7

CHAPTER

Line Parameters

7.1 INTRODUCTION

An electric transmission line has four parameters, namely resistance, inductance, capacitance
line are dependent on these
and shunt conductance. The electrical design and performance of a
parameters. These four parameters are uniformly distributed along the whole line. Each line
element has its own value, and it is not possible to concentrate or lump them at discrete points
values
on the line. For this the line parameters are known as distributed parameters. Their
reason
denoted as R, L, C and G respectively. The line
are given per unit length of line and they are

parameters are functions of the line-geometry,

construction material and operational frequency.
of the line. The capacitance and
The line resistance and inductance form the series impedance
conductance form the shunt admittance of the line.

7.2 LINE INDUCTANCE

flux is set up. With the variation of current
When current flows in an electric circuit a magnetic
in the circuit, the number of lines of flux also changes and an emf is induced in it. The magnitude
of the self-induced emf is directly proportional to the rate of change
of flux linkages, and its
the cause, i.e., the change of current which produces it.
direction is such as to oppose
Mathematically, the induced emf is given by

lel=dt (p) =ag y ...(7.2.1)

dt
where ( o is the number of flux linkages of the circuit in weber-turns. Flux linkage means the
Sum of flux lines linking with each turn of the circuit, so that the number of flux linkage is
ual to the product of the flux and the number of turns of the circuit linked.
The change in the circuit current causes a change in flux linkages proportionately provided
that the permeability of the medium in which the magnetic field produced is assumed to be a

151
 182 Electrical Power Systema

constant The self-induced emf will, therefore, be proportional to the rate of chanes
of cume
Iet vots
where&s a constant of
proportionality and is known as the self-inductance of the CutCwe
Bquating the two values of induced emf
from scut
Eqs. (7.2.1) and (7.2.2).

If the
LNH
permeability of the
magnetic circuit is assumed to be a constant,

and L9H
which shows that the 724
of the circuit self-inductance of an electric circuit is
per unit of current numerically equal to the flux linkage
LYH
because only one current .(725)
path links the flux
7.3 INDUCTANCE OF A CONDUCTOR
Consider a solid, round infinitely
current of long conductor of
radius r, situated
amperes. The flux anking with in air and
ingernal fAur and the external Jlax. The the conductor consists of two carying
current in t This flur does not lnk intemal flux 15
present parts, namely, the
inside the conductor due to the
extermal fua is produced around the with
the
whole current, but only
with a fraction of The
of the other conductors in the
vicinity
comductor due to its
Ihis taak s
own curent it
and the currents of
its entire
cross-sectuon i is, therefore. necessary wholy outside the conductor cach
faux tinkages for to delemmine and links with
the
calculatons of internal
considering the total ntermal flux inductance
oa the extermal as well as
linkages conductor The inductance obtained
internal iductance. h is denoted by l 1he duiC o all thax
inside the by
conductor is called the
ae ace due to all external
known as the external inductance of the conductor flur linkages
L per metre length of the conductor is, therefore.
is

grven by
by represented
Les. The
in
total inductanc
nce
ts

(73.1)
7.3.1 Internal Inductance
Let the retum path for the curreat in the coaductor be o 1a an ay
appreciably affected. it can, therefore, be assuted thal the at its magnetic field is not
cutenl distribution is
the cross-section of the condactor. The eross-section of thc cmducto is shown uniform Over
in Fig. 71

NI
H (7.3.2)
 Line Parameters 153

n a p t e r

ampere-turns/metre,
in
magnetic field intensity
H, is the around which H is
where
current
enclosed by the flux
the of the path of flux.
is
and h is the length
measu
27tx
Here, N 1
only one turn or current path is linked, =

Since
Flux
...(7.3.3)
H 21
in the conductor, the current density
IE I is the total
current
Fig. 7.1. Conductor
on the cross-section of the conductor
g at any point cross-section.

