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Dokumen - Tips - Prof Huseyin Filiz Problems of The Design of Machine Elements

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351 views115 pages

Dokumen - Tips - Prof Huseyin Filiz Problems of The Design of Machine Elements

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Ozan Ozgen
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PROBLEMS ON THE DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS Prof.Dr. [. Huseyin Filiz Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Gaziantep CONTENTS PREFACE I LIST OF SYMBOLS = sembe? teste sr iii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 4 erry. 4 2 STRESS AND DEFLECTION ANALYSIS 3 3 DESIGN OF SHAFTS: 59 4 TOLERANCES AND FITS: 103 265 DESIGNOF POWER SCREWS-> eq weber doom? 494 246 DESIGN OF BOLTED JOINTS - aslo che bole 137 227 DESIGN OF RIVETED JOINTS >Fe-e= bxstodles 487 X% 8 DESIGNOF WELDED JOINTS 7 toa & beteAlert 494 2&9 DESIGN OF MECHANICAL SPRINGS > %r!- 205 iO SELECTION OF ANTI-FRICTION BEARINGS s&w"Eaj3" agi DESIGN OF JOURNAL BEARINGS $44 pedo! cleo 975 12 GEARING AND KINEMATIC ANALYSIS 9h dit 085) 13 DESIGN OF SPUR GEARS 316 14 DESIGN OF HELICAL GEARS = Helse! diel dessermns 330 15 DESIGNOFWORMGEARS > Sensex oh" 350 16 DESIGNOFBEVELGEARS 7 Kearhdistr town a4 17 DESIGNOF BRAKES — fren dese! 375 18 — SELECTION OF FLEXIBLE ELEMENTS 395 APPENDIX > sl selert 408 REFERENCES: 450 ale eel, toes, LIST OF SYMBOLS A Area; constant 2 constant; dimension; addendum B constant constant; fatigue strength exponent c coal constant; center distance © clearence; distance Dd Diameter E Modulus of ctasticity ‘ent; spring index; column-end condition © Eccentricity; efficiency; strain value; constant tor bearings F Force; face width i Frequency; coefficient of friction & — Shear modulus of elasticity 9 Gravitational constant HH Hardnoes number; power h Bearing film thickness: nut hefoht Moco; margin of sefety, madi; Spee ratio Teatt umber Fotatone! sosed number of sia load factor of catty Force: unt lead Pressure; ciculer piety Noten sensituty tector easton foros; rxtue aus Strong eering charactese number Torque Thieerene Enewy Unt anergy Shear force; vloety Wight, wets toa force Radel ood factor Distance ‘Axial Toad taster; Lewis for tector Distance; Lewis tom ‘actor Anglo; sal foigue eteee concentration factor Decsing anole shear sta pteh angle Dofermaton; daltection Unit strain: eecertesty ratio Etticisney ‘Wrep erclo Lead angie ns rao; coalfelan! of kon Feats ot curva Nowmai stress ‘Sheer stress Imerelscipinaly stacy on material science, ‘mochaniem, wanuinetoring, ivi mechanion, preumais, ec. in other words, « design sud usual fil of (ue combination of tha seme oF the above eit lines 1 sbinin a vsehd element which it function proved along ‘Species cbjpetves, ‘A design process is usually not a process 0} jnsering rumbere into eartain formulas and obtaining a eound dovigh. ‘Almost all of the mechanical n ort to ealeuatodoteetera al pointe B erd © ‘he fice exertad by 104 OC on fe cantlevsre AD end BE must be Yoe-06+545 (10/40 mm ‘yond Yo aro celaied wih the folowing xpreasin, Yor Yo te By cersidenng the seston of ne detletons, we wn 05-548 10) an8.48 orPar thse (ior 1 te colvad and dellotions at points D and © and bs abet In te bat ae eacuineo as. a-270027 Yo2—845 0/02 -0.187 mm yer-D8 45.45 (10) -0 458 men yon 1182 (107 B-0:296 em Example 2.19 Find the deflcion at the mipint of the stat snonn baw. Use mecran of Castano lias ore Tae Sodtin: Since fee te ro l6a6 acing atthe midpor of the stat. In order 19 usecastgtane’s theoram. we fave to apply a fetove forcast the mapoint of tha shat. Tha lsceing cigar = repre ‘rom. This can not simply be ene by altos acne. Gompattity ‘cretion mut bs cencdered. Corgetitiiy condton requres, at etestion at point © the sum oF defection cf cardkey AD at Feil D and te ststen of the od deal Fee boty efvan ot ihe ontigurmtion ie thutated below. Detleton at pont of the ‘antiwar AD can be fount fom Castgtare’s theorem af au? ___ rao? er B= oe 8.08 1040 ea SE 3 esm 00" Tho ole inthe bar is easly ound os: ou, 750 Soe" RE” 355 (207000) 021852 1070 me iS Detection a pola G ot me centover BE 2 fehl by ‘ckng te deivatve of te strar erergy inthe eertlever wifi cpect to force vents 2a ore (22-4) Se oot Fe acre ercrsyes es 4 8 oo i Moment expressions baweon A and B ard botween @ and © are writer co talons. vior(P+2) worsen || Mer(esS}-efe-k) tru seas 9 Ei Example 214 Find dhe cefiectlon at the ap ‘entiever Beam shown Sel. Use thaoren of Cant | ___., Seluton +The beam is of cantiove: yas but the cess | sectional aron [s charging wih x As Hnaten tn the folowing ‘ue, the wth eng the teneirg marian’ atthe eroes eesti al a 2 asiance em the Sp pol be exproseee as, aie hers Sein ery stored in the shat Je water as: 1¢o-tke——90-—al The enegy oxpresine oan be ween 99, arre 1 RAE i manht. pone Feet [EI ore Detection in varies! etecton is. daterminad ty tsking cervative ot the total anegy oth respect to er Fy. Ugo Usa Use ar tatty Substituting the values of all pareraters, we calculate etalon 28 An0(25)=150 mm? are S150 asco mm! 12 ev0300) 2000 ec) "207600) * SG57O00 (S2S00} y= 99780 12.086 ~2.28 