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Chapter One

 Spreadsheet Basics
 The Excel Screen
 Movement Keys
 The Excel Menu

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SPREADSHEET BASICS
A spreadsheet is the computerized equivalent of a general ledger. It has taken the place of
the pencil, paper and calculator. Spreadsheet programs were first developed for accountants
but have now been adopted by anyone wanting to prepare a budget, forecast sales data,
create profit and loss statements, compare financial alternatives and any other mathematical
applications requiring calculations.

The electronic spreadsheet is laid out similar to the paper ledger sheet in that it is divided into
columns and rows. Any task that can be done on paper can be performed on an electronic
spreadsheet faster and more accurately.

The problem with manual sheets is that if any error is found within the data, all answers must
be erased and recalculated manually. With the computer, formulas can be written that are
automatically updated whenever the data is changed. By having formulas that automatically
recalculate, you can play with the numbers to see how the final result is affected.

The horizontal bar across the top of the worksheet is filled with letters, beginning with A and
ending with the letter IV. Each letter represents a column while the vertical bar along the left
side of the worksheet is filled with numbers that refer to rows. The rows are numbered 1
through 65536.

The intersection between a column and a row is referred to as a cell. A cell is similar to a box
that can be used to store pieces of information. Each piece of information could be a word or
group of words, a number or a mathematical formula.

Each cell has its own address. This address is used in formulas for referencing different parts
of the worksheet. The address of a cell is defined by the letter of the column it is located in
and the number of the row. For example, the address of a cell in column B, row 5 would be
referred to as B5. The column is always listed first followed by the row without any spaces
between the two.

These cell addresses are useful when entering formulas. Instead of typing actual values in
your equations, you simply type the cell address that the value is stored in. Then, if you need
to go back and change one of the values the spreadsheet automatically updates the answer
based on the new number(s).

For example, instead of typing 67*5.4 you could enter C5*D5. The number 67 is stored in cell
C5 and the number 5.4 is stored in cell D5. If these numbers change next month or next year,
the formula remains correct as it references the cells - not the actual values. With the second
formula, you can change the numbers stored in cells C5 and D5 as often as required and see
the result recalculate immediately.

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RUNNING MICROSOFT EXCEL

USAGE: MS Excel can be accessed directly through the
desktop or through the Start menu (located on the taskbar at the
bottom of the screen).

If you have a shortcut on your desktop, double-click

on the Microsoft Excel icon to run the application.

Although the quickest way of running Excel is through the desktop

(shown above), you can also access the Start menu (located along
the far left side of the taskbar at the bottom of the desktop) which
allows you to locate any program available on your system.

Follow the steps shown below to run Excel from the Start menu:

 Click on this button (located on

the far left side of the taskbar - at the bottom of
the desktop) to FF

 Select from the pop-up menu.

 Select Microsoft Excel from the Programs sub-menu.

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THE EXCEL SCREEN

After you start the program, you are taken into a blank untitled workbook where you may begin
entering your data. You will notice that the program window includes many of the standard
elements common to most Windows applications as well as a few items that are unique to
Excel. The screen can be quite intimidating the first time you see it as there are so many
items displayed on it. However, if you take a few minutes to familiarize yourself with the
various screen elements, the program will become easier to work with.

Across the top of the Excel window is the Title Bar which displays the name of the application.
In the far left corner of the title bar is a small Excel icon (referred to as the “Control Icon”)
which is used to access a pull-down menu containing selections for changing the window’s
size and placement. In the upper right corner are the three standard Windows buttons for
minimizing, maximizing/restoring the window, and closing the program.

The second line is referred to as the Menu Bar and contains all of the commands required to
use this application. You can access any menu item by simply pointing to it and clicking the
[LEFT] mouse button once. Notice that each menu item has one underlined letter which can
be used in conjunction with the A key to access the menu directly through the keyboard.
Once the menu is opened, you may notice icons to the left of some of the options. If a menu
item could have been accessed via the tool bar, Excel displays these tool bar icons along the
left side of the opened menu to help you associate the menu item with the correct icon.

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Some menus provide additional options which are not immediately displayed. To access
these extra options, you may either click on the button (located along the bottom of the pull-
down menu) or double-click the menu.

To the right side of the menu bar is a help box where you may enter a quick question. Simply
click in the Ask a Question box and type your question (such as “how do I print”) and press
the E key. Excel will run its help feature and display the help topics most closely associated
with the question you entered.

In the far right corner of the menu bar line are the three standard Windows buttons for
minimizing, maximizing/restoring the document window, and closing the current workbook. To
quickly close the current workbook, click on the button.

The standard Tool Bar is located on the left side of the third line and can be used to quickly
perform functions without having to access the menu. If you point to a tool without clicking the
mouse button, a brief description of the tool will appear.

The Format Bar is combined with the tool bar and is placed along the right side of the third
line. This bar offers a variety of shortcuts for changing the appearance of cells.

Because these two tool bars are combined, you cannot see all of the icons. Instead, Excel
displays the most commonly used tools on these two bars and offers an additional button to
access the hidden tools. Once you select a tool that was previously hidden, Excel displays it
directly on the standard or formatting tool bar for future use. This allows you to personalize
the tool bars to display the tools you most often use. In addition, some tool bars contain an
extra button that can be used to add or remove tools.

The next line is the Formula Bar which displays the current cell address and its contents. As
you move from cell to cell, Excel will keep track of the current cell address for you.

The next section of the screen lists the columns and rows within the current worksheet. As
mentioned, columns are lettered and rows are numbered. The first 26 columns are lettered A
through Z. Excel then begins lettering the 27th column with AA and so on. In a single Excel
worksheet there are 256 columns (lettered A-IV) and 65,536 rows (numbered 1-65536).

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The highlighted borders around the document window indicate the columns and rows and are
used to identify where on the worksheet you are located since you obviously cannot see an
entire worksheet of this size on the screen at one time.

The worksheet itself is located to the right and beneath the borders. This is where you will
actually be working and entering information. The outlined cell (the one with the dark borders)
within the worksheet is referred to as the active cell. Each cell may contain text, numbers or
dates. You can enter up to 32,000 characters in each cell.

Towards the bottom of the worksheet is a small Tab that identifies each sheet within the
workbook (file). If there are multiple sheets, you can use the tabs to easily identify what data
is stored on each sheet. For example, the top sheet could be "Expenses" and the second
sheet could be called "Income". When you begin a new workbook, the tabs default to being
labeled Sheet1, Sheet2, etc.

Along the bottom of the screen is another bar called the Status Bar. This bar is used to
display various information about the system and current workbook. The left corner of this line
lists the Mode Indicator which tells you what mode you are currently working in. When Excel
is ready for you to enter text, the mode indicator will read “Ready”.

A separate window is placed to the right of the worksheet area and is referred to as the Task
Pane. This window is used to quickly access your most commonly used tasks (such as
creating a new workbook or opening an existing file). There are other tasks that Excel will
display within the task pane, depending on what you are currently working on. In addition, you
can manually switch panes by selecting the one you wish to view from the pull-down list
located at the top of the currently displayed task pane.

To make working with multiple workbooks less confusing, Excel has included a feature which
automatically displays all opened workbooks along the taskbar. Rather than having to access
the menu labeled Window to switch between opened files, you can simply use your mouse to
click on the name of the file you wish to access directly on the taskbar. Once selected, that
file becomes the active window.

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NAVIGATING WITHIN A WORKSHEET

USAGE: Excel offers both keyboard and mouse methods for
moving.

← Moves pointer left one column.

→ Moves pointer right one column.
↑ Moves pointer up one row.
↓ Moves pointer down one row.
Page Up Moves one full screen up.
Page Down Moves one full screen down.
Home Moves to the beginning of the row.
Ctrl+→ Moves to the next blank/filled cell in a row.
Ctrl+← Moves to the first blank/filled cell in a row.
Ctrl+↓ Moves to the next blank/filled cell in a column.
Ctrl+↑ Moves to the previous blank/filled cell in a column.
Ctrl+Home Moves to beginning of worksheet (A1).
Ctrl+End Moves to the last cell filled with data in
the worksheet.
Ctrl+g The GOTO key allows you to go to any
cell. You must know the cell address. You
can also press F1.

Click in this box and type in the cell address to

go to. You must press Enter when done.
You can also use the vertical (down the right) and the horizontal
(along the bottom) scroll bars to move. Drag the box in the scroll
bar to move more quickly. The pointer does not move until you
click in the cell to move to. Remember to look at the formula bar
for the current cell address.

If you are using Microsoft’s IntelliMouse, roll the rubber Wheel

(located between the [LEFT] and [RIGHT] mouse buttons) forward
or back to quickly scroll through large worksheets.

Excel lights up column and row headings as you move from cell to
cell. This helps to distinguish the current cell address.

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CHANGING THE VIEW

USAGE: Excel allows you to customize the screen in a variety
of ways.

SHOWING/HIDING THE TASK PANE

The right side of the workbook window contains the task pane
which allows you to quickly perform common tasks (such as
opening an existing file or creating a new workbook). To increase
your work space, remove the task pane from view by clicking on
the button (located in the upper right corner of the task pane).

NOTE: Once the task pane has been removed from view, you
can easily redisplay it by accessing the View menu.

Depending on the task being performed,

Excel offers a variety of panes. To
switch to another, click on the down
arrow to the right of the pane name
and select another task pane to display.

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CHANGING THE ZOOM FACTOR

The Zoom button (located on the tool bar at the top of

the screen) allows you to change the size of the viewing area. This
does not affect the actual printing of the file.

This can be helpful when working with a large workbook to get an

overall view of the file (by zooming out) or to focus in on a specific
section (by zooming in).

