GENERAL TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR

FORCES, AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE

PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES
Physical Science/ Grade 11 (Core Subject)
Quarter 3 / Week 3

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 FOREWORD

This Self Learning Kit is made to help learners to be prepared with the
necessary idea in Physical Science. This is designed to aid the learners in acquiring
the knowledge needed for this competency. Specifically, in understanding the
different intermolecular forces and its properties as a substance. The activities will
strengthen the knowledge and skills in the said competency that may be useful in
improving their everyday life.
This Self-Learning Kit is divided into three parts:
A. What Happened wherein the learners will answer or perform simple activity
that recalls the previous lesson and at the same time established a
convection to the present lesson to be discussed.
B. What I Need to Know This part delivers the explanation of the competency. It
provides the content and the necessary information that should be learned
by the students.
C. What I Have Learned presents the evaluation of what the learners learned in
the discussion. This will measure how well they can retain the information
through series of activities.
In this learning kit the learners will gain knowledge in describing the general
types of intermolecular forces and their effects on the properties of
substances.

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 OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this self-learning kit are the following:

a. describe the general types of intermolecular forces;

b. identify the type of intermolecular forces present in some substances based
on their properties; and
c. appreciate the importance of the different intermolecular forces.

LEARNING COMPETENCIES:

 Describe the general types of intermolecular forces (S11/12PS-III-d-17)

 Explain the effect of intermolecular forces on the properties of substances

(S11/12PS-IIId-e19)

I. WHAT HAPPENED

It is because of
Why do some solids dissolve Intermolecular Forces.
in water but others do not?

Vectorstock.com

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I.PRE-TEST:
TRUE OR FALSE

Directions: Write T if the statement is correct and F if the statement is incorrect,

on a ¼ sheet of paper/ answer sheet/ notebook.

1. Intermolecular forces hold molecules together which can be attractive o

repulsive.
2. Not all polar molecules have a partial negative end and partial positive end
which are attracted to each other.
3. The hydrogen bond is a special type of dipole-dipole interaction between
the hydrogen atom in a polar molecule and the highly electronegative
atoms N, O, and F in another molecule.
4. There are two types of intermolecular forces.
5. The ion-dipole force exists in the attraction between an ion and a dipole
molecule.
6. Dipole-dipole forces are stronger than ionic or covalent bonds.
7. Atoms in a molecule are held together by a chemical bond or
intramolecular force.
8. A hydrogen bond is an attraction between a negative hydrogen in a polar
molecule and a slightly positive atom in another molecule.
9. The electronegative atoms like oxygen, cause the bond to be polar.
10. The polarity of a molecule does not affect the molecule’s interaction with
other molecules.

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II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

Mary, can you tell me what an

intermolecular force is?
Well, Let’s find
out!

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INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF ATTRACTION

These are the attractive forces between molecules. Intermolecular
forces hold molecules together which can be attractive or repulsive.
They are generally weaker than covalent bonds. They are
accountable for the properties of substances. Moreover,
intermolecular forces also explain why substances exist substances
exist as solids, liquids, or gases at room temperature.

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 Table 1: Types of Interaction
Type of Interaction Interacting Particles
All molecules (especially nonpolar
Dispersion
molecules)
Dipole-dipole Polar molecules
Ion-dipole Ions and polar molecules
Ion-ion Ions (cations and anions)
Hydrogen bond N, O, or F bonded with H atom

There are four types of intermolecular forces of attraction for

interactions involving covalent molecules:

a. Dipole-dipole
b. Ion-dipole
c. Dispersion Forces
d. Hydrogen Bonding
The first three types are known as van der Waals forces.

Did you know?

The van der Waals forces, weak attractive forces between atoms or
molecules, were named in honor of Johannes Diederik van der Waals. He
was a Dutch physicist, winner of the 1910 Nobel Prize for Physics for his
research on the gaseous and liquid states of matter.
Source: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Diederik-van-der-Waals

Self-Check!
What are the different types of intermolecular forces?
_________________________________________________________________

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 DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES

Dipole-dipole forces are attractive forces existing between polar

molecules (molecules that exhibit dipole moment), such as HCl. These forces
arise due to interaction between oppositely charged ends of polar molecules.
The greater the dipole moment of molecules, the greater is the forces of
attraction. Dipole-Dipole interactions result when two dipolar molecules
interact with each other through space. When this occurs, the partially
negative portion of one of the polar molecules is
attracted to the partially positive portion of the second polar molecule.