mm be bata! wf a® md tetas v-f bya * ent Datlecton at sp pole ton ie cblaned yell SEL toa Example 2.18. A raclngur member AEC shone! in Fgue 4 [5 held nator! by another rctenguar Senter OE. They are made from stot with Sye000 bs, ad Sue=300 MPa end Eon) GPa. Find he vefecion at paint Cin vetioal dtetion, Cee Castglanes “2 ry “Ae ner en nme = Fou baiow. Since detactor in vara! dveston le foguitee, the sist of the vertea! component of a for it 10 bh cormcersd ‘Teo energy sired Seam OO te cue fo alle (GH) end say ‘o720 In Beary AC ied to Bening nly. Example 2.10. The igure iaustates 9 jxtle mode! Dnourete inpact prass. The power cylinder ie sehualed by © fmechari¢m, not shown in the figure, wblel moves tne toa! te comt with the wotalece, Tho fora o impact te axjuetabie vp wosime Design column C for maxteuts setacton of 6.125) re. Solution : The above tue can ue reresertd fy schematic tL The moment, me etcctie length of he coli er then the omert of ietia of the edunm aie cactod as folows MF SOK1000104659 — gssrt mit Se “The wares sani size forthe cclen & 10De72 rim. Tat 16 RSH carota is 100 men ane tiknene fe 12 em, Example 217 typod raving los ef 2500 mi long it fo bbe cava to eyeeet alts leed of 2700 N. The upper onde of the loge ore pinjed and tne legs ate mage of simi tise ‘Amina ally AGeo1=-T6 wh Sye240 MPs and 71099 Pa. hao Fer the lege heal be eeigned to caper! of last (Our nes te aval a Find 4 cable amoncians (ext) fom standend or prefered F700 (0, this column fe fod an Euler cokrnn er our exsarsion 1s conse, Example 2.10 be hye evineer “Te lysate pressure of 25 APE 18 AAS atthe asian 75 mim. A median oaon aes 1 hav Cynder bore deste 1 yl stercth of 420 Pa ie wee. Find tho dametar of be “ot for Fer of eet of 4 er sas pth cease n “Then, to oles! column fod fe Found Pag naF yt 10446) = 489706 N The gue below iluatiaes © pat of & tryraute lor er. We are tnarested Fhe caaign of te rod ot Seluton : The actual lad on ea tg S00 8 Cras! toed on eaen lag H,tund by multi: lon with feeb ofa 4's ox shown wheter the columns ic en ult Conan or OL In order io exeIato the cleanser cally i's fst asutsad 4 be an Euler celumn Accepting ma boty aso: fo lege ae reundad, moment cf inet # S046 25 below Pat? cssooyasoo? 1afet” som 2097 2104 ant we cri¢c0) ‘he tbe Wess she aati he above va is 9082 01-916 mm ke2.60t0"! FO) 1235 mm b= 0-00 461078 re Now uo nave to chock fo 990 4 the result is actully an Euler ctu. So. we find (Ln) and (URN (UK) iN a0, Ine ‘ols i af Eales cater, ‘171000) 197 280 | meso moechcency muri 48 taming hs ie K can easy Be Seen tet af condion fe fod 8 = one and fxd and ana ond ened and guided(S-2). The sitet load can then be expressed et p, tail e Moment of ine and clamter ef the vod arp celovetad S AAITSSX1270 rasan ent zx'@07000) Wie have fo chook whether the vod is en Euler cok pe et (te), “Tis shows mat me od Ke & Jannton colin fre theo the siameter found is ieee. Using Tehnson'e fonfse ff the rod Ie reclelatod 21H ecto eo rom when aamatr ie solod ue Me rept x (CETTE oyaoerqt270F ay eee aes mm 0 [Re the preoned sie we tuose d = 40 rn, 1 tie problem wore solo by ucirg avergth ceaurement ‘Me shames of the rod would be aggroxnetey 18 mm. Ts stows why inking bso Wrperaet ceraiseaten 9 the elon ot ‘chine olomente subjrie to compeosie loads, ira shown below We recangulr In ccottzostion rd i the part of ho eperaing machariem of a bescule bridge. The compressive load t Dp caltied TSO KN Deneve te required cinensons w and { sesuing = factor ef fafoly of . Tho materel haa $)=190 Mpe and 841.570 MP Sonnion + Cri! ies on tho otf enlodstes oe gen Pe (460)~ 600 Je G00 COO End conden fe both ard rounde, that fe C= Masuning that tho eotswr Is ee Fuler Colm, we en ealealal erent of Inertia 2 sococa 15007 ‘As may easly bo viualed, ducting wil take the weokost ection, lee about Gt WVee (0) “The cso fs am Euler solu, 1800 org (aP BOIO) «57 49 430 oy wi =12 18 12 (630790) 792880 me In olor to sohe for w and t, wo must hye another ‘lationship vetwoen tha. Considerston of yleing ues compressive loss ray help te designer to have an fa abou! the 7088 goction (wat) ol he elemant. I compronsive. tees te feasted © yield sianghh by larg tocar of saely to account, We tain another slaSorsip Ustneer en 109) S550. mnt 000) 8.4 ea 880 ant ae hen saved #52 w= 48 Now ve hewe to ack jo S32 wnater tho ectufn ie ecuaty fn Euler clu oF no. So, me most foe (Li) ene SmRESS MOCERECTON ANNES 43 SELECTED PROBLEMS Problem 2:1 A musire braces ie Jad tere of 1000 8 a8 shown inthe igre 8 Find the principal stesses a pont A. Show the masts an & prope ertod ety ¥ the material has he sia) sterath ‘tetowien array 97 snd subjectod te @ roverees boncng load of Fy =i torque of Deusen 9 ane 15.4%. Determine and how carporents on the semenis at ports A and © 8 mompeovresaiener maveceNe: Problem 23. A career mectine drcket losded wih an Innes force 31 1800 W as stowa nthe folowng tours 1) Find ti pinta) srtsee on an wows sk poi! A 1b) Shaw the feats on «prope ert element, 5) Dewinine wheter tere wil be = bucking Tall o not Problem 24 A centiever machine orechet is lided iti sn Insnad fee of 100 N49 Sone the flowery Hobe 8) Find the gynsipalciaaoe on a steven at. 90k A 2) Stow Dw results on a pony orerted elarert ee ie pe ail wlka Problem 28 Consider the folowing loxd reidng apne © Galauste he power of the motor ith Ioloo eta consart specs of 2 i, Problem 25. Comsor ihe faowing nesesi oir cuiere 5 1p 2t 1000 temo! the pron! Problem 2:7 On tha shat shawn in Figs balan, = bait rune over a play st A whieh Jo 800 mim clamsier and wnies at [00 fpr The bell tersioné are Fy = 6 AN and Fo= 4 AM Th toh famaier of he gear st He C0 mm ‘he frees acting on the goa aa Fa, Fe are F; whore Fro 0.38 Fe ane Fer 05 Ft Bostings ae elected ca thet Bosring ot Intend support ais anal lea 1) Doterrine ell ess oorpenonis at pnts © ane ©. 