..(7.3.4)
Am
Tr
This has a constant value at every point.
I= (current density) x (area enclosed)

...(7.3.5)

xl AT/m
...(7.3.6)
H 2rx 2t
inside the conductor distant x metres from its centre is B, given
The flux density at any point
by
B,= uH, = Wb/m ..(7.3.7)
2Tt
where is the permeability of the conductor.
The flux through a cylindrical shell distant x from the centre, with radial thickness dx and
one metre in length is given by
do,=(the flux density at x) (elemental area normal to the flux path)
dr Wb ..(7.3.8)
BA=B, (dx 1) =
Ihis flux in the cylindrical shell links only the current , which is x/r of the total current
that each weber of flux produces the fraction x/r of the total flux linkages. Thus, the
Ux
linkage dh, due to flux dox. is given by
d p , U r
dx ..(7.3.9)
2
intal internal flux linkages in due to all the flux inside the conductor may be obtained
talng from the centre of the conductor to its surface.
AL the
centre x =0, and at the surface x= r.
 154 Eiectricel Power Systems

24 WbT/m
87t
But
OHr in
where Ho is the
relative permeability of free and
permeability of the conductor space
The total material.
it is equal to 47T x 10 H/m, and Hrin is the
intemal linkage of the
conductor is
given by
Horinl=4tX
in
8T
107
I08T Er in x 10" =
For
conductors of
Hrin WbT/m
non-magnetic material ur in 1 =
.(7.3.10)

The
nx10I WbT/m
inductance due to
internal flux .(7.3.11)
Ln=intenal flux linkage
This relation indicates that per ampere = x
if the 10 H/m
current the internal
distribution is uniform. inductance is .(7.3.12)
7.3.2 External Inductance
The
independent of the
conductor au ensions
are cross-section
shown of a
in
The flux Fig. 7.2.
conductor and its
form of lines magnetic field
cylindricalconcentricsurrounding
and with shell circles.
at a
the
conductor
The flux are in
given by radial distance the
thickness dx
x
metres density within
from the a
outside the centre
B,- 2RA Wb/m
B,H conductor is
dx
The flux in
the
dp, Hol cylhndrical shell is (7.3.13)
da Wb/m
This flux
conductor
the same The tlux surrounds
the (7.3.14)
as the tlux, whole
linkage
ie, dh, due to cross-section
the flux Fig. of
dadhp
The total
dp are field
7.2. Conductor and its
magnetic
finite radius flux
linkages
R are
obtained by betintej
weemthe conductor periphery (7.3.15)
legrating d from x =r tox= R.
and a
der of
cylinder vers
very large but
Chapter 7 Line Parameters 155

Hol dx
2TLx

Ho
27t
In r
WBT/m ..(7.3.16)

=2x 10 IInWbT/m ...(7.3.17)

Le 2x 10 In Hm ...(7.3.18)
The total linkages per metre length of the conductor produced by the entire flux withina
cvlinder of radius R, is the sum of the internal and external linkages.
R
A=a+e=x 10"1+2x 10"In=2x10'+n

= 2x107In e4 +In=2x10"1|In In

=2x 10 R 10IInwbT/m ..(7.3.19)

1/4
re

where =rel =0.7788r

The total inductance, L=i=2x10 InH/m ...(7.3.20)

where In N= loge N= 2.303 log1o N.

CONDUCTORS
7.4 FLUX LINKAGES IN A GROUP OF
inductance of a transmission line consisting
Flux linkage relations are required to evaluate the
of many parallel conductors.
round
cross-section of a group of n long, parallel and
Consider Fig. 7.3 which illustrates a
n carrying the
currents la, lb, l e , In respectively
Let the conductors a, b, c,
conductors.
..,

between the centres of

Dan represent the distances
0m a
complete circuit. Dab, Dbc, Dca, ..,

a and
b, b and c, c and a, etc.

D
ac

DaD Dpn

conductors.
Fig. 7.3.n parallel
156 Electrical Power Systems

The following assumptions, which are justified for most of the over head lines, are made
) The distances between the conductors are large compared to their radi ra. Tb. r