NOTE: If you have not used this tool before, it may not be
displayed on the tool bar. To access it, click on the
button and select it from the list of additional tools.

Click on the down arrow located to the right side of the current
zoom factor. Scroll through the available zoom choices.

When you select a zoom factor, Excel will zoom in or out of the
worksheet area - as specified in the Zoom.

You can also access the View  Zoom menu.

In addition, you can hide everything except the worksheet and the
menu (which will increase your working area) by accessing the
View  Full Screen menu.

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DISPLAYING ALL TOOLS

Excel does not automatically display all of the tools on the tool bar
and formatting bar. Instead, the most often-used tools are
displayed while the other tools are hidden from view.

To view all of the tools, you can instruct Excel to display the tool
bar and formatting bar on separate lines by following the two steps
outlined below:

 Click on this button (located to the right of the

standard tool bar across the top of the screen).

 Select Show Buttons in Two Rows from the options

available.

Excel will display the standard tool bar on the third screen line and
the formatting tool bar on the fourth line so that all tools are visible.

NOTE: To combine the two tool bars once again, simply click
on the button (located to the far right of the tool bar
and select Show Buttons on One Row from the
pull-down list of options.

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Chapter Two

 Entering/Editing Data
 Deleting Information
 Adjusting Column Widths
 Creating Formulas
 Filling Formulas
 Saving a Workbook
 Previewing/Printing
 Changing Page Setup
 Closing a File

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ENTERING INFORMATION
USAGE: Excel allows you to type in words, numbers or
formulas.

Click in the cell you wish to store the data in and then simply type
the word(s), number or formula.

If you make a mistake and want to start over, press Esc.

Notice as you type, the entry is displayed both in the cell and in the
formula bar. A thin, blinking cursor appears to the right of the entry
and moves as you type.

If you make a mistake while typing, use the ¢ key to correct what
has already been entered.

You cannot use the arrow keys at this time to make corrections!
Pressing an arrow key will enter what you have typed so far into
the cell and then automatically move the pointer in the direction of
the arrow key you pressed.

Two symbols in little boxes also pop up to the left of the formula
bar. The  can be used by mouse users instead of pressing the
Enter key. The X is used like the Esc key to cancel.

When entering text, words are automatically left aligned within the
cell while numbers are placed to the right.

While entering columns of numbers, the column heading may not

align correctly with the values. If text is wider than the cell it is
stored in, it will appear to "spill" into the adjacent cell(s), providing
they are empty.

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THE AUTOCOMPLETE FEATURE

To save you from typing the same entry more than once, Excel
offers a feature referred to as AutoComplete.

This feature tries to predict (based on your previous entries), what

word you are currently entering. For example, if you have entered
the word East in one or more cells in the current column/row, the
next time you begin a cell entry with the letter E, Excel will fill the
cell with the word East.

To accept this entry, simply press Enter.

Naturally, Excel is not always correct so if the prediction is wrong,
simply continue typing.

PICK FROM LIST

If you have a large column of repeated entries, instead of

continuously having to type the entries in yourself, you can select
them from a list that Excel automatically generates from the current
column entries.

Move to the cell where you want the entry

placed. Click the [RIGHT] mouse button once.

From the pop-up menu that appears, select

Pick from List....

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From the list provided, select the entry you
would like placed in the current cell.

NOTE: For this feature to work, you must select a cell directly
beneath the current list of entries. If a blank cell exists
between the current entries and your selected cell, the
list will be empty.

NUMBERS STORED AS TEXT

As mentioned, the first character you enter determines the data

type of the cell. If you begin with a number, Excel assumes you
are entering a value, whereas if the first character is a letter, Excel
stores the entry as a label.

However, if a number has inadvertently been entered as a label,

Excel will display a small green triangle in the upper left
corner of the cell - indicating there is a problem.

Click on the cell and a small warning icon will appear. Click on
the icon to access the following pull-down menu:

You will have several

options to choose from.

Select the convert to

Number option if the cell
data is supposed to be
stored as a value.

Select ignore Error to

remove the warning for
this cell.

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EDITING DATA
USAGE: If you type something in a cell and then decide later
to change or correct it, place your pointer on the cell to edit and
reactivate it by selecting from one of the two methods mentioned
below:

Double-Click on the cell you wish to edit.

Your cursor will appear within the cell in the form of a vertical bar
and you will be able to use Backspace and Delete Keys to
make corrections.

Since you are automatically in the insert mode, pressing - will

place you in typeover mode (OVR). Notice the status line indicates
that typeover is on.

You can also use the following keys for movement while editing:

Home Key Moves to the beginning of the entry.

End Key Moves to the end of the entry.
→ Moves the cursor to the right one
character.
← Moves the cursor to the left one character.
Ctrl+ → Moves the cursor one word right.
Ctrl+ ← Moves the cursor one word left.

When done editing the cell, press Enter or click on .

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DELETING DATA
USAGE: Although you can type over existing data - simply
replacing it with the new information, there may be times when you
would like to clear a cell out so that nothing is stored in it. In those
instances it would make sense to delete the contents of the
selected cell(s).

To delete the contents of a cell, follow these mouse steps:

 While pointing to the cell you want to clear, click the

[RIGHT] mouse button once.

 From the pop-up

menu that appears, select Clear
Contents.

If you prefer using the keyboard to delete the contents of a cell:

Move to the cell and press the = key once.

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CLEARING A CELL

Excel not only allows you to clear the contents of a cell (the actual
data), but also the format and/or comments attached to the cell.

A single cell may contain one or more of the following:

Contents The data stored within the cell (numbers or text).

Formats Includes fonts, bold, borders surrounding the cell(s),

as well as, number formats (e.g., dollar signs).

Comments Can be attached to a cell to explain the reasoning

behind its entry (e.g., when entering complex
formulas). These comments are usually not printed.

Before continuing, move your pointer to the cell you wish to clear
and then access the following menu:
MENU:
edit
Clear 

Choose whether you wish to clear just the

contents of the cell, the format, comments you
have attached, or everything.

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UNDOING THE DELETION

Excel has the capability of remembering the last several actions

performed and allows you to change your mind about most
changes you have made.

Click on this tool to undo the last action.

If you click on the down arrow (to

the right of the tool), you can scroll
through the last several actions.

Move your mouse down the list to

highlight the number of actions to undo.
They must be done in sequence!

If you prefer accessing the menu:

MENU:
edit
undo

Every time you select Undo from the menu, Excel undoes the
previous action (in other words, it scrolls through all actions also).

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REPEATING COMMANDS

If you undo a set of actions and then change your mind (again),
you can always "Repeat" what you have just undone. Using the
same process as undoing multiple commands, you can select the
number of actions to repeat.

Click on this tool to redo the last undo.

If you click on the down arrow (to

the right of the tool), you can scroll
through the last several actions. Move
your mouse down the list to select the
number of actions you wish to redo.
They must be done in sequence!

NOTE: If you have not used this tool before, it may not be
displayed on the tool bar. To access it, click on the
button and select it from the list of additional tools.

If you prefer accessing the menu:

MENU:
edit
repeat

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WORKING WITH BLOCKS

USAGE: Many commands and operations require that you
work on more than one cell at a time. While you may not require
the entire worksheet, you may need to work on a Block of cells.

A block includes any group of cells in a rectangular format, as

shown in the illustration below.

Every block of cells has a beginning and ending address. The

beginning address is the address of the cell in the top-left corner of
the block whereas the ending address is the cell in the lower-right.

Normally, in the English language we use a dash to indicate a

block of numbers, as in pages 5-20. Excel, however, requires that
you use the colon between the beginning and ending addresses.
Remember that the dash represents subtraction in spreadsheet
programs. For example, the block C3:E14 refers to cells C3
through E14.

There are many commands (e.g., deleting, copying, formatting)

that require the use of blocks.

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MOUSE SHAPES

When working with Excel, it is very important to keep an eye on the

mouse pointer as it changes shape depending on its current
function, as discussed below:

If the mouse is in the shape of a thick cross, it can be

used to select a single cell or block of cells for editing
purposes.

The mouse changes to the thick cross when placed in

the middle of a cell. Dragging the pointer when it is
this shape simply highlights cells.

If the mouse is in the shape of a diagonal arrow, you

can move the contents of the currently selected block
of cells to another location within the worksheet.

The mouse changes to a pointer only when the tip of

the arrow points to one of the outer borders of the cell
block. Dragging the pointer when it is in this shape
actually picks up the contents of the cell(s) and
moves them to another location.

If the mouse is in the shape of a thin cross-hair, you

can fill a formula or other information into adjacent
cells within the worksheet.

The mouse pointer changes to a thin cross-hair only

when the tip of the arrow is placed in the small square
located in the bottom right-corner of a cell. Dragging
the pointer when it is in this shape fills data.

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SELECTING A BLOCK OF CELLS

Place the mouse in the middle of the first cell. The pointer's shape
should be a thick cross-hair. Click and drag to highlight.

To select an entire column or row, click on the letter of the column

or the number of the row.

Hold the Shift key down and press the arrows to select a block.

SELECTING A CONTIGUOUS BLOCK OF CELLS

 Click in the first cell of the block to be highlighted.

 Move to the last cell (do not click the [LEFT] mouse button).
 In the last cell, hold the Shift
key down and click the [LEFT] mouse button once.

SELECTING NONCONTIGUOUS BLOCKS OF CELLS

 Click on the first cell.

 Move to each cell or group of cells to be selected and hold
Ctrl Key down while you click the [LEFT] mouse button.

SELECTING THE ENTIRE WORKSHEET

To select the entire worksheet

with a single click of the mouse
button, point to the blank square -
just above the first row indicator
and to the left of the first column
indicator and click the [LEFT]
mouse button once. The entire
worksheet will be highlighted.