1) Deternine the pineal susses at pox. Pobre Problem 2.8 Gonsider thal e pressure oyfnder dosed x ttn ends 1s 2000 mm tony afc T2O0 em in date. The exBssura insdo the eyinder ie Eifpa The cinder fe mece of alec wh ‘ute770 tip er! By 600M. Find the ticknase of the oyfncer for = taser af safely of 22 Use maximum shaar sess theory of fare, Assume thal fe cone thn wales. Problem 2.9 / cast ees! Sresk hesing a hub whose outer | diametat ard Ings are ‘75cm ond 1S90ra fepaciely, Is & be Dress titod on the enc of & stat shat. The bore m the cank drm and the chat © 100-10 Ceternése to folowing: =) the radial proseuro thet is acting betwen thy shalt anc. 1) the tangent etees thet i inuend in the atv Problem 210 gray cast eon crank Feving hub whose ute ciamater are longty ae 160mm she 186mm roppoctvely, Je to be prose flied on the end of carbon steel stat Tp bore inthe zank 16 $8.0nm and the Stal © 1000GMM. Determine the ral anc te tangenial supseee st tha our aulace of the shot, Problem 2.11 Find the deflection ot pot 8 of te shat sown Below. Use teoren of Calne eee foil Problem 2.12 Find te detection at point # ane at he te point of the slapped sanslovr sult shown bob Use me tneaer of Castglare Problem 2.15 Fra! he cofecion at pols of te stepped stat shown bald se svar at Cestgians. Ea pd c| ° Problem 214 Find the detection at point © of the eloppod | | sna eronn below, tse meorar ot Gasteiana. I Prolen 2.17 & simly supported sat beem recangui cs canon ans 2¢C0 mm lng ic Lo cer) = eanssntetod fod ol 20 KN at @ poh 900 mm flor) ove ene. The depih of sacten te twlea the WER. Detarmine th Gatechen at Me mispOrY By Using the theorem of Castana, Problem 2.16 The capocty of the #8 eran, shown beim, Je to be 2 tne, Detering the size of AB for a tector of sey ot 5, Neglect the woe of te consiucion. AB hee eraser sce acon and ia mado of elo! wih Sy=H00 MPa ard Sxp-8€0 MPa. Problem 219 & steel nat as sown in gun Dain i uses to seporats tho cables. I cablee and somnectens ato opeily esignee, fat pull may be apoted tthe assomisy for a factor of safely of 3, Materal properias of tr car are S¥=5E0 Mpa and sealing Problem 2.15. Find the dalscker at point © bi] ex scope shown bole. Use theoram of Gasiglan. Iau mm Ae Problom 216 Find the defection at pote one stappat halt shown below. Use tnaoem 01 Gastglan Problem 229 The feure shows a scnemfte craving of « potion ofa atcng masnanie. Wen te rocanfon isin fperating free Fo is opi This fea i resto by @ spicy fore acing alter Band & in reaction at pot. When the tok OA ie pubad #f ugh the dese Poston, W'comes te raet agains! @ bumper at © ad ih eld sete By (0s sping force. The Ink AB Is Wo De manuiacte! from shee! metal hawng yield Sangh ot 450 MPa "The manu pring free Fr @sulable thekness {Yor the ee Aa. Problew 2.21 & steel aut 739 mm long chowe below ie 048" In crossecction ie aubjcted to @ compressive load ef 10 Setomire tie dimensions of to sic, assuming a lect of Y of 1.3. The mete has 5-560 Mpa sn Syr7E0 Na. C= DESEGN Fon STATIC STRENTA | | [ose waren TRITLENATEAALS v | Fat theories tLe Maninu Hora See Movi Shear B18 Lf Dineion Ererar woates Wor Faure maotes used fo she elements made of etic rnatarale, 10 roprerented i te fllnirg FOUN Oigtrtor snerey tacrerserst epee oar or Br I Se a ree i Yo \ Seay coring ‘© macknum natal seas theory, fare wil secu hon the macnn nal est nite Hepa. eal She nrmal eves ln strc ot speciran tte Yess pO of 4 DESIGN OF SHAFTS Shae ote mecharicel slements wich ara Laudih oxtroical in shops. They cry forces, bandrg memanis and ergute produved by te mombers such a Gear, pulloye, ywbscls, cna and the Me which se mounts upon tom, A shat may be tasting stkerar. Assring the ‘tue of th Toade, © sine lt may beetje tie atecoes revised oat ent roped esa oA te Scirg ite sone te achat ore Goan oso a ne toad of stale ype, ony slic yp of otessen et cevsenee athe een is be Baee on sete sing are the pelos {s cepercent on tie yea af meters, ilutitad in ihe folowrs figure Freche point, Maximum shear stess theory sieths that failure wil o:cur when tho maximum shear alien inthe eben 8 exes to the mexmum sheer suess in a ‘enste tes! sfeimon ct the Yield poin clstorion energy tracy lator thet sh element ot fal it te iototion energy in that stoment Ie | gual ie he lsteron energy in tenste tas epesian at the id pont. Since vivian Is conciderea ax the failre ctlion, mbainen’ sheer ‘MESS a6 dlsorion ona'gy thesrios are appiod bay 10 cutie ater, ‘Among the sbove thei, maximus normal fess theory 9! falure te not recommended, Because f dnos