Tn
(ii) The current distribution is uniform over the conductors sections.
(iii) The system is unaffected by the extermal fields.
With these assumptions, the principle of superposition is applicable. The current in each
conductor produces a magnetic field within itself and in the region surrounding it. The total flux
of the system is the sum of these fluxes. The flux linking any conductor may be obtained b
considering the sum of its linkages with all individual fluxes produced by the conductors of the
system.
Take a point X at a very large but infinite distance Dar from conductor a. Its distances from
other conductors are denoted by Dbx. Dex Dr
The flux linkages of conductor a with flux which is produced by Ia and which passes between
conductor a and point X

hara=2 x
10 I In WbT/m
...(7.4.1)
i*
where arae =
Daa (say) (7.4.2)
The flux linkage of conductor a with tux which is produced by I, and which passes between

the conductor a and pointX

Dbx
axb=2 10 x
Dab
Tb In
..(74.3)

Similarly, the flux linkages of conductor a with flux which

is
passes between the
conductor a and point X produced by In and whic
Dnx
aun=2 x 10 In Dun ..(7.4.4)
conductor a, due
The total flux linkages of a to flux
not
will be the sum of a component linkages and is given
by having a
radius greater than Da
+... +Aan
ax=haxa + axb +axc
= 2x 10'|la In +lb In ab +le in
Da + In In Pr . .(7.4.5)
= 2x 107|Ia In +Ib I n + I n 1 Dan
Daa Dac .
In In Dan 1 + la ln Dax +
Ib In Dbx +le In
Dex+.
Since the
sum of all the
currents in a systerm
of
conductors
+I, In
DaDrx .(7.4.6)

is zero0,

a + Ib + Ie +... + In = 0 constituting a con

omplete circuit

+In-1)
In- (Ja +lb +le+ .
and .(7.4.7)

. (7.4.8)
Chapter 7 Line Parameters 157

Substituting the value of In in Eq. (7.4.6), we get

2 x 10|Ia In+ 1p In+. +In Dan In Dax +lb In Dbx t

+ ( - I a - l , - ... - In- 1) In Drx

1
= 2x 10|aIn In ab
+I,
In+I In Dbx
Dan
+In-1 In D-)x
+In-1 nDx .(7.4.9)
If the distances from all the conductors to point X be assumed to be very large, all the ratios
such as Daxs thus
approach unity in limiting case. The logarithm of such a ratio, i.e., In i
zero in the limit.
The flux linkages of conductor a
1
ha=2x 10|! In+Ib In le InDt. +la In Dan
ac
(7.4.10)
Equation (7.4.10) may be written in a more compact form as
x=n

Aa=2x 10| 2 n WTm ..(7.4.11)

-a

The linkages about other conductors

may be written in a similar manner. Equation (7.4.10)
shows that the flux
thai the sum of the
linkages are finite and independent of the distance to the point X,
provided
currents flowing in all the conductors of the
To
system is zero.
calculate instantaneous or rms flux linkages, the currents in
(7.4.10) be Eq. should
kpressed instantaneous or rms currents respectively. The effective inductance of the line in
as

earys
and
per metre can be obtained by
expressing the rms values of lb, Ics., ln in terms of Ia
dividing the result by la.
TS
INDUCTANCE OF A TWO-WIRE LINE
Consider single-phase line
a
consisting of two
CtOrs and b, of equal radius r. They
a

Stuated at a distance D metres. The

DSs-section of such a line is shown in
1A.
Let these
conductors carry the same
Fig.
Curent in D
pposite
retum path for directions,
Serve so that one
The flux linkage the other. Fig. 7.4. Two-wire line.
writien from ges of conductor a may be
Eq. (7.4.10) as
2 x
10l, n+Is In p
..(7.5.1)
158 Electrical Power Systems

Ia=+1, Ib=-I (7.5.2)

Here, Daa=re a =f Dab D

Substituting these values in Eq. (7.5.1)

Aa2x10"|IIn-IIn=2x10 InD (7.5.3)

of conductor b will be
Similarly, the flux linkages
..(7.5.4)
A=2x 107 I In
of conductor a
The inductance
...(7.5.5)
La 2 x 10 InH/m
of conductor b
inductance
Similarly, the ..(7.5.6)

L=2x 10 InHm
Inductance per conductor
..(7.5.7)

1 0 InH/m
L= La
=
L,=2 x
or both conductors =La +Lo =
2 x 2 x 10-7 In
inductance
inductance
=