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ADJUSTING COLUMN WIDTH & ROW HEIGHT

USAGE: Sometimes cell entries are too long to fit into the
standard width columns. Text will appear to "spill" over into
adjacent cells as long as those cells are empty. If the adjacent
cells are not empty, Excel will truncate the text.

When entering large numbers, however, Excel will display the

number in scientific notation if the column is not wide enough to
display the entire number. You may also see a large number
(resulting from a formula) displayed as ##### - indicating that the
column is not wide enough to display the answer contained within
the cell. However, if you apply formatting (such as dollar signs),
Excel will automatically adjust the column to fit the largest entry so
that the number remains visible.

Should a cell be too narrow for text or numbers that you have
entered, you can widen the column in which the entry is located by
following the steps outlined below:

 Place the mouse pointer in the column heading area to the

right of the lettered column to adjust. Make sure the mouse
pointer is on the column margin line. The pointer changes
to a cross-hair indicating you are on the margin line.

 Click and drag the column margin line either to the right
(expanding it) or to the left (shrinking it).

In the example above, column F is being stretched to the right.

Notice the "cross-hair".

NOTE: To change the height of a row, place the mouse

pointer on the bottom line of the row number (located
on the left side of the worksheet). A thin cross-hair will
appear. When you see the thin cross-hair, drag the
mouse up/down to adjust the row’s height.

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TIP: If you double-click the column or row margin
line, Excel will automatically adjust the width of the
column or row to fit the largest cell in the column/row.

NOTE: You may also change the width of multiple columns

or rows at once, by selecting the columns or rows (by
clicking and dragging the mouse over each of the
column letters or row numbers) before adjusting their
width/height.

It is also possible to change the column width through the menu:

MENU:
Format
column 

Select width... from the sub-menu.

The following dialog box will be displayed:

Enter a new column width and choose .

NOTE: You can also choose AutoFit from the Format 

column  autoFit Selection menu. You must have
the entire column or the widest entry selected for this
option to work.

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ENTERING A FORMULA
USAGE: Formulas are used to obtain answers based on
mathematical equations that you design. Formulas can be as
simple as "2+2" or as complex as calculating the depreciation of
fixed assets. When creating formulas, you may use actual values,
cell addresses or a combination of the two.

 The equal sign (=) is used to indicate to Excel that you are
about to enter a formula. This also ensures that formulas
beginning with a cell address are not mistaken for text.

 Next, you must enter the actual formula for Excel to

calculate. When entering these formulas, the following basic
mathematical operators are used:

+ (add) - (subtract) * (multiply) / (divide)

 When a formula is complete and the E key has been

pressed, the result will be displayed in the current cell. The
formula itself is displayed in the formula bar (located in the
upper-left of the screen next to the cell address).

NOTE: In order to view a formula, you must select the cell in

which it is stored.

TIP: If you select a group of cells and look at the

status bar (at bottom of the screen), Excel will display
the total (sum) of the selected cells.

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ENTERING NATURAL LANGUAGE FORMULAS

Excel has the ability to understand and translate natural language

formulas. This means that you can type in a formula using the
names associated with the data instead of trying to remember the
actual cell addresses. This can be extremely helpful for new users
who have not worked with other spreadsheet applications.

It is important, however, to understand how Excel associates the

labels with the numbers. Using the example shown below, FY
1998 and FY 1999 refer to the columns of values stored beneath
them while 1st qtr refers to the values placed in cells B2 and B3.

To create a formula that calculates the total for the 1 st quarter, you
would move to cell D2 and enter either of the following formulas:

=B2+C2
=FY 1998+FY 1999

The second formula (shown above) takes advantage of Excel’s

natural language feature. (Notice the space between FY and 1998.
Without this space, Excel would read the formula as referring to cell
FY1998 in the current worksheet.)

NOTE: For the formula to work, access the Tools 

Options menu and select the Calculation tab and
check the box labeled Accept labels in formulas.

To create a total for FY 1998, you would move to cell B6 and enter
either of the following formulas:

=B2+B3+B4+B5
=1st qtr+2nd qtr+3rd qtr+4th qtr

The second formula uses Excel’s natural language feature.

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CORRECTING FORMULAS

Excel can help to locate errors by checking your formulas for

common mistakes and offering a suggested correction.

When you press the Enter key after typing in a formula, Excel
checks the formula for possible syntax errors.

If an error is encountered, a dialog box will pop-up explaining what

Excel thinks is the problem with the formula and asking if it should
correct the formula based on its suggestion.

Select to have Excel change the formula based on its

suggestion.

Click on to cancel this box and correct the error yourself.

NOTE: If you enter one of the natural language formulas

(discussed on the previous page) and include a label
with spaces (e.g., 1st Qtr), Excel will display an error
message and suggest that quotes be added to the
labels in the formula.

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USING THE AUTO FILL

USAGE: Excel offers a quick way to fill formulas from one cell
to many within the worksheet. This command instructs Excel to
copy cells from one row/column in a selection to adjacent cells of
the selection.

Although you could access the Edit  Fill  Series... menu, the
mouse is much quicker, as shown below:

 Place your mouse over the small square in the lower right
corner of the cell containing the formula you wish to copy.
The pointer should change to a thin cross-hair .

 Click the [LEFT] mouse button and drag so that all

destination cells are selected. When the mouse is released,
the formula will be "filled" in all cells.

This also works for text and numbers without formulas, such as
months (shown in the example above) or actual numbers.

Excel's auto fill feature will fill a block of cells with either numbers or
text depending on what is located in the first cell. For example, if
the first cell contains the word "Jan", Excel will automatically fill the
other cells with the rest of the months.

As you begin filling the destination cells with months, Excel will
display the name of each month as it is being filled so that you
know how far to fill.

When working with numbers, however, you must enter two cells of
data so that Excel knows what increments the numbers should be
increased by each time. If you only enter a single number and then
try to create a fill based on that single cell, Excel will simply copy
the number down the worksheet.

To fill cells with a series of numbers, follow these steps:

 Select the two cells containing the numbers. Once the two
cells have been selected, release the mouse button.
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 Move the mouse to the bottom right corner of the second

cell. The pointer should change to a thin cross-hair .

 Click & drag the mouse to fill the other cells.

AUTO FILL OPTIONS

Once you have used the auto fill feature, a small icon will be
placed in the bottom right corner of the last filled cell.

A list of auto fill options will be

displayed. The default option is Copy
Cells which instructs Excel to copy the
data and formatting from the original cell
to the destination cells.

The Fill Formatting Only option is

used to copy the format from the
original cell to the destination cells. This
does not copy the data from the original
cell.

Select Fill Without Formatting to copy

the data from the original cell to the
destination cells without changing the
existing format.

NOTE: These auto fill options will vary depending on what you
have just filled (e.g., a formula, a number, a month).

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SPELL CHECKING
USAGE: Before saving and printing the worksheet out for
others to read, you should always check it for typing errors. By
comparing words in your file against the dictionary, Excel can
check your spelling and alert you of possible mistakes.

For each word that the program cannot find in its dictionary, Excel
asks you what to do. You can choose change the spelling of the
word, suggest alternatives, leave the word as it is, or add the word
to the dictionary. Excel also checks for repeated words and
incorrect capitalization.

To run the spell checker, access the following menu:

MENU:
tools
spelling...

Excel will stop at the first unrecognized word, highlight it, and
display it in the dialog box along with a list of options, as shown in
the diagram below:

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The following spell options are available within the dialog box:

If the word should remain as it is, select Ignore

Once. Excel also offers the option of Ignore
All if the word in question appears throughout
the worksheet.

If one of the suggestions is correct, double-

click on the correct spelling or highlight the
word and choose Change. If you think you
have misspelled a word throughout the
worksheet, click on Change All.

If both the word and suggestions are incorrect,

move to the Change to: box and type the
correct spelling in yourself. Afterwards, press
E or select Change.
If the word should be added to the custom
dictionary, click on this button. This can be
used to add personal names and/or company
acronyms to the dictionary.

Use this button to add the word to the

AutoCorrect list. In the future, when you
misspell this word while typing, Excel will
automatically correct it - without you having to
access the spell checker.

Reverses the latest correction made during the

current spell checking session.

Click on this button to access a second dialog

box where you can set such spelling options as
whether you want the program to make
suggestions based on the contents of the main
dictionary only, whether uppercase words or
words with numbers should be ignored.

Once the spell checker is complete, a pop-up confirmation box will

appear. You will need to click on to close the spelling
box and return to the worksheet.

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SAVING YOUR WORKBOOK

USAGE: After having created a spreadsheet, you will want to
save it using a name that will allow you to easily find it again.
There are two menu options when saving a workbook: SAVE and
SAVE AS.

SAVE is the normal save feature which will ask you the first time
you save a file to assign a name to it. From that point on, choosing
SAVE will simply update the file to include the latest changes. On
the other hand, SAVE AS saves an existing file under a new name
or as a different format to be imported into another program.

Click on the Save tool.

If you prefer accessing the menu:

MENU:

file
save
The first time you save a workbook file, Excel provides a dialog box
prompting you to enter a file name, as shown below:

Letters, numbers and spaces are allowed. Enter 1-255 characters.

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Along the left side of the dialog box, Excel displays the Places Bar
which includes the History, My Documents, Desktop, Favorites,
and My Network Places. Depending on which version of Windows
you are using, you may see “Web Folders” instead of “My Network
Places”. These “places” can be used to quickly access specific
types of files or storage locations. If you do not want to store your
workbook in one of these locations, you will need to save it in a
different folder by clicking on the down arrow beside the box
labeled Save in (located across the top of the dialog box) and
select a new storage location.