no} [gue cere! eset forthe aereris subjee to pure trcional fda, HF the shaft mate is of biete toa and end foasing ie of Siete type, the flbning teers of fikree ave aphfeadie 8) Macinum Normal Stress theory af faire” b) The Couoma Mere moor of tai ©} The Nected babe theory offre Tie Covomd Meh thory states tha! fam wi] eccur whon ihe stess stiston or sn slomort rcauta i a moh cie hier is tengont te tho commen tangent of ri's clef when that ements Keded by a taste ene compression kod seperately “The Nees Mobr theory aerea Hom Be Cowen More ry im the lounh quartet it [ot ag) plane. mn te leur rat, Modtec Mohr tory & the same aa. makina nots oe Wecr/ uot 2 bavomnes ess ther “Ou, Those yee ‘lbre weoriae ef reproconte in the Tafewing ute fut fy Seen ‘ese Em the cesign tor state. stmngih, ste5s ccncantaton| lectors che to any dtcontny in tho eit ceore-aseken ara no! leher nko acoow. Orly the sroeson ot the weakest coon are fneulatec) ane then combined to ceteraine pulrlaal siesses hich ara used fa tre above thodes of fae It ma shart is coining, 1p econ to stato. steesea, ‘evereod bonding trzeee and sleany oF repeaig te of rerscrat ‘acses my Be developed. Tho meat common ype of icc Ie the toad tha! MH create reversed berving stressee and steady fessond!stetees, Depencing upon the type of ements mages On | “The Motifos Gooeman agpreach i a vay conseratne teat) ‘ot|the elect ch mean svwee on the feigue Josictance. The last oF the shove approaches ato noteinear theo ane ey fapear to provide bier job in. presicung tatgue faire. 1 iy ook wort going ea tosbie to use such theoroe though Gtlee all the srongihs sro known wah some accuracy. in the Dibble in this Sook, we fk te th fet avo spprosches 35 ststea below Se le tobe vepaces by Sy HI tnhs Ho is raquo aoatiad Goodman Bue In the alcuinion of andurarea init of the element, ‘ehdurence Simit madilying fastore must be taken Into account a) ky £ Suace inh fst Dj ko: Sie facor fe} let Rataay tact | dhhg + Temportare fate ©) be | Mowing factor for stots concentration lies Miseelaneous uae tater Cectenoion of these factors can be fund In any teat on Jpecnanical enclngering design, The sucerts of mechanical CCeinochng must Keap In ming sovee Sulnget poets abou come cl fie above fer Desonoesurrs 6 tho aha, exis! tension ot come festion steteed nay else be \levelooad arc me ceegner mie! take those sttesces fay encoun. bn genet! falas cesion tions, he somyats may oe required to have iniinits lite Tite te. lnfeite aa er Tate tts Inet ite segue nooetaee avaatehof ena Hn wie He agurerant nants sotrnnalon a) ate] steno ee Sal tle, Fetgve stengh soneepontng © c ehoed te fsleaea by using 3 apts, Aor tndog WE nace ot cures dit er laune sngm, te pprntton Lecco i th totewr four might be ured in eecgurg ee feeeay Sate fo ip gt — fear] = main is | + [Eisiee sravaom ter] [Sanaa Papo ote Falure Theories | For _non-otatng: shats, or ‘er setating but fheving nex revia cross sectors, ecuvaient demetor mat be feloutated kr ‘ho ceteminaton of sce tector The ee tecterforfaca Toneing ' iferan tom te 30 veo" fr bending are tein. Th, corecten farer must be used i pat suniecte| io ery load enbiotion in wtich allemating corpnent of the fil toad it presen. Tre procecura wa shal flow le, to taka il for Bending nd torsion in enéurance limit oalulaons. Ther.] atiy the sink skeraing otioss componest by axis! comecip factor iy fora ee ‘aciprocal of the fatigue etength reduclen factor Hf. if beng sees, shea stress and asa! sttes nave atenatng| cemponents, HE waves for esch ane of tata ater trom ouch cls and ase roa urigue value of ke does not oxi. ia fy case, se lhe-t end inisase vous allerncing ates oxypenkts ny thet espocine strengh ceduation fotos I | | examplo 3:1. A shar wnen nas 8 dlametar of 90 mene subpvied te en ural torsion Ine ef 15 4 en! a logue of 400 Ri, Injadiicn to tesa vere Is & berg moment ef 300 fm 99 he ‘ap. tha shalt fe rade of sieeh having be prope ol Su-TEO and $0500 Pa. Negectng te celui acto, doting te factor of stay a) by vsing entation energy theory of Ins, 5) by use msm Shae sess eer off, {Oe =~) 1s fit on me upper elarart shete componante ata a 6 PoomeouraccesencrMOMESRIEN |b) Acconing to maximum shear seas thecry of tie, |r shes sass 1 compared wth lod strength to shear. The sete of set show ts he fut image of aol havsg te Hopes ct Sy 720 MEA and SUmt20 URE ws 0" Dia The sha reuis and eter To he tena erm to har eet 2 pre | Fora the ot 1500 ees of ct huey of £0 overt, a the mestnn pon taco use Het 8 ravoreis and 8 margin ie bereing ‘Solution + Cites secon ofthis shalt Ie at Ask where Inaje tho shoulder. Modifying factors fr the ondurerce tint ‘ois a= \ | | ju | i Design ealosisions wil be based on the cess state cf ihe spose sloment necause i i subjeted to raxinin inane crave [F teases for saan fond component and than he met Comal crs 80 he enlelated an shown bate 1010800 912 ae sa 207 Sm2000000 yg 20) Zu, 1O¥s0012000 5 45 30 192 5212-1040 Ne oer For the companion wit the strength, psp |stessos for (% oloment must be evelted oe CTa nae ME (SF ers a5t o)-1682 Wen ayes a 12 Acarang te Seaton sey shea et the, vor eine ea Vio.2F ~c68 2x23 + ¢ 98.0F = 107.4 Mpa with he yiek2 sxengin cf tha feta, ios