Loop
. .(7.5.8)
= 4 x1 0 I n H / m

is total inductance of two-wire

of
individual
conductor one-half
the a

single-phase line operatesat 50 Hz. The diameter of eau

inductance
The
onductor Single-phase
t w o - c o n d u c t o r

inductance
A is 3 m. Calculate (a) the
Example
7.1
mm
and the
spacin
between the conductors
c o n d u c t o r
is 20 (b) the loop inductance of the line per km, (c) the inductive r e l of
km, (b)
per l i s steel
c o n d u c t o r

loop inductance
inductan per km of the line when the conductor material
ofeach and (d)
the loop
km, permeability
relative 50.
per

Solution m

D=3 m, r=0.01
=
0.7788 X 0.0l
=
7.788 x 10-3 m
=0.7788r
3= 5.953
InIn7.788 x 103
conductor
each
of
I n d u c t a n c e

(a) 2 x 10 InH/m =2x10 x 10 x 10 InmH/km

0.2x 5.953 =
1.19 mH/km
0.2 In =
C h a p t e r 7
Line Parameters 159

Loop inductance = 2 X inductance of each conductor = 2x 1.19 = 2.38 mH/km

b)
e Inductance reactance = 2nfL = 2n x 50 x2.38 x 103 = 0,7477 2/km

d Loopinductance with steel conductors = 2 (Lin + Lex)

=
2x 10rin+2x10 In=10"|50+4 In H/m

= 10x 10° (50 + 4 x 5.703) mH/km 7.281 mH/km.

=

16 INDUCTANCE OF SYMMETRICAL THREE-PHASE LINE

phase line is said to be symmetrical when its a
conductors are situated at the corners of an equilateral
riangle. Such an arrangement of conductors is also
sometimes referred to as equilateral spacing and is
shown in Fig. 7.5.
Let the spacing between the conductors be D, and D D

the radius of cach conductor, r.

Then, by Eq. (7.4.10), the flux linkages of conductor
are
D
1
-2x 107|Ia In Daa Dab In Fig. 7.5. Symmetrical three-phase line.
in this case

Dab= Dbe Dea= D

and Daa==re1/4

.(7.6.1)
For a three-wire system, the algebraic sum of the currents in the conductors is zero

latlp+le =0 .(7.6.2)
and la= Ib- le
-

o that the Eq. .(7.6.3)

(7.6.1) becomes

he
-2x
10 xln-n-2x10x, n .(7.6.4)
inductance of conductor a iS

2x 1o"nWm ..(7.6.5)
L=0.2 In mH/km
he
R tance of conductors b and c will also be the
same as that of a.
paring Eq. (7.6.5) and (7.5.7), it is found that the inductance per conductor
160 Electrical Power Systemms

three-phase symmetrically spaced line is equal to the inductance per conductor of a single-pha
line of equal length and with equal spacing between conductors.

7.7 INDUCTANCE OF UNSYMMETRICAL THREE-PHASE LINE

Transmission lines ith unsymmetrical conductor arrangements are most commonly used
practice because of their cheapness and convenience in design and construction. For
unsymmetrically spaced three-phase line, the inductances and, therefore, the voltage drops w
be different for all the phases even under balanced current conditions. This leads to unbalancel
voltages at the receiving end of the line. Moreover, if communication lines are also running
adjacent to the power line, an unbalance of voltage is also produced in them. This resultsin
disturbances in them. In order to reduce the inequality of inductance and inductive interference
with parallel running communication lines, the line is transposed. The transposition is done by
changing the position of the conductors so that with a certain length of line, usually called i
barrel, each phase occupies each conductor position for approximately the same length. Fig 76
is an unsymmetrical line with its transposition cycle.

Pos. 1 O

Pos. 2 O
b
D C

Pos. 3 O
D
Eia 76. Transposition cycle or uneuauy spaced
three-phase line conductors.
When a non-symmetrically spaced line is properly transposed
be found by adding , the average value of flux
linkages of a conductor may up its flux
positions in the transposition cycle and dividing the sum
by 3. linkages for each of its thre
o f conductor a.
We shall find the flux linkag
When a is in position 1, b in position 2, and c in
position 3, the flux
h=2x 10|1. In+ ln + In Ds linkages
ges of
of aa are