Across the top of the dialog box are a series of buttons, as

described below:

Click on this tool to display previously visited folders.

This tool moves up one folder level at a time.

Click on this tool to search the Web for a storage location.

This button is used to delete an existing file.

Use this tool to create a new folder.

Click on the down arrow beside this button to select the

type of view for displaying the files.

Use this tool to access a pull-down menu for advanced

saving options (such as mapping network drives and
customizing the Web options).

To save the file in another format (such as a previous version of

Excel so that someone else can edit the file who has not yet
upgraded to this version), click on the down arrow beside the
box labeled Save as type and select the format from the list.

Enter a name for the file in the box provided and then click on
to actually save the workbook.

TIP: The shortcut key for saving is Ctrl + s.

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PREVIEWING A WORKBOOK
USAGE: Previewing shows you the portion of the document
that will be printed and how the spreadsheet will be positioned on
the page(s) without actually printing a copy.

Select the Preview button.

If you prefer accessing the menu:

MENU:
file
Print Preview

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The mouse pointer becomes a magnifying glass in the middle of
the page while in the Preview mode. Click the button once to
zoom in and a second time to zoom back out of the worksheet.

When zooming in and out with the mouse, be sure to place the
mouse pointer on a portion of the actual worksheet. If you click on
a white area, you will zoom into a blank section.

The following buttons appear across the top of the preview screen:

Views the next page (if your workbook contains

multiple pages).

Views the previous page (if you workbook

contains multiple pages).

Zooms in and out.

Opens the Print dialog box.

Opens the Page Setup dialog box - where you

can adjust such settings as paper size,
margins, orientation, and headers/footers.

Display/hides the margins.

Displays/hides the page breaks.

Closes the preview screen.

Opens the help screen.

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CHANGING THE PAGE SETUP

USAGE: Before you print a worksheet, you may want to
customize the file to change margins, adjust orientation, add
headers/footers and modify other features.

You can access the Page Setup dialog box from the Print Preview
screen by clicking on the button or within your spreadsheet
by accessing the menu, as shown below:
MENU:
file
Page Setup...

Whatever method used, the following box will be displayed:

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Within the tab labeled Page, the following options are available:

Orientation Use this section to change

the paper orientation to Landscape or
Portrait.

Scaling This section allows you to

enlarge or reduce the printout. Not all
printers will be able to use this feature.

Use the Adjust to: option to reduce or

enlarge the output from 10 to 400
percent of the original size.

Use the Fit to: option to specify exactly

how many pages wide or tall you want
the final printout to be.

Paper size Provides various paper

sizes to choose from. Available sizes
will vary from printer to printer.

Print quality Allows you to specify the

resolution (dots per inch) for printing.
The higher the number, the better the
quality - but it also takes longer.

First page number Leave this option at Auto to

automatically start page numbering at
the next sequential number or enter a
number with which the first page should
begin.

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CUSTOMIZING MARGINS

To change the margins click on the Margins tab, as shown below:

Top/Bottom Use this section to change the top and

bottom distance between the edge of the
paper and the printout.

Left/Right Use this section to change the left and

right distances between the edge of the paper
and the printout.

Header/Footer Use this section to change the top and bottom

distances between the edge of the paper and
the header and/or footer. Make sure that this
value is smaller than the Top/Bottom margins
or the header will overlap the data.

Center on page This option is used to balance a printout by

centering pages Horizontally (between the left
& right margins) and/or Vertically (between
the top and bottom margins).

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CUSTOMIZING HEADERS/FOOTERS

To customize or remove the headers/footers, click on the tab

labeled Header/Footer, as shown below:

The top section is a sample of what the current header will display.

In the section called Header is a pull-down list of predefined

headers. Simply click on the down arrow and choose from the
list of available headers.

In the section called Footer is a pull-down list of predefined

footers. Simply click on the down arrow and choose from the
list of available footers.

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To customize the header/footer click on one of these buttons:

The custom header and footer dialog boxes look the same:

Use the Left, Center and Right sections of the box to enter text.
The section you type it in will determine where the header/footer
text will be placed on the printed page.

Use the following buttons to add special options:

Allows you to customize the font.

Inserts the current Page Number.

Adds the Total number of pages in the printout.

Adds the Date to the header/footer.

Adds the Time to the header/footer.

Adds the Path & Filename to the header/footer.

Adds the Filename to the header/footer.

Adds the Tab Name to the header/footer.

Allows you to insert a Picture in the header/footer.

If you have a picture, use this to Format the Picture.

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SHEET PRINTOUT OPTIONS

Click on the Sheet tab to customize the print features that affect
the overall sheet, as shown below:

Print area Use this section to specify the block to be printed. If

you selected a block before you entered this box, the
block will already be displayed. If not, you may enter
the range as A1:B15 to specify that the block from A1
to B15 should be printed. You can enter more than
one range if you separate the ranges with a comma -
as in A1:B15,D20:F40.

Print titles This section allows you to specify rows to be printed

along the top or the columns to be printed along the
left of each page. To specify a range, click in the row
or column section and then type the block.

Click on this button (to the right of these two sections)

to return to the worksheet to select the block. When
done, reactivate the Page Setup dialog box.

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Print You can choose to either display
Gridlines or suppress the sheet gridlines from
printing.

Black and white is used to print in black and

white for faster printing.

Checking the Draft quality option speeds up

the printout by printing less graphics and
suppresses the gridlines.

Check the Row and column headings box to

print the row numbers and column letters
around the border of the printout.

Depending on your preference, you can

choose to print Comments on a separate
page at the end of your document or as they
are displayed in the worksheet.

You can also choose how Errors will be

printed (blank, as they appear in the cell or
with the #N/A indicator).

Page order Use this section to specify the order

pages are to be printed. You can choose to
print Down, then Across or Across, then
Down.

You should notice the button to the right side of each

of the tabbed boxes. This button is used to access the “Printer
Properties” dialog box.

You should also notice the button within each of the

tabbed dialog boxes. If you want to see how the worksheet will
print based on the current settings, click on this button.

Once you have made your selections from the various tabs, click
on the button.

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PRINTING YOUR WORKSHEET

USAGE: After you have saved your workbook, you will want to
print it. If you do not specify otherwise, Excel assumes you want to
print the entire worksheet. It is possible, though, to specify a print
range.

Click on this tool to begin printing. If you select this tool, the
worksheet will be printed - bypassing the print dialog box.

To display the “Print” dialog box, access the following menu:

MENU:
file
print...

At the top of the dialog box, Excel displays the current printer.
Click on the down arrow beside this box to choose another
printer. From within this dialog box you can also select what you
want to print (e.g., the current selection, active worksheet or entire
workbook), how many copies are needed, whether multiple copies
should be collated and which pages to print. In addition, you can
instruct Excel to save the print job to a file to print at a later time.

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This button allows you to further specify how the
document will be printed.

When you click on the button, a second dialog box will

be displayed, as shown below:

The tabs within this second dialog box will vary depending on the
printer selected. The basic tabs are those discussed below:

Paper Allows you to choose the paper size, orientation and

paper tray source.

Graphics Determines the printout quality.

Fonts Specifies how TrueType fonts will be handled.

Device Determines how printer memory is tracked by the

print driver.

To close this second dialog box, choose .

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Once you return to the main “Print” dialog box, click on

to actually begin printing.

If you prefer to preview the print job before actually printing, click
on the button.

NOTE: To print only part of the worksheet, you would

highlight the area you wanted to print and then select
the printer menu. One of the options will be to print
the Selection.

You can also highlight the block of cells you

want to print and then access the File  Print Area
 Set Print Area menu. Dashed lines will appear on
your screen - indicating the print area. Once the print
area is set, that becomes the permanent print block.
To reset the print area, access the File  Print Area
 Clear Print Area menu.

TIP: The shortcut key for printing is Ctrl+p. If you

press this shortcut key combination, Excel will display
the print dialog box.

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CLOSING A WORKBOOK
USAGE: Once you have completed a workbook you will
usually want to close it so that you can work on something else.
Although you can have multiple workbooks open at the same time,
normally when you are done with a file it makes sense to close it.
This keeps your work space clean and frees up memory.

Click on the Close button. Be sure to click on the lower

close button or you will be closing the application.

If you prefer accessing the menu:

MENU:
file
close

If changes have not been saved, the following box appears:

If you click on , Excel will save the file using the current
filename. Click on to close the file without saving it.

TIP: If you have multiple workbooks open and

would like to close them all at once, hold the Shift
key down while selecting the “File” menu and choose
Close All.

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CREATING A NEW WORKBOOK

USAGE: When you first access Excel you are automatically
taken into a blank, untitled workbook where you may begin
entering data. If, however, you are in the midst of working with one
file and then decide to create another workbook, you will need to
instruct Excel as to what type of new document you wish to create.

You can either create another blank workbook or base the new file
on one of Excel’s built-in templates or from one of your existing
files. A template is used to determine the basic structure of the
workbook and can contain predefined settings, such as formulas,
formatting, and macros.

To simply create a new blank workbook, click on the NEW

tool (located on both the tool bar and within the task pane).

To have the new workbook based on one of Excel’s existing

templates, select one of the New from Template choices from
within the task pane, as shown below:

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If you had selected “General Templates...” as the category of
template to be applied to the new workbook (from within the task
pane), the following dialog box will be displayed:

Notice there are two tabs across the top of the dialog box. These
tabs represent template categories and offer a variety of templates.
You may have additional tabs (categories) installed.

To preview a template before actually selecting it, click on its name

and then look to the right side of the dialog box for a preview.

Once you decide which template you would like to use, highlight its
name and then choose .