strs FoR geo9e Ws 082169) 1.5106 i, aTe5 "O88 Endance tnt ef the shat is Seem IKK Sy |e stale in the problem, fa eraogth faresoncng to wpaied Ife mat be cetomted. Wetey ae, N dara othe rola tome wich shes te 21-10% crs0009 "= 2006 dhe Jn te ootion if sated hat sta i riateg. Thorens beuaing load = corshtred to be completely moony tne atemateg component of te sees ie wees! the eben sess, They are cleulted ie tonne of mernert Ms teach SOM 22M ye 10 NPS ey 24 ggg 10H ER From margin of ealety exprossion, moment Mi detoranee tammple 83 The Eye Slow shoe the llare dein cal Conterec scone part wa To Tet ad F in nt 1500 Nt ate mio! epee Te pal to be mentee tom stl doen tt wi Bye90 tid ans || Setemne @ suave cemaer d for the member. Sil yo selegsions ay tea pine elon they a cntere or et ana a ! nF Solution ; As slated the preter, the member remains stationary, but the led is vsiyng, Hence, ae ie «fatigue proce of anaes yoo and tho diemetar rust bo ouch tha hero must set peltangue tas, 070 Ky =1.108 0081, dye0:T0 4697.75 mm Ke a Ketter eteone0-n=18 | | eta, ae ((-o1500 Seu, £008) PRI ah 8/205 8,105) (565)~ 2025 MP 8,710.76 (0.661)(0.669)(202.5)=1¢2 wa i \ sing Modited Goceran erteton, mean stergth and factor ot exe are cotuia = E264 ves Hye are ses omg E12 9 we Accorcing to this reeul, the sacumptions made are cheers Example 9.4 The chef shown 9 fig bok bas bearing roleiona Fi end Fg. It alalonory and subjected to competay efron arte ONG 64 AH Shetty! mee BO The load Is of repeated ype eomponent of the bonding elves. is and theroiewe atemating Gite! senna, at ‘A Ona ike ree of ie FS somgonsnis are equal te eh otter, Wn MONE w@ masta, ie A. “ho! mean and thn akenaigg ‘The rsuing suotses ore exprosed ints. oc 275), 19400162 1d? @ 28015204, e Noiying factors tor size and for atess cord lhe stessosetted above va nt 5p evelunicg wi vate old rowing the Eqisthg ramimun sess 10 the yield cienfth of te ‘oli en approsirme value for d oan ke obtatws. ft is Sout ‘The vehiosrelnlag t0 cross ooncenkation laces} tetetov, iH corespond to the values ot @ which can no! Re “a than 39 Let ve sceume thet d75 mm. For the given |conditons, ‘modtying factors for endurance lint ané ell eve dehemnes o the fotoming ay. SAIS ea st 10 be mactined an eto avele te sf co000 Frees erespordng Be parce ise a dnt dnd ot a fea soar eS fea f Ri ecina a 145, Solution + Reastene at A and D ere + {1100 0 ane Faeces00 N. As seen in bercing muirent dageam, Lue to wae, concentration effect and) lower moment of taal pasa “bk onsldered as the etiea point. omf09p rin Ng-2220Kmy a . Benchng monent decram | ° “ | Jn 9 sams manner eo the previous grabem, a reg vais of the ohettclameter i found trom slate fata tes Tet ig PENI pase mn E205 enes, we ean assume hit 40 rm Tha i, oaseey on te valve, sttess concenieaton factor and size teeer for medivng ndurarcs inh, ate Yo be eaicated Enduerce lin et be SRaW & dolemired ao felons: yan Hy ettna 6820095, ¢ 0870 date me 4 ese) et Kote, qxog5, (ret0mm2ar2, bor) Sete -19=1 6085 @.5e}=1 8 kab =0.8e a Seem RHE SY 88-0.) 630) 415 Wha S=(0.72)0.209)(0.002)415)=1461 Mn Feliaue stents which corasponds to S04 cytes io csteuated i | [S206 enco0y 2404 Me | Sinoe we nave ony aterating comeanent ofthe sbees meee Pp Example 55 in the problem, you are aeked to detign a fjatt on wich plrion and gear amoun In the figure, can be oakratey mounva ‘The real borg fro88 exc on the shat an 4200 A for tle pinion and 7500 N forthe. gears These forces are stafonery and [ho oame plane and sano stool with S709 Me ant Sy660 UP 2 shown fhe gute, Tae ania logo's taker ep by the lef ond bearing. The shat ie rotating and the loads are asa Problem 3.16 A nels! goat mao of ste! is pro aiDeterming the factor of cele of tis systam fer 90% ‘atabity and for @ ite of 105 opcies by using Matiae Gooeman theeny of leluee TOLERANCES AND FITS In manutantss, it le impossite % precuee canporerts to en braet 30, ven though thay may 6 eiesfed! ex Wetted. In the ‘rest procse mato of plodusion ® nou be eatery aut and costly to reproguce 2 slater stor tne 26 thal i saianye witin cay 91 mm of @ bedi sce, Incust, Mowever Gos domand thet pats produced shal be Letuaan 4 phe mara ant ‘unin size. Te aifersnoe ootusen these two sees lo valed fe tolerance wich can 0 coined as dhe amount br vsston 9 250 wtloh & blac, There area cumbor of terms ussd. when} epedking of folerances. They ae doszibed belan, onsormetesourwoue amen | Shaft A shaft is dotinod os © member which he te er member. nether words. i an elem WHEN Ie fii ‘a space betwoon we toattene, | Hote: & noise datnod as tne mareber which houwae or fie frat Whon eposting of tlrences, ee tom howe can appl fo [sve belneen tn6 testievens In whieh a membsr fas to ft Basle size: This Is tN size about which the nits of 3 Dattouar tare te, & 4 te sare for both shalt and hoo. Deviation ve basis ze, This Is the ciference betwean the actin) sien Tolerance + Tolerance Is cetined as the diterence betwoon fresinum ane ivimum line 2! cze for @ hoe ond shat, Ie the ference betwesn the upper and ewer deviailons 60s ae casanetea Win # lever and # ruber AQ or M8 The IF indestes the undementat devition of tleranee, Capital is for he hole and lover case