(16BT70202)

SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION

Unit-1 : RELAYS
{Static relays}

Static relays- Advantages and disadvantages,

block diagram of a basic static relay, definite time,
inverse and inverse definite minimum time (IDMT)
static relays. Comparators – amplitude and phase
comparators.

8 September 2022 NSM, Dept. of EEE, SVEC. 1

STATIC RELAY:
• The relay which does not contain any moving parts is known
as the static relay.
• The static relay that consists of slave relay are called as Semi
– static relays. The relays employing Thyristor circuit are pure
Static relays.
• A relay designed to get a response not from a mechanical
operation but from an electrical, electromagnetic, or optical
motion.
• A static relay is defined as one in which there is no armature or
other moving element, the desired response being developed
by electronics solid state, magnetic components without
mechanical motion.

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 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF STATIC RELAY

Working of a static relay

• The output of CTs/PTs/Transducers is rectified in rectifier.
• The rectified output is fed into the relay measuring unit.
• The output of measuring unit is then amplified in amplifier
• The amplified output is given to the output device, which
energizes the trip-coil, when the relay operates.

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 Advantages of Static Relay
The following are the benefits of static relays.
• The static relay consumes very less power because
of which the burden on the measuring instruments
decreases and their accuracy increases.
• The static relay gives the quick response, long life,
high reliability and accuracy and it is shockproof.
• The reset time of the relay is very less.
• It does not have any thermal storage problems.
• The relay amplifies the input signal which increases
their sensitivity.
• The chance of unwanted tripping is less in this relay.
• The static relay can easily operate in earthquake-
prone areas because they have high resistance to
shock.
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 Limitations of Static Relay
• The static relay is more costly as compared to the
electromagnetic relay.
• The components used by the static relay are very sensitive to
the electrostatic discharges. The electrostatic discharges
mean sudden flows of electrons between the charged objects.
Thus special maintenance is provided to the components so
that it does not affect by the electrostatic discharges.
• The relay is easily affected by the high voltage surges. Thus,
precaution should be taken for avoiding the damages through
voltage spikes.
• The working of the relay depends on the electrical
components.
• The relay has less overloading capacity.
• The construction of the relay is easily affected by the
surrounding interference.
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Applications
• Used in Ultra-high speed protection schemes of EHV-AC lines
utilizing distance protection.
• Earth fault protection schemes
• Over current schemes

Semiconductor devices used in static relay

• Transistors
• Semiconductor diode
• Uni-junction transistor
• Thyristors
• Logic circuits
• Filter circuits
• Multivibators
• Time delay circuits
• Level detectors
• Analog circuits

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 Static instantaneous over current relay
• The current derived from the main C.T. is fed to the input transformer
which gives a proportional output voltage.

Fig: Static instantaneous over current relay

• The input transformer has an air gap in the iron core to give linearity
in the current/voltage relationship up to highest value of current
expected, and is provided with tappings on its secondary winding to
obtain different current settings.
• The output voltage of the transformer is rectified through a rectifier
and then filtered at a single stage to avoid undesirable time delay in
filtering so as to ensure high speed of operation.
• A fixed portion of the rectified and filtered voltage through a potential
divider is compared against a pre-set pick up value by a level detector
and if it exceeds the pick up value, a signal through an amplifier is
given to the output device which issues the trip signal.

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 Definite time over current relay

Fig: Block diagram of definite time over current static relay

• The operating time of over current relay is constant, irrespective of
the level of the fault current.
• The input current signal derived from the main C.T. is converted to a
proportional voltage signal by the input transformer and then rectified,
filtered and compared with the pre-set threshold value of the level
detector.
• If the voltage exceeds the pre-set threshold value the level detector
gives an output voltage, there by the charging of the capacitor ‘C’ of the
RC timing circuit starts.
• As soon as the voltage across the capacitor exceeds the pre-set
threshold value (VT) of level detector ‘2’ a signal through the amplifier
is given to output device which issues the trip signal.
• Potentiometers P1 and P2 is used for current setting and time setting
respectively.
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 Inverse-Time over current relay

 Fig: Block diagram of Inverse-time over current relay

• Under normal conditions, when the input current is low, switch S1 is ON, short
circuiting the capacitor C of the RC tunning circuit and switch S2 is OFF.As soon
as the input voltage exceeds the pre-set reference voltage of the level detector
A.
• Switch S1 is switched off and switch S2 is switched ON and the charging of
capacitor C of the timing circuit starts from a voltage proportional to the current.
• Switch S1 and S2 are made of static components. When the voltage across
the capacitor C of the timing circuit exceeds the reference voltage of the level
detector ‘B’ as set by potentiometer Pz.
• Finally the output device issues the trip signal. Here the plus setting multiplier
is given by the transformer secondary tap and potentiometer Px and the time
multiplier
8 setting is determined NSM,
September 2022 by potentiometer
Dept. of EEE, SVEC. Py and Pz. 9
 Directional Static over current relay
• The directional relay is nothing but a differential power relay which operates
when the power in the circuit flows in a particular direction. Thus it requires
to sense the system voltage as well as the system current.

Fig: Block diagram of directional static over current relay

• The input I is proportional to the system current supplied to a directional unit
through auxiliary transformer.
• The input V is proportional to the system voltage, supplied to a directional
unit through phase shifter.
• The phase comparator compares the phase angle between the two points.