The new file will be created - based on the template you selected.

NOTE: Remember that you are not affecting the original

template - you have simply created a new workbook
that is based on the selected template.

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SWITCHING BETWEEN MULTIPLE FILES

When working with two or more open workbook files, you can
either access the Window menu and then select the file you wish
to switch to or you can quickly switch between open files using the
Windows taskbar, as shown below:

Each time you create a new workbook or open an existing one,

Excel displays it along your taskbar - making it easy to see and
access.

Simply click on the file you wish to switch to and that workbook will
become the active window.

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Chapter Tree

 Opening a Workbook
 Moving Data
 Alignment
 Formatting Values
 Inserting/Deleting

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OPENING AN EXISTING WORKBOOK

USAGE: If you wish to work on an existing file, you must open
it. Choosing to open a file will place the requested workbook in
another window so that more than one file can be open at the
same time. You can then switch between the opened workbooks
using the taskbar across the bottom of your screen.

Click on the Open tool (located on both the standard

tool bar and within the task pane).

If you prefer accessing the menu:

MENU:
file
open...

The following dialog box will be displayed:

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Along the left side of the dialog box, Excel displays the Places Bar
which includes the History, My Documents, Desktop, Favorites,
and My Network Places. Depending on which version of Windows
you are using, you may see “Web Folders” instead of “My Network
Places”. These “places” can be used to quickly access specific
types of documents or storage locations.

If you do not store your workbooks in one of these locations, you

will need to switch to a different drive/folder by clicking on the down
arrow beside the box labeled Look in (located across the top of
the dialog box) and select the location you wish to display.

Across the top of the dialog box are a series of buttons, as

described below:

Click on this tool to display previously visited folders.

This tool moves up one folder level at a time.

Click on this tool to search the Web for a storage location.

This button is used to delete an existing file.

Use this tool to create a new folder.

Click on the down arrow beside this button to select the

type of view to use for displaying the workbooks. You can
use this option to display additional details, properties or
preview the files.

Use this tool to access a pull-down menu for advanced

options (such as finding, deleting, renaming files and
mapping network drives).

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If you want to open a workbook that was originally created in
another format (such as another spreadsheet application), click on
the down arrow beside the box labeled Files of type and select
the format from the list provided.

When done, double-click on the name of the file you wish to open
or highlight the name and click on to open the file.

If you click on the down arrow beside the

button, you can choose from a list
of options (such as opening the file as read-
only or in your Web browser).

TIP: To open more than one workbook at a time,

select the first by clicking on its name once to
highlight it. Next, hold the Ctrl key down as you
click on each additional file to be opened. Once all
required files are selected, click on to
actually open them. Each file will be placed in its own
window.

TIP: The shortcut key for opening files is Ctrl+o.

TIP: By default, Excel lists the last four files used at

the very bottom of the File menu for you to quickly
reopen a file you have recently been working on.

You can increase the number of files displayed

in the File menu to a maximum of nine by accessing
the Tools  Options menu and then selecting the
tab labeled “General”.

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MOVING DATA
USAGE: If you have created a workbook and then decide that
a portion of the data should be placed in a different area within the
file or to a different file completely, you can move the contents by
cutting and pasting. When you choose to cut a cell or block of
cells, Excel removes the cell(s) from the current workbook and
places it in the Windows Clipboard.

Although you could access the Edit  Cut and then the Edit 
Paste menu, the steps shown below allow you to quickly move a
cell or block of cells using the mouse:

 Select the cell(s) to be moved.

 Click on the Cut tool (located on the tool bar).

 Notice that a marquee surrounds the cut cell(s). Move to

the new location.

 Click on the Paste tool (located on the tool

bar). The data has now been moved to the new
location.

NOTE: If you have not used these tools, they may not be
displayed on the tool bar. To access one, click on the
button and select it from the list of additional tools.

NOTE: Notice that Excel displays a message on the status

line allowing you to select the destination cell address
and simply press Enter rather than having to paste.

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COPYING DATA
USAGE: If you need a portion of data duplicated within the
same file or placed in another workbook within Excel, you can copy
the data. This leaves the information in its original location while
placing a copy of it in the new location. In this case, you would
want to copy the data - in other words, leave it in the original
location but take a copy of it to another location within the current
workbook or to another file.

Although you could access the Edit  Copy and then the Edit 
Paste menu, the steps shown below allow you to quickly copy a
block of cells using the mouse:

 Select the cell(s) to be copied.

 Click on the COPY tool (located on the tool

bar). The block of cells are temporarily copied to the
clipboard. Notice a marquee has been placed around
the selected cells.

 Move to the new location.

 Click on the PASTE tool (located on the tool

bar).

NOTE: If you have not used these tools, they may not be
displayed on the tool bar. To access one, click on the
button and select it from the list of additional tools.

NOTE: Notice that Excel displays a message on the status

line allowing you to select the destination cell address
and simply press Enter rather than having to paste.

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PASTE OPTIONS

Once an item has been pasted, a small clipboard icon is

displayed at that location within the worksheet. When you point to
the icon, an arrow appears (indicating a pull-down list is available).

Click on this icon to select from a list of options that defines how
the item should be pasted. These options depend on the type of
content you are pasting, the application you are pasting from and
the format of the data where you are pasting.

When you click on the clipboard

icon from within your workbook, a
pull-down list appears offering
several formatting options.

Choose from one of the following options:

Keep Source Formatting Select this option to retain

the original format of the pasted
item.

Match Destination Formatting Choose this option to reformat

the pasted item to match the
format of the new location.

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DRAGGING & DROPPING

USAGE: Excel also allows you to cut/copy and paste data
within a worksheet by using the Drag & Drop feature available in
most Windows programs. This feature allows mouse users to
"drag" the selected block to a new location. Once the location is
reached, you simply "drop" the selected cells off.

MOVING CELLS WITH DRAG & DROP

To drag and drop a cell or block of cells, follow the steps below:

 Select the cell(s) to be moved.

 Place the mouse pointer on one of the outer borders of the

selected block.

The pointer should change to a 4-way arrow .

 Begin dragging the block. An outline of the cells moves with

you. Notice as you drag that Excel displays the current cell
address so you are sure where you are dragging, as shown
in the illustration below:

 When you reach the correct location, release the mouse

button. The selection should have now been moved to the
new location.

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COPYING CELLS WITH DRAG & DROP

To copy cells using drag and drop, follow the steps shown below:

 Select the cell(s) to be copied.

 Place the mouse pointer on one of the outer borders of the

selected block.

The mouse pointer should change to a 4-way arrow .

 Hold the C key down as you drag the block. An outline of

the cells moves with you and the mouse pointer now has a
plus sign (+) attached to it. Notice as you drag the block
that Excel displays the current cell address so you are sure
where you are dragging, as shown in the illustration below:

 When you reach the desired location, release the mouse

button. The selected block should now have been copied to
the new location.

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MOVING DATA ACROSS WORKSHEETS

You can also drag and drop cells across worksheets, as outlined in
the steps below:

 Select the worksheet and then the cell(s) to be moved.

 Place the mouse pointer on one of the outer borders of the

selected block.

The pointer should change to a 4-way arrow .

 Hold the Alt key down as you drag the block to the bottom
of the screen (along the tabbed area listing the available
worksheets within the current file).

Continue holding down Alt as you drag the block to the tab
representing the worksheet you wish to move the selected
block of cells to.

An outline of the cells moves with you. Notice as you drag

that Excel displays the current cell address so you are sure
where you are dragging, as shown in the illustration below:

 When you reach the desired cell location within the new
worksheet, release the mouse button. The selected block
should have now been moved to the new worksheet
location.

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COPYING DATA ACROSS WORKSHEETS

You can also drag and drop cells to copy them across worksheets,
as outlined in the steps below:

 Select the worksheet and then the cell(s) to be copied.

 Place the mouse pointer on one of the outer borders of the

selected block.

The pointer should change to an arrow .

 Hold down both the Ctrl and the Alt keys as you drag the
block to the bottom of the screen (along the tabbed area
listing the available worksheets within the current file).

Continue holding down Ctrl and Alt as you drag the block
to the tab representing the worksheet you wish to copy the
selected block of cells to.

An outline of the cells moves with you. Notice as you drag

that Excel displays the current cell address so you are sure
where you are dragging, as shown in the illustration below:

 When you reach the desired cell location within the new
worksheet, release the mouse button. The selected block
should have now been copied to the new worksheet
location.

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WORKING WITH THE OFFICE CLIPBOARD

USAGE: You can use the Office Clipboard to collect multiple
items to be pasted within Excel or other Office applications. The
standard Windows clipboard is only able to store one item at a
time. You have to paste whatever you have cut or copied before
your next cut/copy can be completed.

However, the Office Clipboard can store up to 24 items at a time,

making it easy to collect multiple items to be pasted. If you copy a
25th item, the first item in your clipboard will automatically be
removed to make room for the latest entry.

NOTE: The number of items the clipboard can store depends

on the amount of memory installed in your computer.
If you have less than 64 MB, the clipboard can store
up to 4 MB of data. If you have more than 64 MB of
memory, the clipboard can store up to 8 MB.

The Office Clipboard is automatically activated and placed within

the task pane of your workbook window when you cut or copy an
item and then cut or copy a second one without first pasting the
original one.

To copy multiple items to the Office Clipboard, follow the steps

outlined below:

 Select the cell(s) to be copied.

 Click on this tool (located on the standard tool

bar) to copy the selected item.

 Select the next cell(s) to be copied and then

click on this tool a second time.

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The Office Clipboard will automatically be opened and displayed
within the task pane, as shown below:

The clipboard will display each of the cut or copied items - with the
latest item placed at the top of the list. If you have cut or copied
several entries, a scroll bar will be placed along the right side so
that you can quickly move through the items.