let" is forthe shat The In telrence deration elcees tho grace of trae. rade of Totergace : The gade of tolerance represents iho sir ot the tore pono and tie tom detlee the degres 0) ‘or ao sed my recy of tho machining process vealed 10 Keep sees win [wcrc toorance. tthe ISD symam, thera ave 26 grids of vance (IT quaiion wich etand for iSO saree of Teleranose) 3 fom very tn forthe lower rumbers to exter) enree the larger wonberstTOI, (10, /T1,-—- 1798) rade. ot Fee 9 schamaticaly chewe in the folowing fgu Fundamantat dovistion of taleisnee ; The fundarsetal ion i the cevaton whi i» closest t© te bask sts and locate the soletance rane wn respect i the baie tie, I ‘upper 0° lower eovcton depending wpa te too at i xs et the member is a shell of a bole. The fundamental ions are detested by capt! loters for Holes and toner otra for satis. Inthe 180 syste, tere ave 27 postions Drovfled for each grades ef tietansa on both shee ne Roee. Thay 2 shown alow Fundemetia Dovaters er Hols: A,B,C, CD, Dy E, EF. FF, HAS. hKG MGB, PR, 8,7, UK YZ, ZA, 28, 20 Fundamanst Devons for Shale: & oh of fa Be 9PM ss) B85 Wm 2, 28 2b 20 NLS ate en Tre as) thet "willbe noted that 1 ole) which is featred on tha data Is the ony ane which tas tne Bese ze ag the fovor in tho (50am) tas basie size at to Uppor tint. Tweve two vinions enable a selection of fis {a be made an 1 hole O @ Shak bees. ech grade Is epprocmatsy 1.8 tines te grat} bolew of firer tan I. The numerical valisa of these grades or damoite up to S120 mn em given the ISO tabs. Unilatoral Hite: This name i giver tsi 086 bolow er above tie Lat size swccam— be 77" tna rF suman they Uniaterl doviston on negative side ne ‘Uniateral evan of Pesive Side Dileteral Hoiks = This Is te mathe van to che matnam fan minimum lists wen they sro diepocad above and bekw fe Dave cise roepoaively. pe ceva FIL: may bo defines ee the relaive mation whic} can aciet Dewesn a shall and a hele resuitng tom ther nal see. There re trop esses of fn common too, e.g, Clearance 29 Intrerons, Cloarance fit + The fitreeute when ihe sft slza ae slays noe thon the Dele sie fora posse combine fons within ia tolerance ranges. The minimum eloarence ozefe. at the mmacimum hat cize and the minimum hole. size. | Maximam Searence orcus al the Milewsn shaft ze en the malin, hale sie. sete te i | “iA ‘Transition ML; This ft resus when the toecanoes are fovoh thot the Tegest hole fs pleaor than the emt sat and tne largest shar 4 grastor than tho eral: le | ie = [cccremetrwerenees | interference ik: This th resus when the smullea! shaft (5 gleeter tan the Inigoe:felo. The minimum inteterense cocts at the minimum she 22 and te maximum ola size, The ‘maxfnum interference cous 38 the maximum anat eze cod the minum ela see. “Theso Us sro ysualy Baeed on esc hele and basis shat eystome. Basic Wola eystom : Fie are obleined by regarding the olf ae standard wit a Yeo fundamanta deviation a vanying the menial eviatons et the she fo eu Shaft system < in toe eaee, fundamental deviation ct [snatt is zero and the le ate. obicined by ering, the fangamonl dovatone 0} hots. “Te bave Pole eytom ic mect commonly weed bocause Ke sec edn atari note Wy erg ot rane an hon nla the the 9 BUM the # cess Thi wepedialy Yue when flapants reduces at etundare i snttvtion bears, i Mogauioments can aso bs made more eulcky and accurstely on sul sz man on hole sae, Let vs cnsidor ah whibh W tesiates 2=.HoIdt0. The SU based on Basie Hele Systom. Th telrance on the hoe Is From ebove expression, fletance ot shill le sobed ant TeeTe TeOe2t 0.019 «6.000 Upper Howat leie of cat ae fun fxn F e.=Dy-e 0.019 2.006 = 0.008 200 +9.008 =D48 wi cand trance can bo rarest as [fesreyes emcee areca 22 oe pene 5) Detersne te foeran of pan (2) 1) Speciy the nearest sandal tt Debesn piri) ans 2 esignatec by HO. His the fundamental deviation which indeatoe {be posticn of tho tolerance zone with teapot 2 the has ates “The numoo: 9 inicatae the grade ot tw lolerance. The shaft le esignatad 27 410. # fe appied to say 2 100 mm Dadi sum the vols of the foranee Inns woul bo, pate wo (2 5 Ghelt 400) Example 4.1 A single doop groove ball boding has « ‘aminal Bore dlametor of 29 arm. Tolerances on te Loe diameter ro shown in Sgure bolo, This betsing wil be flied on # sham eo thet oaranee ie 0.008 mrt are Tea et om, Determine the tolerance on the he uareert tt from 0 tables, snd ind the closest, Solution : tase woes of problems, ne have te decide, ‘st, whch tolerance systom fe gol to be sod. Since postive lateral tolerance is given to bole damper, tle ti base hole systersts be vesd le proba. Tolerance noe inst -0, 0.013.0.0 0.018 fend wore on ft Te Tats casmceeajerrs Ht | Solution + In tho above ft, part (1) fs considered as shat ane part @)s vonsidered ss hole Reoing al per And ower links ef the dnencions ehewn on port}, tlaance oh. pat {9} ae) ‘Upoee and loner erst ct noe are found tee dsfiiions of Sng = Doe on Cons Dyt| 24) y= Cpu t,20.082 -2088 =0.027 en AaCgg dy =0.018 0015 -00 a8) “everanss on part (2) then Je | eo) The noweet sandaré ft rom ISO tabion For BHS fo + HE Example 63. tna bowing aeeembly, you ar 5 Nominal reir = 55 mem, Gna = O03? mm, Using Belo Helo Syetom, fine a eutable 1H