

Bibilography: 1.SHADAN Library. 2.www.google.com