A small icon is placed to the left of each object to indicate what

application the cut or copied item was originally created in.

 Move to the location to which the item(s) should be pasted.

 Click on the clipboard item to be pasted.

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There are two tools available across the top of the clipboard:

Click on this tool to paste each of the items stored

within the Office Clipboard in the current workbook (or
within the current Office application).

Click on this button to clear the contents of the Office

Clipboard. It will also clear the Windows Clipboard.

To remove a single item from the clipboard, point to the item you
wish to remove until you see a small down arrow .

Click on the down arrow and select delete

from the list of options.

CLIPBOARD OPTIONS

Towards the bottom of the clipboard is a button which is

used to change the display settings for the Office Clipboard.

From the four options available, check the box labeled Show
Office Clipboard Automatically to open the clipboard within the
task pane when two items in a row have been copied.

Choose Collect Without Showing Office Clipboard if you prefer

not to display the clipboard within the task pane when two items in
a row have been copied. This option displays the clipboard icon on
the taskbar even if you are in a different application.

Select Show Office Clipboard Icon on Taskbar to always display

the clipboard icon at the bottom of your screen.

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Choose Show Status Near Taskbar When Copying to display the
status of a copied item on the taskbar.

Check each of the options you would like to enable from the list.
Click a second time to disable the option.

Once the Office Clipboard has been activated, an icon will be

placed in the system tray along the right side of the taskbar. If you
are in an Office application and the clipboard is not displayed,
double-clicking on this icon will open the task pane and display the
clipboard items. If you are in a different application (not an Office
product), double-clicking on this icon will display the Office
application and activate the Office Clipboard within the task pane.

If you right-click on the clipboard icon located along the taskbar

at the bottom of your screen, the following list of options will be
displayed:

From this list, you can choose to display the Office Clipboard, clear
all of the items currently being stored within the clipboard, or close
the clipboard. The last item within this list allows you to specify the
display options for the clipboard (which were discussed on the
previous page).

If you do not specify otherwise, the collected items remain in the

Office Clipboard until you close all Office applications.

TIP: To quickly display the Office Clipboard, you

can do so by accessing the Edit  Office
Clipboard... menu or by pressing Ctrl+c twice.

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ALIGNING CELL DATA

USAGE: Unless you specify otherwise, Excel left-justifies text
and right-justifies numbers. That is, text fills cell space from left to
right while numbers are filled from right to left so that they align
properly.

To change the cell alignment for a single cell or a group of selected

cells, click one of the following tools:

Left Justified

Centered

Right Justified

CENTERING ACROSS COLUMNS

You can also center a heading across multiple columns. For

example, if you have a title in cell A1 and you would like it centered
across several adjacent columns (they must be blank), you can
have Excel automatically center it.

 Select both the cell containing the data and the empty
adjacent cells in which you wish to center the information
across. Once selected, release the mouse button.

 Click on the tool once. If you select this tool a second

time, Excel will remove the centering.

NOTE: If you do not see this tool, click on (located along

the right side of the formatting tool bar) and then
select it from the list of additional formatting tools.

NOTE: Even though the data appears to have moved to

another cell, to edit the contents of the cell or apply
attributes you must select the original cell.

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INDENTING TEXT WITHIN A CELL

You can indent text within a cell. This can help when creating lists
or outlines.

After selecting the cell(s) to be indented/outdented, click on one of

the two tools shown below:

Click on this button to indent the current cell text.

Click on this tool to outdent the current cell text.

Each time you click on one of these tools, Excel indents/outdents

the cell(s) one more level.

NOTE: If you have not used this tool before, it may not be
displayed on the tool bar.

To access it, click on the button (located

along the right side of the formatting tool bar) and
then select the tool from the list of additional
formatting tools.

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FORMATTING NUMBERS
USAGE: When entering values, Excel automatically uses a
format which omits dollar signs, commas and a fixed number of
decimal places. This can make numbers difficult to read at times
and inconsistent. Excel does, however, allow you to access other
built-in formats (such as percentage signs, dollar signs, etc.).

Select the cells to format and then choose on the following tools:

Formats the current selection for currency with a

dollar sign, a comma as a thousand separator and 2
decimal places. Example: $45.00

Formats the current selection for percentage by

multiplying the numbers by 100 and adds the percent
sign to the end with 0 decimal places. Example: 45%

Formats the selection for comma by adding a comma

as a thousand separator and two decimal places.
Example: 4,500.00

Increases the number of decimal places displayed.

Each time this button is selected another decimal
place is added to the selection.

Decreases the number of decimal places displayed.

Each time this button is selected another decimal
place is removed from the selection.

NOTE: If you have not used these tools before, they may not
be displayed on the tool bar. To access them, click
on the button (located along the right side of the
formatting tool bar) and then select the desired tool
from the list of additional formatting tools.

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INSERTING A ROW/COLUMN
USAGE: As you work with a worksheet, you may find it
necessary to add a row or column. When inserting, Excel will
move the contents of the currently selected row down or the
current column to the right to make room for the new row/column.

To insert a column or row, follow these steps:

 Select the row or column where the new one should appear.

NOTE: To insert more than one row or column, you will need
to click and drag across the row/column headers to
select the number to be inserted.

 While pointing to the selected column(s) or row(s), click the

[RIGHT] mouse button once.

 Select
insert from the pop-up menu
that appears.

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If you prefer accessing the menu:
MENU:
insert
rows or columns

You will be placed back in the worksheet and a new row or column
(depending on what you had highlighted before entering the menu)
will appear.

NOTE: If you selected a row, the current row and everything

below it will have been shifted down one row.

If you selected a column, the current column

and everything to the right of it will have been shifted
to the right one column.

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DELETING A ROW/COLUMN
USAGE: You may also find yourself needing to delete a row or
column. Your first step will be to select the column or row to be
removed.

To remove a column or row, follow the steps outlined below:

 The first step in deleting a row or column is to select it (using

one of the methods described above).

 Click the [RIGHT] mouse button once.


Choose delete from the
pop-up menu that appears.

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If you prefer accessing the menu:
MENU:
edit
delete

You will be placed back in the worksheet and all of the rows or
columns that you had highlighted before entering the menu will
have been removed.

NOTE: When deleting rows, the rows beneath the one(s)

being deleted will be shifted up.

When deleting columns, the columns to the

right of the one(s) being deleted will be shifted to the
left.

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Chapter Four

 Working with Built-In Functions

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WORKING WITH BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS

USAGE: General mathematical built-in functions are provided
with Excel to carry out calculations on data within the spreadsheet
and can take the place of certain types of formulas.

Functions begin with the = sign just as formulas do. For example,
if you had a large column of numbers to be added (A1:A100), you
might think you need a long formula to include all of the addresses
(=A1+A2+A3....+A99+A100). However, Excel provides a
mathematical function which is used primarily to add blocks of
numbers. The formula could be re-written as =SUM(A1:A100)
which is much shorter.

To calculate the sum of a block of numbers, move to the cell where

the answer is to be placed and use this built-in function:

=SUM(FIRST CELL:LAST CELL)

You must define the block just like any other block by specifying
the first and last cell addresses.

To calculate the average value for a block of cells:

=AVERAGE(FIRST CELL:LAST CELL)

To return the largest value in a block of cells:

=MAX(FIRST CELL: LAST CELL)

To return the smallest value in a block of cells:

=MIN(FIRST CELL:LAST CELL)

To count the number of numeric entries in a block of cells:

=COUNT(FIRST CELL:LAST CELL)

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THE AUTOSUM FEATURE

Excel can make somewhat of an intelligent decision on its own and

determine which cells of a row or column should be "summed".
This is called the AutoSum feature.

To quickly add the contents of a column or row, follow the steps

shown below:

 Select the cell either to the right or below the cells that are to
be totaled.

 Double-Click on this tool (which is located on

the standard tool bar).

NOTE: If you only click on the AutoSum tool once, Excel will
highlight the cells it assumes you want to include in
the formula. The second click is used to confirm the
selection.

If, by chance, Excel has selected the wrong

group of cells, you can highlight the correct block
before clicking on the tool a second time.

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ACCESSING OTHER FUNCTIONS

In addition to adding a column or row, the AutoSum tool can also

be used to perform a variety of other built-in functions.

To access one of the other available functions, follow the steps

outlined below:

 Select the cell where you want the function to be stored.

 Click on the down arrow beside this tool.

 Excel will provide a

pull-down list of the most commonly
used functions.

Select the function you want to use from

the list provided.

 If you look in the current cell, you will see that

Excel has placed the selected function in the cell.

You will need to confirm that this is correct by clicking

on the autosum tool a second time to accept the
function.

NOTE: If, by chance, Excel has selected the wrong group of

cells, you can highlight the correct block before
clicking on the tool a second time.

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To have Excel perform a function that is not displayed in the pull-
down list, you will need to access the Insert Function dialog box,
as outlined in the steps below:

 Be sure that the current cell is the one in which you want the
function to be placed.

 Click on the down arrow beside the

AutoSum tool (which is located on the standard tool
bar).

 Excel will provide a

pull-down list of the most commonly
used functions.

Select More functions... from the list

provided.

The following dialog box will be displayed:

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 The dialog box is divided into two main sections. The top
section of the box allows you to either enter an explanation
as to the type of function you want to perform or select the
category of function you are searching for. After entering
the explanation or selecting the category, click on
to view a list of related functions.

The bottom of the dialog box lists the results of your search.

Select the function you wish to use and click on .

 You will be taken to a second dialog box where you will

enter the block of cells to apply the function to, as shown
below:

 Type the block of cells in the box provided or click back in

the worksheet to highlight the desired cells.