ouch thet tomranees onthe stat and the le must be eter, Solution : From the given opociisaione, itis hevous tat the Sis f wanstion type. We Krew tat TeHlaen 4 Gree 092 40.057 =0.069 m1 0) Tu=G6 Ten @.0{0.099) 26.0294 Teste Te=0.410.085)=0.096 mm Since te ft "based on SHS and tis ol sanded toe Hit Rolo 85.0 man « Urper and lower lite ot shat © 1 yD, Ty=00 + 9.0204 «0.0264 mar | &=D)- Cyqy 0.0294 0.097 =-4.0070 1m | GHD Igoe #90 +0612 =0.012 met Tolorences one hols ander he el cab wen #8 Fer the he — Fartne ahatt : s5{2-0%2 | wos 383) ‘Tha narest etandord fe rom ISO tables is found, It ls 6 Example 4.4. A steal cht of 80 rim le mashind to ly. & gear produced tom cast en Is f 02 Dreseid ore Ist. The oust clamoter of the hub ot the Gear 2 50 sen ‘nino torque fo be tranarited by the geet sat asserby 5 Mm. The maximo tanggatal stiess inthe gaat hid) reafitec te be 82 Nps The torque trneniting cspesiy daponce er iehoralforso dojelopod ay the pressure and tho drier [at That ie HD: A-2ek v2 Determine te raat sercaed mura Heme Shaft Syston and L= 20 7 Maximum pressure is existed ten ogg BOP te wate +900 Mea Pre aee 25) + (16F, Onan =386 MPa In general, pats which are pece ite, deform. The fomallon ie copendant on cimenslons, ates of the pers feceeae tne cops ewan tne raster can 99 witon ae leaeniog to vals of, 8, poisons ratoe and seule lastchias Into above sepresson, minimum ard makin pteorances am calves het rm; an09 = 5 (BEA aaa LE aay Soo(iay | ast 62 00 Ses n 3858 09° mi Ina 835 Baa TS qualiy fer chat cerespends 10 HS ard ie ropresortec fatows In the preblom, te St must be chussh st that rence, the aasesrbly must be papanie ol carving maalmum toque and wn mainuch infrlsronce, angenial sess must not 0 groaicr than the, me Hence, msimim torque iadestes to sondtin df miakauin intatarence, and mesinum tanganiel stoss ia the gen" mn Inefosies the conakion et maximums intererenee. (From the ‘elaionenip between to:cue and praeevre, minimum presoue is oN 2 fein, t paBle_T_,__25 000 ard" Fie" RTH AOD Pomp 8.24 PH When two eylintcal pare ars press fied) tie maxtaum eave coos ofthe Fret eutece of the OU pm The! Sar epee ‘han, upper and lon lew of the hole axe demincd Foe: fotewing expreesene. Sn O4 1 Opec, 3 ASS 01288 um weBD, 8 DnB toy oB 13 184 a eta tree (2219) From 180 telee, foo nearest standard fis found 65 + MEIN Example 4.6. In the shalt bealag assembly sion below, the At Is raqared to be of intrierence typo. tte shalt antace 's cround (75 quality), doterrine #30 noarect chunad Mbp wslng the town data eB syater Ten. mem qn 0.019 mn Soluten of inrererca ‘pe and tho wiatnum hieterenca Is 2mm 9) Detomine the nesrest saad Fuel HS. 1) Deterning he amount a prossite dovsloped Sakwoen te ia and tho belo when ‘they re ted wi ninknum SELECTED PROBLENS Probiem 41 Consi¢er that the ft betneor) the womens Sion Below ie HEleS. They are both made Of se. Dhermine te ave of the tangential siese a tho Inner euvaco sf the outer tment when the minimap of the Inner element Is estos th ‘he rina sizeof the cular sero! feo Problem 42 Constr that the St aiween the shell and fw tse shown Below is hB/GE. The haf f ria cf ioe! ert the eink fe macs o! asian. The reminal Gamer ot the shat ie {CC ren Determine tie vahis 0% the tangential stasalh the outer suece the (8K whan the raainurm shalt size ie antenisle wi minis slarstor hele —— so ee foblem 45 Tha tcloranco wan the gap in ve Fue bot ‘must b0 equal fe G2 mn, This tolerance is of ilar type, What tolerance must be placed on 230% part it the telorafooe cn tha saporaa pans are al equcl det st al Problem 46 the tet verre te bb the ehstt beorng eecembly shown below, cf Inotrero> pe MT the shan surface 16 progucad with FTE cuetty and the dianeter of the bearing hele ie 90 wrn, detomne he Sandare 6 by ueing the folowing date AS eyetem Te=93 un Jaen 0051 pm 2) Problem 47.» pa beakog-woss ars i mached wh 1 5 spat, soscod frm mondcctuers eal” an £0" tore darter A shalt prsined In a maine shops tbo ssuenied wil «Afr meh Cina C0 ad Ing 089 set Storie 8) tae actu wolerance 04 tho aha an the nowest fom 180 table, 1 fe Icetarg of me tt etemlned pat (a ficiency of these ype of sows are aMays associated with rabieg alone, + 2 ie the pith ‘ig the ruber of iat Liste Ind~ np 1 te the load onde SE} ei (6) Fer rising the load (©) Fer lonering he eee owe Diagrams for Power Sorews ‘The epeesione of trees far eaag nd for lewesng © ore dived rom force dlagra siven in Figure 6.1 Follows SUS) 2 DESIGN oe POWER SCREWS A waver screw Is a davce used lo macnesry to change ‘niuiat Moen wo Anear rokon snd ustaly, to yanorit power, ‘Lend sorews of machine tosis, ecoms fr wees, QESEa8 HNC Jacks 10 typecl exammpen of power scr, As far a6 tho mechanics of power screws a1e concer. torque o rate the Toad tomuo to lower tht ina sn the fiom) Of Mp screw ate the rapatant parameters to bo doternined. The Suboftsing tan 2 = Ut de in the shove sxprfasiore, we forty consring tan Teele en a rae SSP tan spp {9 sinlisr manner, torque for lowering the lead, The oxprosed se foow 3 Wines the contort of hision fe grout ter the lagen! of ‘ho led angle and tie scron is sae to ba se losing, Tha ie 4 wypeniorcL. anite sows b et tig Tris means tat extemal