 ION-DIPOLE FORCES

Ion-dipole forces exist in the attraction between a charged particle

called ion(which can be a positively charged particle called cation or
negatively charged anion) and a polar molecule. This is exhibited in hydration
or the interaction of water molecules with the cations and anions of ionic
compounds dissolved in water. When NaCl is dissolved in water (H2O), NaCl will
dissociate into sodium cations (Na+) and chlorine anions (Cl-). Because water
is a polar molecule and has partial negative and partial positive poles, the
Na+ will form an ion-dipole interaction with the partial negative part of the
water molecule (O), while the Cl- will form an ion-dipole interaction with partial
positive part of the water molecule (H+).

 DISPERSION FORCES OR LONDON FORCES

Dispersion forces are the weakest attractive forces that are formed due
to the temporary dipoles induced in nonpolar molecules. This force is also
called induced-dipole-induced-dipole attraction. Take for example, if there is
an ion or a polar molecule near an atom or a nonpolar molecule, there will be
distortion in the electron clouds of the atom of the nonpolar molecule due to
the force exerted by the ion or the polar molecule. This distortion will result in
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 temporary dipoles in the nonpolar molecule which is called induced dipole.
Induced dipole is the separation of the positive and negative charges in a
nonpolar molecule due to the nearness of an ion or a polar molecule. Ion-
induced dipole interaction attraction is a weak attraction that results when the
approach of an ion induces a dipole in an atom or in a nonpolar molecule by
disturbing the arrangement of electrons in the nonpolar species (Retrieved from
https://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquids/inddip.html). Dipole-induced dipole
when the induced dipole is due to the interaction between a polar and a
nonpolar molecule.

 HYDROGEN BOND

The hydrogen bond is a special type of dipole-dipole interaction

between the hydrogen atom in a polar molecule and the highly
electronegative atoms, N, O and F in another molecule. The water molecule is
a very good example of a substance that exhibits hydrogen bonding.

Properties Dependent on IMFA

Phase at room temperature

When molecules have strong intermolecular forces of attraction, they
are packed close together. They often exist as condensed phase (solid or
liquid) at room temperature.

When molecules have weak intermolecular forces of attraction, they

are far apart from each other. They often exist as gas at room temperature.

Solubility
Solubility refers to the ability of a substance to dissolve in a given
amount of solvent at a specified temperature. Recall the rule “like dissolves
like.” When the solute and the solvent both exhibit the same intermolecular
forces of attraction, they form a solution.

Examples:

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Water and ethanol are polar substances. They both exhibit LDF, dipole -
dipole forces, and hydrogen bonding. When mixed together, they form a
solution.

Source: https://link.quipper.com/en/organizations/547ffb03d2b76d0002002352/curriculum#curriculum

Source: https://link.quipper.com/en/organizations/547ffb03d2b76d0002002352/curriculum#curriculum

On the other hand, hexane and water do not have similar

intermolecular forces of attraction. The only attractive forces present in
hexane are the relatively weak London dispersion forces. These forces cannot
significantly the strong hydrogen bonding among water molecules. Therefore,
hexane and water form a heterogeneous mixture.

Melting point
Melting point is the temperature at which the substance changes from
solid to liquid. Stronger intermolecular forces mean greater amount of energy
is needed to break the attractive forces between molecules. Substances with
stronger IMFA have higher melting points compared to those with weaker
IMFA.

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Boiling point
Boiling point is the temperature at which the substance changes from
liquid to gas. Similar to melting point, stronger intermolecular forces mean
greater amount of energy is needed to break the attractive forces between
molecules. Substances with stronger IMFA have higher boiling points
compared to those with weaker IMFA.

Surface Tension
Surface Tension is the tendency of a fluid to acquire the least possible
surface area. Molecules with stronger intermolecular forces will exert greater
cohesive forces and acquire less surface area (higher surface tension) than
those with weaker IMFA.

Viscosity
Viscosity is the measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow. Molecules with
stronger intermolecular forces have greater resistance to flow, and thus,
higher viscosity compared to those with weaker IMFA.

Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure is the pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its
liquid phase in a closed system. Molecules with stronger intermolecular forces
have less tendency to escape as gas, and thus lower vapor pressure
compared to those with weaker IMFA.

