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M2L8 Introduction To Differential Equations

This document provides definitions and concepts related to differential equations: 1) It defines differential equations as equations containing derivatives and introduces key terms like independent and dependent variables. 2) It defines ordinary and partial differential equations and discusses the order of derivatives. 3) It discusses the concept of general and particular solutions and the use of parameters to represent families of solutions. Initial value problems aim to determine solutions satisfying given initial conditions. 4) Examples are provided to illustrate key concepts like verifying solutions, finding particular solutions from initial conditions, and solving initial value problems.

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Patria Angelica Aquino
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43 views

M2L8 Introduction To Differential Equations

This document provides definitions and concepts related to differential equations: 1) It defines differential equations as equations containing derivatives and introduces key terms like independent and dependent variables. 2) It defines ordinary and partial differential equations and discusses the order of derivatives. 3) It discusses the concept of general and particular solutions and the use of parameters to represent families of solutions. Initial value problems aim to determine solutions satisfying given initial conditions. 4) Examples are provided to illustrate key concepts like verifying solutions, finding particular solutions from initial conditions, and solving initial value problems.

Uploaded by

Patria Angelica Aquino
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 2: Lecture 8

Introduction to Differential Equations

Definition 1.1
Definition 2.1
Differential Equations (DE)
» equations containing derivatives of one or more variables A solution of an ordinary differential equation in one
dependent variable or an interval 𝐼 is a function which, when
substituted for the dependent variable, reduces the equation
to an identity in the independent variable over 𝐼.

Equation Solution
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 𝑦 = ⁡ 𝑥2
′
Definition 1.2 𝑦 + 3𝑦 = 6𝑥 + 11 𝑦 = ⁡ 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3
𝑦 − 3𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 24𝑒 −2𝑥
′′
𝑦 = 3𝑒 𝑥 − 4𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 −2𝑥
When an equation involves derivative(s) with respect to a
particular variable, that variable is called an independent Remark:
variable. A variable is called dependent if a derivative of that Note that the solution to a DE is not necessarily unique,
variable occurs. primarily because the derivative of a constant is zero. For
example: 𝑦 = ⁡ 𝑥 2 + 4 is also a solution to the first differential
In the Differential Equation,
equation 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥
2
𝑑 𝑖 𝑑𝑖 𝑖
𝐿 2
+ 𝑅 + 𝑖 = 𝐸𝜔cos⁡(𝜔𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑐
Example:
𝑡 is the independent variable and 𝑖 is the dependent variable.
Verify that the function 𝑦 = ⁡ 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3 is a solution to
Definition 1.3 the differential equation 𝑦 ′ + 3𝑦 = 6𝑥 + 11
An ordinary differential equation (ODE) is a differential
equation in which all derivatives are ordinary derivatives of one
or more dependent variables with respect to a single
dependent variable.

Definition 1.5
A partial differential equation (PDE) is a differential equation
Activity 2.2
containing at least one partial derivative of some dependent
variable. Verify that the given equation is a solution to the
corresponding ODE:

Definition 1.7

The order of the highest-ordered derivative that appears


in a DE is called the order of the DE.
Activity 2.3 Definition 3.1
The problem of determining solutions to ODE that satisfy some
conditions is called an initial-vale problem (IVP).
For first order equations, we wish to determine the conditions
for the IVP

Example 2.4

to have a solution

Theorem 3.2

General and Particular Solutions


Each individual solution of a differential equation is called a
particular solution. A general solution of an ODE is a nonempty
set of solutions specified by an expression which contains at
least one parameter and which becomes a representation of a Example:

particular solution when its parameters are all replaced by Verify that the function 𝑦 = 2𝑒 −2𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑡 is a solution to the

numbers. The set of all solutions of a differential equation initial-value problem 𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 3𝑒 𝑡 ⁡, 𝑦(0) = 3

constitutes its complete solution.


Solution:

Families of Solution to the differential equation 𝑦′ = ⁡2𝑥

Note: The initial-value problem consisted of two parts. The first part was the
differential equation and the initial condition. The differential equation has a
Example: family of solutions, and the initial condition determines the value of C.
Find the particular solution to the differential equation
Illustration:
𝑦 ′ = ⁡2𝑥 passing through the point (2,7).

Solution:

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