tore must be eel 10 hina the load. In some instances, however, stead ange Ie trpe et the Wicton is tow, tw lone ray lamer eel by eaucing the schon to spin witout any external efect ene the celled. tovave, fer Tonering a eed wit heve rogaie sig, Ht te Meter penween the the fellae of the terow le ten Ini versie member and the ‘wisie Yo is te rque when thee 6 0 tcton Wihun cole ction fa oogighie, we oben « 28 Tae ae tan Tho lovel of filefon in hose type of screws Ie ion end Yorvior, he feency i usually low. In order to Increese sfbierey, Ttlon etwann tesde must be lowerad ‘Tre bs eptaines ty Inteducing ane ot rotors in betasen the treads of ¢ screw eng the aul. These ype ct screws ars caled oe atting ball (9; rll) screws ané thay tune epictions in or Navericl Cento (GND) Machine Took Feciruiting balls “ oancomnesscenormancconens | | Caleuleton for engin i pertcemed ony for heey leaded ‘rome. Sec tis scew operates, uncer comeecion jr tension) and torsion the iV avoe, The factor oF saety ean be determined oo oy J. Shoar of veade of the scrow ane the mut rst as wal bs check, threads wil fl by steanng ef on tho minor camoler and the nu hae ot fa by sowing of on tha mor dense ‘Average Stk ses 07 the smn teed, ‘Average shoar stees on the nat wads, In edcion we fatbre by stent, Ducking faire mist slse {p onsdered lanl 9 dart ttn cf the soe ie large. In ‘occing tare cabvieters, moet of inria may be cloveted Dy usin the camsier which was recommended ir the cauteton ot leosio obese ret, But 19 be alaye on the safe side, root Jemiser may De considered In the celedstione of moment at iterian because it wil gw miniaum vats. we EE nm et «Gas 57.990 vra and fut No, ae photon nthe desigs of powar scram, > ave into the stresses in the nut throace end in the oe ‘night couse faltra by yielding. These soesce ‘ype and beating type ' the celouktlns of the eresses the oor locounptons ) Load i unforay atebited avor the nat hoight 3) Tha treads en the ezte shear off en the 1 ©) The vende on the nit woul # diameter toes, ‘The bearing sess Is obtained frm, an 188 | med | fr of moa dana, co oes erase, bo stop reat cn won a fe Fath whofe tis te dapth of throad engagement and in pdwer scwws p/2. Aer eubstleg thin velue In te Weiler formule, we obtain, ow ah ‘Tho height of nul to mean dmeter rao Ydm) teen ters 4.2 0 25 ber unept nuts and fom 28 10 99 4" Set ute wr encte 8 = Wém, tne meer clamater af the stew could beeches oe | ay, OBE Ecample 53. 4 scone wih 4 5 wat” Ioa0 of 25 4 Tho conan hee a gh Ave sro Fs he mane LT csnsn ofS om the hed ie £00 om ve wee “ pats weal in on tod vf sun ct trees te flea 94 to lowe te tad, we tate fo at dota treet ‘sary and for Voveng tna eet “ora> lr mating lsd erstsd ab a Ef ertn) ” “{ Substiing he fnew parameter torus vue f fare ® 296-9088 mm S05 (25009 9/8 4 0,045 re eee) | The value ot force whith mut be exert at te end of the levor ie then colonies, 08 ek 5 | Tea orngng te fee Ff xda-t afi tatet 7 lant) | _Fallowing tho gare procecur, fete atthe end oft bv Is Asterina soma (0186928) yes | saat p22. m4 e: eta 1) Assuciht Wat he fore is aqialy sraiec by ach threce, ‘Gn be ceterminod fom te lloning exeroeion, eye 1B Rhee dedep2s0-0239m0 pe 428___ 416 28000) Woy?) EC 255-90 9 Satety of the ervew mutt bo chached egsbet 1] pecn.eus ou Heeencncrcine HENS ere y- 025 #207000) 99760 eiontg | (6097 1 Poy B1294.6 Nr 860C0 Ni ate rm bucking 1 i oral Example 8.2 singe-swae mee power screw to 59 8 tod of 100 WN, The ecrw has e.mais ample of 42 an {spa of rm The rer he son eas hen a tho a an be aye Tela ie bo made of AST 28 sar est on, Using tft of sae of to" theat-an REE Bip son mote nt cee Fee Sy ATUAE Gry cst ton tas 5470 a 5 9,280 Na Fre re foal: oe 1) the tdize of threads by shearing 2 be tre sen 2 oonpreeion, | 3) ral, the tere by bustin, 1) Soarng of thre nea E02 Me Sup205 5,205 (950)-175 MPa t=102 wena 175 Pa SAH 2) Stengin of cerow for compression ve ft se A net eet toen sH0 Pe SAFES 3) The most tet factor considered he fe the bucking ‘wien the stew io onlered maxinuth. At this boson ‘screw [3 comskiued 35 9 cateen woes and ecskere Moy bbe anes 25 ene ond edn and lve (© = 29) (han BS [EI ag (:)-th- $90 00.7 ee Leal column toad Is te be compared ith actual load to rine asfey tor ellis )) This ie a8 Euler Cours, «_ Solstix «From the rut tha sear siess exprobsin, height hs cabslated a r we Zh oo 21100800) 29 MRA a, eae) 220) From beeing 168 exprosson, halt nie cauifed se and -8-paa2 8-96 mm pe 182E 182000000576 an | Rae) MOTO A - 307) | Hence, h = 28 mm must be chosen Example 6.2, A double eouare thraad poner actew 6 0 appot load of 60 KN. Tae som as 4 Map diameter of 6 ram ina & pian ot © mm. Geaticion of icken may be ee low a3 0.4 td ce a8 04 tnd oo News 05 8) Wl tis scraw awaye be ccltloking? ) tha samo ae (e) won a ingle treae it used 6} Wet torque fe necessary to ras Ihe 1020 wf a0 18 1 If coetcinr of Treten 1s equate toa terol ot the load angie, chon that afflonsy al the screw. amaye eos ar oe sutton fi) Tj fh he be sli sd tit spas ene un behest ees ‘he coufien! of ton. Il 114 smal then bet} we can say Wat Hs saiew is amays sat locking. fie In bother, then the

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