Strengths of Intermolecular Forces

When comparing the strengths of intermolecular forces, check the
difference in molecular weight. If the difference is too large (>1000), then
generally, the molecule with greater molecular weight has stronger
intermolecular forces. Otherwise, you may use the following strategy:

1. Check which molecule exhibits hydrogen bonding. This molecule will

have stronger intermolecular forces.
2. Check which molecule is polar. Polar molecules have stronger
intermolecular forces.
3. Compare London dispersion forces. More massive molecules have
stronger intermolecular forces.

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 Source: https://link.quipper.com/en/organizations/547ffb03d2b76d0002002352/curriculum#curriculum
Practice Exercises: Copy and answer in your notebook.
1. List the dominant (strongest) type of IMF for the pure substances, then rank the
strength of each compound based on IMFs within the samples.

(1 = strongest, 2 = in between, 3 = weakest)

Substance IMF Relative Strength
HBr
O2
CH3OH

2. List all types of IMFs that would occur in each of the following:
a. CH3CF3 ___________________
b. CCl4 ___________________
c. SO2 ___________________
d. BrF ___________________
e. (CH3)3N ___________________
f. PCl5 ___________________

3. For each of the following pairs, which molecule would have the stronger
intermolecular forces?
a) HF vs. HCl __________
b) CH3OH vs. CH4 __________
c) ICl vs. CCl4 __________

PERFORMANCE OUTPUT #1: Surface Tension

Materials:
500mL glass pitcher (or any container)
pepper
liquid detergent
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 stirring rod or banana cue stick

Procedure:
1. Fill a 500 mL pitcher glass to about three-quarters full of water.
2. Sprinkle some pepper on top of the water.
3. Observe.
4. Put a few drops of liquid detergent at the tip of a stirring rod.
5. Gently touch the tip of the stirring rod with detergent to the surface of the
water.
Process Questions:
1. What is your initial observation during the experiment?
2. How does the liquid detergent affect the surface tension of water?
3. Make a hypothesis for this experiment.

III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

Directions: Describe the following statement as intermolecular forces. For each

statement indicate whether it refers to London Forces(L), dipole forces(D) or
Hydrogen bonding (H). Write the corresponding letter of the IMF in your
notebook.

1. It occurs in all molecules.

2. It is the strongest intermolecular force.
3. It occurs in polar molecules.
4. Occur when a temporary dipole is formed.
5. The strength of the force depends on how many protons and electrons are
in the molecule.
6. It occurs in molecules where hydrogen is covalently bonded to O, N, or F.
7. It is affected by the shape of a molecule.

B. Multiple Choice. Read each item carefully. Write only the letter of the
correct answer in your notebook.

1. Which of the following properties is not influenced by the type of

intermolecular forces?
a. Boiling Point c. Solubility
b. Melting Point d. Molar Mass
2. Which phase of matter has the strongest IMFA?
a. Solid c. Gas
b. Liquid d. Plasma

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3. What happens to the boiling point as you increase the strength of IMFA?
a. Increases c. Remains the same
b. Decreases d. Nothing happens

4. Which of the following compounds has the highest boiling point?

a. H2S c. CO2
b. HF d. H2O

5. At room temperature, F2 and Cl2 are gases, Br2 is a liquid, and I2 is a solid.
Which of the following explains this?
a. They have different intermolecular forces present
b. They all have London dispersion forces
c. They may contain hydrogen bonding
d. They have dipole-dipole forces

6. Which of the following substances has the lowest melting point?

a. H2 c. NH3
b. H2O d. CO2

7. Which of the following substances is the most soluble in water?

a. CH4 b. NaCl c. NaCl d. Benzene

8. Which substance is gas at room temperature?

(Refer to the following table)

Substance Boiling Point C

A 34
B 58
C 2
D 100
Note: The room temperature is 29 C.

9. Which substance has the strongest intermolecular forces?

(Refer to the following table)

Substance Boiling Point C

A 34
B 58
C 2
D 100
Note: The room temperature is 29 C.

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10. Which substance most likely exhibit London dispersion forces only?
(Refer to the following table)

Substance Boiling Point C

A 34
B 58
C 2
D 100
Note: The room temperature is 29 C.

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 REFERENCES

Bernal, John Desmond and Helen D. Megaw. "The function of hydrogen in

intermolecular forces." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.
Series A-Mathematical and Physical Sciences 151, no. 873 (1935):
384-420.