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 Static differential relay
• In this relay the two similar input quantities (I or V) are compared. The
comparator is usually a rectifier bridge rectifier. The differential relay
measures the vector difference between two similar electrical quantities say
V or I.

 Fig: Block diagram of static differential relay

• Static differential relay is mostly applied in protection of generation and
transformers against any type of internal fault similar to that of
electromagnetic type differential relay.
• It is very compact, highly sensitive, high stability, low power consumption
lower VA burden.

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 Static distance relay
• In the distance relay, the operation is dependent on the ratio of the voltage and
current, which is expressed in terms of impedance. The relay operates when the
ratio V/I i.e., impedance is less than a predetermined value.

Fig: Block diagram of static distance relay

• The measurement of impedance, reactance, and admittance are done by
comparison of input current and voltage. In static comparators two input
quantities are either V or I.
• Current is converted to equivalent voltage by producing a voltage drop in
impedance with in the relay. This voltage drop is then compared with the other
voltage.
• The output from the comparator is fed into a polarity detector where, when the
input currents to the comparator are 90 apart, the output device will be turned
on for +90 and turned -90 and hence the output wave will be a square wave with
equal space ratios.
•8 September
Static2022
distance relay are used NSM,
extremely forSVEC.
Dept. of EEE, protection of medium and long 12
transmission lines, parallel feeders as well as interconnected lines.
 Amplitude Comparator
• An amplitude comparator compares the magnitude of two input
quantities irrespective of the angle between them. One of the inputs
is the operating quantity and the other a restraining quantity.
• When the amplitude of the operating quantity exceeds that of
restraining quantity, the relay sends a tripping signal to the circuit
breaker.
Input Inputs The Amplitude comparator compares two
s vector, |A| and |B|
Gives an output: the algebraic difference
between the magnitudes |A| and |B|
- Output is +ve, if |A| > |B|
- Output is –ve, if |A| < |B|
-Output is zero, if |A| = |B|

Comparison by ratio |A|/|B| :

- Output is >1, if |A| > |B|
- Output <1, if |A| < |B|
- Output is Zero, if |A| is zero.
Outputs

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 Types of Amplitude comparator
The different types of amplitude are as follows,
• Rectifier bridge (Integrating) comparator
• Circulating Current Type
• Opposed Voltage Type
• Direct comparator
• Transductor comparator
• Instantaneous (sampling) comparator
• Averaging type
• Phase splitting type

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 (i) Circulating current type Rectifier bridge type comparator
• It can also be used as impedance relay.
• It uses current input signals.
• io and ir are rectified full-wave and their difference is averaged.
• Two rectifier  bridges can be arranged in opposition as shown in the
figure below, two currents circulate with in the two bridges. O/p relay
is connected in parallel to the two rectifier bridges.
• The polarized relay operates when S1>S2 where S1=K1io and S2 = K2ir.
• This arrangement gives a sensitive relay whose voltage may be
represented in the VI characteristic as shown below.

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(ii) Opposed Voltage type Rectifier bridge type comparator

• This type works with voltage input signals derived from PTs.
• The operation depends on the difference of the average rectified
voltage (Vo-Vr).
• Here the rectifiers are not protected against higher currents. The relay
operates when Vo > Vr

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(iii) Direct comparator

• To avoid the varying values of the voltage across the output device, the only
solution is to rectify and smoothen the rectified output for both operating and
restraining inputs.
• Smoothing by-filter circuits-delay the outputs-not useful for high speed relay.
• Single phase input is split into three phase O/p and applied to an appropriate
bridge circuit.

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 Instantaneous Comparator (Directing
Amplitude Comparator) – Averaging Type

• Here the restraining signal is rectified and smoothed completely in order

to provide a level restraint.
• This is then compared with the peak value of operating signal, which
may or may not be rectified but is smoothened.
• The tripping signal is provided if the operating signal exceeds the level
of the restraint.
• Since this method involves smoothening, the operation is slow.

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 Instantaneous Comparator – Phase Splitting
Type

A faster method is phase splitting the wave shapes of instantaneous

amplitude comparator.

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 2. Phase Comparator
• Phase comparison technique is the most widely used one

for all practical directional, distance, differential and carrier

relays.
• If the two input signals are S1 and S2, the output occurs

when the inputs have phase relationship lying within the

specified limits.  

• Both the input must exist for an output to occur. The

operation is independent of their magnitudes and is
dependent only on their phase relationship.

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• The condition of operation is β1 < θ < β2.

• θ is the angle by which S2 lags S1. If β1 = β2 =90o, the comparator is

called cosine comparator and if β1=0 and β2=180o, it is a sine
comparator.

• In short, a phase comparator compares two input quantities in phase

angle (vertically) irrespective of the magnitude and operates if the
phase angle between them
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of EEE, 21
 Types of phase comparators

• Coincidence circuit type phase comparators

• Direct or block-spike phase comparison
• Phase splitting technique
• Integrating type phase comparator

• Vector product type phase comparator

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 Coincidence circuit type phase Comparator
• Consider two signals S1 and S2. The period of Coincidence of S1 and
S2 will depend on the phase difference between S1 and S2.
• The fig below shows the coincidence of S1 and S2 when S2 lags S1 by

less than π/2 ie., α.

• The period of coincidence of S1 and S2 with a phase difference of α is
Ψ = 180o –α.
• Different techniques are used to measure the period of coincidence.

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