If you click on the button (within in the “Insert Function”

dialog box), the dialog box will be temporarily set aside and
you will be returned to the worksheet where you can use the
mouse to select the block for the function.

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A bar will be displayed while you select the block of cells to
include in the formula, as illustrated below:

Once you have selected or entered the block of cells to use

for the function, re-activate the “Insert Function” dialog box
by clicking on the button (located in the upper right
corner of the bar).

 When done, choose or press the E key.

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Chapter Five

 Bolding, Underlining, Italicizing

 Working with Fonts
 Borders and Colors
 Adding Cell Shading
 Using AutoFormat

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APPLYING ATTRIBUTES
USAGE: To emphasize headings within your spreadsheet you
may use the bold, underline, or italics attributes within Excel. Each
attribute is activated/deactivated using the same steps. The first
time you select the tool, the attribute is turned on. The second time
it is turned off.

Begin by selecting the cell or block of cells to be modified.

Once the cells have been selected, you can use either the mouse
or the keyboard to apply the attributes.

This tool (located on the formatting tool bar) toggles

bold on/off.

This tool (located on the formatting tool bar) toggles

italics on/off.

This tool (located on the formatting tool bar) toggles

underline on/off.

If you prefer using the keyboard, select the cell(s) to be modified

and then press one of the following shortcut keys:

Ctrl+b This key combination toggles bold on/off.

Ctrl+i This key combination toggles italics on/off.

Ctrl+u This key combination toggles underline on/off.

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CHANGING FONTS & POINT SIZE

USAGE: To make your workbook appear more interesting, you
may want to change the font or apply different font sizes to titles or
headings.

To change the font of a cell or block of selected cells, follow the

steps outlined below:

 Select the cell(s) to be changed.

 Click on the down

arrow beside the Font tool (which is
located on the formatting tool bar).

Notice that Excel displays a preview of each font directly

within the list, as illustrated below:

 Select the desired font from the pull-down list.

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CHANGING THE FONT SIZE

You can also easily change the size of the font that is applied to a
cell or block of cells.

To change the font size, follow the steps outlined below:

 Select the cell(s) to be changed.

 Click on the down arrow

beside the Font Size button (which is located
on the formatting tool bar).

 Select the desired point size from the pull-down list.

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CELL BORDERS AND COLORS

USAGE: Excel also allows you to add borders to your cell
entries. Lines and boxes provide useful visual emphasis for
important information in a worksheet. With borders, you can create
custom forms.

ADDING CELL BORDERS

 Select the cell(s) to apply the border to.

 Click on the down

arrow beside the Borders tool
(located on the formatting tool bar).

 From the pull-down list, choose the type of border to be

applied to the selected block of cells.

If you choose the last option (labeled draw Borders), you

can manually draw and erase borders using the Excel
drawing tools.

TIP: Notice the shaded bar (across the top of the

pull-down list). This is referred to as a “move handle”
and can be used to drag the list to a new screen
location. Once moved, this list becomes a floating
tool bar. This option is available with most pull-down
lists.

NOTE: If you have not used this tool before, it may not be
displayed on the tool bar. To access it, click on the
button (located along the right side of the
formatting tool bar) and then select the tool from the
list of additional formatting tools.

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ADDING A FILL COLOR

Excel also allows you to add a shade color to the selected cell(s)
when working with color displays or printouts.

 Select the cell(s) to fill.

 Click
on the down arrow to the right
of the Fill Color tool (which is
located on the formatting tool
bar). Excel will display a palette
of available colors from which to
choose.

Notice that the first choice is

used to remove existing colors
from the selected cell(s) and
return to the default setting.

 From the pull-down list, choose the fill color to be applied to

the selected block of cells.

NOTE: If you have not used the Fill Color tool before, it may
not be displayed on the formatting tool bar.

To access it, click on the button (located

along the right side of the formatting tool bar) and
then select the tool from the list of additional
formatting tools.

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CHANGING THE FONT COLOR

Although Excel defaults to printing your text in black, you can

quickly change the color of the font by accessing the tool bar, as
outlined in the steps shown below:

 Select the cell(s) to modify.


Click on the
down arrow beside the
Font Color tool (which is
located on the formatting
tool bar).

 Select the color you wish to use (from the pull-down list) for
the selected text.

NOTE: If you have not used the Font Color tool before, it
may not be displayed on the tool bar.

To access it, click on the button (located

along the right side of the formatting tool bar) and
then select the tool from the list of additional
formatting tools.

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CUSTOMIZING CELL FORMATS

USAGE: Although the formatting tool bar allows you to format
cells in a variety of ways, you may at times find that you would like
to further customize the number formats, borders, fonts, shading or
alignment. To do this you will need to access the Format Cells
dialog box.

 Select the block of cells you wish to modify and then (while
pointing to the selected block) click the [RIGHT] mouse
button once.

 From the pop-up

menu that is displayed, select format
Cells...

If you prefer accessing the menu:

MENU:
Format
Cells...

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THE NUMBER TAB

This first tab is used to choose the format to apply to numbers.

Along the left side of the dialog box is a section labeled Category.
Scroll through the list until you find the desired category (e.g.,
currency, percentage, date, time).

Depending on the category selected, the right side of the dialog

box displays additional formatting information. For example, if you
select Currency, the right side allows you to specify the symbol to
be used ($), how many decimal places to display and how negative
numbers should be shown.

To customize the current setting, use the right side of the dialog
box to make the necessary changes.

A sample of the currently selected format is displayed at the top of

the dialog box.

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THE ALIGNMENT TAB

The second tab determines the alignment of the selected cells.

Horizontal Determines the horizontal alignment of

cell text (from the left and right sides of the
cell).

Vertical Determines the vertical alignment of cell

text (from the top and bottom edges of the
cell).

Orientation Sets the orientation of the cell(s). Drag

the orientation marker to specify the exact
degree setting or click on the vertical text box
to change the character orientation to vertical.

Text Control The first checkbox within this section

determines whether long cell entries should be
wrapped within the cell. The second shrinks
the font of the selected cell(s) to fit the column
width. The last box merges selected cells to a
single cell.

Right-to-left Click on the down arrow beside this

option to specify the selected cells’ text
direction.

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THE FONT TAB

This tab allows you to change the font and attributes.

Font Lists available fonts to choose

from.

Font style Adds attributes, such as bold and italics.

Size Sets the point size.

Underline Sets the type (if any) of underlining to

apply.

Color Selects the font color.

Normal font Returns to the default font settings.

Effects Toggles super/subscript/strikethrough

on/off.

Preview Previews the changes as you make

them.

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THE BORDER TAB

This tab allows you to select one of Excel’s preset borders or

customize your own.

Presets Use this top section to select one of the

preset borders available within Excel.

Border Use this section to create your own

customized borders by first choosing the
border style and color (from the right side of
the dialog box) and then clicking in the area
provided to actually define the borders.

Line Style Use this section to choose one of the

line styles to be applied to the border. Click on
the style for your customized border.

Color This section is used to change

the color of the selected border. Click on the
down arrow beside this option to select the
color for your customized border.

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THE PATTERNS TAB

This tab allows you to choose the cell shading color and pattern to
be applied to the selected cell(s).

Color Selects the color to be applied as

shading. Simply click on the color from the
palette provided in this section.

Pattern Selects the pattern to be applied as

shading. Click on the down arrow beside
this option to select a custom pattern.

Sample Displays the changes as you make them.

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THE PROTECTION TAB

This tab allows you to specify how the selected cell(s) or objects
will be handled when the worksheet is protected.

Locked If this box is unchecked, the next time

the worksheet is protected, the selected cell(s)
or graphic objects can still be modified.

Hidden If this box is checked, the next time the

worksheet is protected, the selected cell(s) will
have their formulas hidden.

 Use the six tabbed boxes discussed above to customize the

selected block of cells as desired.

 After making the customization changes, click on

to save the changes, close the dialog box and return to your
worksheet.

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USING AUTOFORMAT
USAGE: Excel offers a feature which applies a built-in
combination of formats, called an AutoFormat, to a block of cells.
These formats include fonts, alignments, borders, patterns, column
width/row height, shading, and number formats.

 Select the block of cells to be modified.

 Access the following menu:
MENU:
Format
autoFormat...
The following dialog box will be displayed:

 Excel displays sample formats. Scroll through the list until

you find the one you want to apply to the selected block.

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When you select one of the pre-designed formats, Excel changes
all formats within the selected area (e.g., number, font, patterns,
alignment, borders, etc.) to match the selected format. There may
be times when one of the choices is not suitable for the selection.

(OPTIONAL)  Click on the button to

change any settings that do not meet your requirements.

Once selected, the bottom of the AutoFormat dialog box

expands to display the following choices:

All boxes are automatically checked. If, for some reason,

you do not want the AutoFormat to affect one of these
formats in your workbook, simply remove the checkmark.

 When done, choose to close the dialog box and

apply the selected format.

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USING THE FORMAT PAINTER

USAGE: Excel offers a feature which allows you to copy
attributes from one block of cells and apply them to another block.
This feature can save you time by quickly copying the format of a
block of cells.

To use the format painter feature, follow these steps:

 Select the cells containing the attributes to be copied.

 Select the Format Painter tool from the

formatting tool bar. If you plan on formatting more
than one block of cells, double-click on this tool.

Your mouse pointer changes to a paintbrush.

 Highlight the block of cells to be formatted. Excel will

automatically apply the same formatting options you copied.
Continue highlighting each block of cells to be formatted.

 If you had double-clicked the tool to begin with, the Format

Painter remains active until you deactivate it by clicking the
tool again. If you had only clicked the tool once, Excel
automatically deactivates this feature after the first block is
formatted.