Bigael, Jerome.”Intermolecular Forces of Attraction”. Slideshare.

https://www.slideshare.net/JeromeJerome1/intermolecular-forces-of-
attraction- 79586079#:~:text=8.,referred%20to%20as%20a%20dipole.
Published on Sep 9, 2017.

Brown, Theodore L.; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; and Bruce E. Bursten. Chemistry: The
Central Science. 10th edition. “Intermolecular Forces, Liquids, and
Solids”. Prentice Hall, Inc.: John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community
College St. Peters, MO. 2006.

Buckingham, A. D., P. W. Fowler, and Jeremy M. Hutson. "Theoretical studies of

van der Waals molecules and intermolecular forces." Chemical
Reviews 88, no. 6 (1988): 963- 988.

Daniels, Dounia. “Intermolecular Forces”. Slideshare.

https://www.slideshare.net/DouniaDaniels/intermolecular-forces-
78627410. Published on Aug 7, 2017.

Hirschfelder, Joseph O.. Intermolecular forces. Vol. 24. John Wiley & Sons, 2009.

“Intermolecular Forces,” Opentxtbc.ca,

https://opentextbc.ca/chemistry/chapter/10-1-intermolecular-forces/

Kohli, Pratibha. “Intermolecular Forces”. Slideshare.

https://www.slideshare.net/pratibhakohli/intermolecular-forces-6130457.
Published on Dec 12, 2010.

“Minerals in the Society,” Quipper School, last modified August 12,

2016,https://link.quipper.com/en/organizations/547ffb03d2b76d0002002
352/curriculum#curriculum

Physical Science: Diwa Senior High School Series

“The Effects of Intermolecular Forces” Infoplease,

https://www.infoplease.com/math-science/chemistry/chemistry-the-
effects-of-intermolecular-forces

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 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL
SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent
JOELYZA M. ARCILLA EdD
OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

MARCELO K. PALISPIS EdD JD

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

NILITA L. RAGAY EdD

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent / CID Chief
ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMS)
ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
PSDS – Division Science Coordinator
MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)
ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)
EASTER ROSE U. TOLOMIA & CHARISMA A. ERMITA
Writers
Lay-out Artist
_________________________________
ALPHA QA TEAM
LIEZEL A. AGOR
EUFRATES G. ANSOK
JOAN Y. BUBULI
MA. OFELIA BUSCATO
LIIELIN A. DE LA ZERNA
DEXTER D. PAIRA

BETA QA TEAM
LIEZEL AGOR BESAS
JOAN BUBULI VALENCIA
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DISCLAIMER
The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide
accessible learning modality to the teachers and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The
contents of this module are carefully researched, chosen, and evaluated to comply with the set
learning competencies. The writers and evaluator were clearly instructed to give credits to information
and illustrations used to substantiate this material. All content is subject to copyright and may not be
reproduced in any form without expressed written consent from the division.

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 ANSWERS KEY
SYNOPSIS PRE-TEST
1. T 2. F 3. T
This self-learning kit is intended to aid 4. F 5. T 6.F
7. T 8. F 9. T 10. F
the learners in understanding the
intermolecular forces of attraction as part of the
most essential learning competency in Physical
Science in the K-12 curriculum.
Learners are expected to realize the
objectives of the competency set at the
beginning of this learning kit. Let us all learn
and have fun in the process, this learning kit
will help the learners to retain the information
and concept through application.

WRITER/ EDITOR
EASTER ROSE UBAG TOLOMIA is a EVALUATION/POST-TEST
Senior High school teacher in 1. D 6. A
Sibulan National High School- 2. A 7. B
Balugo Extension. She finished 3. A 8. C
her Bachelor of Science in 4. D 9. D
Nursing at St. Paul University 5. A 10. C
Dumaguete and took Continuing
Professional Education at
Foundation University. She
graduated Master of Arts in
Education Major in General
Science at Foundation University.

WRITER
CHARISMA A. ERMITA, finished her Bachelor of Science in
Nursing at Foundation University and finished her
Bachelor of Science in Secondary Education major in
Biological Science at Saint Francis College, Guihulngan
City. She is currently teaching at Jose B. Cardenas
Memorial High School Senior High School Department.
She is also the school nurse of Jose B. Cardenas Memorial
High School Senior High School department.

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