NOTE: If you have not used the Format Painter tool before,
it may not be displayed on the tool bar.

To access it, click on the button (located

along the right side of the formatting tool bar) and
then select the tool from the list of additional
formatting tools.

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Chapter Six

 Creating and Editing Charts

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CREATING A CHART
USAGE: You can present worksheet data more effectively and
make it easier to understand and analyze if you display it
graphically, as illustrated below:

Excel comes with a Chart Wizard tool which steps you through the
process of creating charts. These charts are automatically
embedded within the worksheet but can be printed individually.

To embed a chart within the current worksheet, follow these steps:

 Select the data to be charted.

 Click on the Chart tool once (which is located

on the standard tool bar).

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 After selecting the chart tool, follow the four steps in the
resulting dialog box.

The Chart Wizard consists of four steps necessary to create a

chart. Each step includes buttons used to move through the
process. For example, allows you to move back to the
previous screen to make a correction/change. The button
moves to the next step. You will notice that some steps contain
multiple tabs. Click on only when everything is complete.

Step 1 contains two tabs. The first one (labeled Standard Types)
defines the type of chart desired. Select the Chart Type (from the
left side) and then the Sub-type (from the right side).

Notice there is a button in the bottom right-hand corner of this box

which allows you to view a sample chart. Hold the button labeled
and a sample chart will replace the
“Chart sub-type” section.

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The second tab (labeled Custom Types) allows you to choose
from a list of more custom chart types.

Notice there are two radio buttons located along the bottom left of
this dialog box. You can select custom charts that are either Built-
in or User-defined (those that you create and then save to use
later with future charts).

Select the type of chart desired from the list provided.

NOTE: Creating custom user-defined charts is discussed in a

future class.

Click on to move to the next step.

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Step 2 contains two tabs. The first one (labeled Data Range)
allows you to specify the range to plot.

Enter the range of cells you want to plot. If you had selected a
range of cells before clicking on the chart tool, they will
automatically be placed in the Data range box.

Notice you can choose to plot the selected data by Rows or

Columns. Click on the appropriate radio button. If you are unsure
of which setting to choose, watch the sample change as you select
each button. When you see the correct chart layout, you know you
have selected the right choice.

If you click on the button, the box will be temporarily set aside
and you will be taken back to the worksheet where you can select
the range used for the chart.

Once the range has been selected, re-activate the chart wizard by
clicking on (located in the right corner of the Chart Source
Data title bar).

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The second tab (labeled Series) is used to name and define each
value series being plotted and labels for the x-axis.

Name Use this box to enter a name for

each series.

Value Use this box to enter the cells

being plotted.

Category labels Select cells containing labels for the X axis.

When you enter the information in the boxes provided, the sample
chart will reflect the new data. Each series (as created) should be
added to the left side of the box. To remove an existing series,
select the series to remove and click on .

Click on to temporarily set aside the box and take you back to
the worksheet where you can select the names and values needed
for the chart. When complete, re-activate the chart wizard by
clicking on .

Click on to move to the next step.

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Step 3 contains six separate tabs. The first tab (labeled Titles)
allows you to enter chart titles. Click in the appropriate box and
enter the text to be placed on each side of the chart. Notice that
the sample on the right reflects changes as they are made.

THE AXES TAB

The second tab is used to display/hide the x and y axis for the
chart. The sample on the right reflects changes as they are made.

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THE GRIDLINES TAB

The third tab determines which gridlines (if any) will be included on
the chart. Check the desired gridline box. Notice the chart reflects
changes as you make them.

THE LEGEND TAB

The fourth tab is used to add or remove legends. If you are plotting
multiple series, a legend can help your audience to understand
what the chart consists of. You can check the Show legend box
and then choose where the legend should be placed. The sample
chart reflects changes as they are made.

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THE DATA LABELS TAB

The fifth tab specifies if and where data labels will be placed. Data
labels are the actual values representing the bars/lines on the
chart. Notice the sample reflects changes as they are made.

THE DATA TABLE TAB

The final tab is used to add or remove a data table, which is a

separate table containing the actual values stored in the cells being
plotted. The chart reflects changes as you make them.

Click on to move to the next step.

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Step 4 asks you to determine the placement of the chart. Select
whether the chart should be inserted as a new sheet or as an
object within the current worksheet. You can place the chart on the
current worksheet and still print it separately. By default, Excel
chooses to insert the chart as an object on the current sheet.

Once everything is complete, be sure to select .

NOTE: For this manual, we will assume you chose to place

the chart as an object in the current worksheet.

SELECTING CHART OBJECTS

As you move the mouse across the chart, Excel displays a tip box
showing what part of the chart would be selected if you clicked the
[LEFT] mouse button.

Before you can modify any chart object, you must select it - by
clicking on it once. Handles (small black boxes) will surround the
object - indicating you can now modify it. When you select the data
series, the cells being plotted are also selected.

NOTE: To select an individual object (e.g., a single bar) of a

series, click once on the object to select the series.
Click a second time to select the individual object.

Be careful not to click twice too quickly as this

is a shortcut for accessing the Format Data Series
dialog box where you will be modifying the entire
series.

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SIZING THE CHART

 Click on any of the outside borders surrounding the chart.

Be sure you see the handles around the chart.

 Place the tip of your mouse

pointer on one of the handles. The pointer
changes to a double-sided arrow.

 Click and drag the mouse pointer to resize the chart. If you
hold down the Ctrl key as you drag, the chart will be sized
from the middle out. If you hold down the Shift key as you
drag, the chart is sized proportionately.

MOVING THE CHART

It is also possible to move the chart to a new location within the

worksheet. You move a chart by selecting it and then dragging it to
its new location.

 Select the outside border of the chart. Be sure you see the
handles surrounding the chart.

 Move the pointer to the background of the

chart and then click and hold the [LEFT] mouse
button down while dragging the chart to its new
location.

As you begin dragging the chart, you will notice that

the mouse pointer changes to a 4-way arrow .

PRINTING THE CHART

Once you add the chart to your worksheet, you can either print it
out with the data or alone. If the chart is not selected, it will be
printed as an object, along with your cell data.

To print the chart alone, click on it once (to select it) and then
follow the normal printing steps.

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USING THE CHART TOOL BAR

Once the chart is created, any time the chart is selected, a tool bar
will appear on the screen.

If for some reason you do not see it, point to one of the other tool
bars and click your [RIGHT] mouse button once to display a list of
available tool bars. Select Chart from the list of tool bars.

The following chart tools are available:

Click on the down arrow to the right side of

this tool to quickly select the various chart
elements (e.g., title, axis, series).

This tool is the Format Chart Area which sets

the overall characteristics of the chart, such as
background colors, borders, and positioning.

Click on the down arrow beside the Chart

Type tool to change the chart style. From the
list provided, click on the picture representing
the type of chart desired.

Adds or removes the legend.

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Adds or removes a data table. A data table
contains a separate table listing the actual
values being plotted.

Plots the data series across rows.

Plots the data series across columns.

Causes the selected text to be displayed at a

45 degree angle (from left downward). This
can be used to display longer labels in a more
readable format.

Causes the selected text to be displayed at a

45 degree angle (from the left upward). This
can be used to display longer labels in a more
readable format.

TIP: You can quickly adjust the value linked to a data point
(e.g., bar). Click once on the bar to select the data
series and then a second time to select the data point
itself. Next, grab the middle handle at the top of the
bar and drag it up or down to increase or decrease the
linked value. This allows you to quickly run “what if”
scenarios directly from the chart.

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APPLYING TEXT ATTRIBUTES TO CHART OBJECTS

You can quickly apply attributes to chart objects the same way you
applied attributes to cell contents.

Before continuing, select the text object to modify and then click on
one of the following tools:

This tool toggles bold on/off.

This tool toggles italics on/off.

This tool toggles underline on/off.

CHANGING FONT & POINT SIZE

Before continuing, select the text object to modify.

 Click on the down arrow beside either the Font or Font

Size tool, as shown below:

 Select the font or font size from the pull-down list.

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APPLYING NUMERIC FORMATS TO CHART OBJECTS
APPLYING NUMERIC FORMATS TO CHART OBJECTS

The numbers along the axis are automatically formatted based on

the cells in the worksheet. If you decide, however, to change their
format, use the tools on the formatting tool bar.

Before continuing, select the axis containing the values to modify.

Formats the current selection for currency with a

dollar sign, a comma as a thousand separator and 2
decimal places.

Formats the current selection for percentage by

multiplying the numbers by 100 and adds the percent
sign to the end with 0 decimal places.

Formats the selection for comma by adding a comma

as a thousand separator and two decimal places.

Increases the number of decimal places displayed.

Each time this button is selected another decimal
place is added to the selection.

Decreases the number of decimal places displayed.

Each time this button is selected another decimal
place is removed from the selection.

NOTE: If you have not used these tools before, they may not
be displayed on the tool bar. To access them, click
on the button (located along the right side of the
formatting tool bar) and then select the desired tool
from the list of additional formatting tools.

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CHANGING COLORS

You may also want to change the colors of one of the data series
on the chart.

 Select the object you want to fill.

 Click
on the down arrow to the right
of the Fill Color tool. Excel will
display a palette of available
colors from which to choose.

Notice that the first choice is

used to remove existing colors
from the selected object and
return to the default setting.

CHANGING THE FONT COLOR

Although Excel defaults to printing text in black, you can quickly

change the color of the font by selecting the text object and then
accessing the tool bar, as shown below:

 Click on the down arrow beside the FONT

COLOR icon (located on the formatting tool bar).

 Select
the color you wish to apply (from
the pull-down list) to the selected
text.

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