.(7.7.1)

is in position 2, b is
in position 3, and c is in
When a
position 1, the flux kages of a are
a-2x10"|laIn+ IsIn l.In linkag
when a is in ...(7.7.2)
conductor a
linkages of
The flux position 3, b is
in
position 2,
position and c is in

s = 2 x i0|I, In+ l, In+ IeIn

of a is
value of flux linkages .(7.7.3)
average
The

=(al +hu2 + a)
..(7.7.4)
 Chapter 7
Line Parameters 161

x10|la In+l InDtl In la In Is ln ptk

1
0
p:

+|/In+I, In D
1, In
10 p
=x 10 31a In +lb In D 1
Daa Die "
Di: D; Du
x10 31, In-, n Da
Since for balanced conditions
Ds Dau
la+lb +le =0; lb+le = - la
(7.7.5)
=2x 104 In In (Di: Das Dsi)
2 x 10x Ia In 12 D23 Da1)/3
The average 7.7.6)
inductance of phase a is

2 x 107 x In i2 Dz3 Da1) H/m

Similarly (7.7.7)

=2x 107 x in Di2 Dz3 Ds1) H/m

hus, it is found that .(7.7.8)
the values of the
ansposition. The average inductance for the three
inductance per of a phase phases are
equalized
transposed line is by
L=2x 10x In12 D2s Ds1)
H/m
he Eqs. (7.7.9) and (7.7.9)
to phaseof (7.6.5) are
compared, it is seen that the average
the inductancea transposed three-phase line with unequal spacings Di2, inductance per metre
provided thatctance of a
three-phase line with similar D23, and D31 is
conductors and
nd equal
D=
(D12 D2» Ds1) symmetrical spacing
symmetrical
spacing D
The
aed
calf lethed antity
theline.equiv (D12 D23
: uivalent delta D31)is the geometric mean ot the .(7.7.10)
spacing or the equivalent
ivalent equilateral three unequal spacings and
inductance,
lf th
. The
ich corresponding value of inductance
may be considered
spacing between the
found will
is
a be called conductors
orductors
Such
are in the same
as a series inductance
horizontal or eachin
phase.
the
equivalent equivalen
configurations of lines are shownvertical plane, the
in
Fig. 7.7. arrangement
arrangement is known as
162 Electrical Power Systems

2D

D
2D
Fig. 7.7. Horizontal and vertical flat
spacings of
three-phase lines.
For flat spacing

Di2=Dzs=5Ds1 = D (say)
the
equivalent spacing, Deg =(D D
Although the transposition of 2D)= 1.26D
reducing the inductive interference unsymmetrical lines helps in ..(7.7.11)
drawback that faults due to
with the
nearby communication equalizing the inductances and
structures. At the same time lightning have got a tendency lines, it suffers from serious a
the risk of outages is transposition is a costly affair. get concentrated in
to
in practice, and that ifincreased. For these reasons With transposition
possibletransposition,
at all as far as it is found
neighbourhood for a very smallit isdistance.
done, the line is the
transposition is avoided
transposed in the switching
that
Example 7.2 A th
The three-phase 50 Hz line
spacing between the conductors consists
stations or the
A-B is of three
Find the
3 m, B-C =
5Sm, C-A 3.6 m. =
as
follows: conductors each of dia
diameter 21 mm.
inductance and
inductive reactance
Solution
per phase per km of
r=x 21x 10 10.5 10 =
x
the line.
m
Deg(3x
f
5 x3.6)
=3.78
=
0.7788r=0.7788 x10.5x 10
Inductance per phase
m

L=2x 10 =8.177x 10 m
In=2x 107 In3.78
=

12.272 x10 8.177 10

H/m=12.272 10x 032x
10
10 x
x
In 462.2
=2x 10 x6.136
H/km
m =
12.272 x 10
10 H/km
 Line Parameters 163

Inductive reactance per phase

X 2L =2x x S0x 12.272 x 10 =

0.386 Qm

78 METHO0 OF GEOMETRIC MEAN DISTANCES

The method of geometric mean distance is very
covenient and useful to calculate the inductance
and capacitance of a iine having several
conductors connecied in parallel for cach phase O
Thus. it appiicable to all the
O
is
mult-strand conductor or bundled conductor Iines
cases of
O .O O
t is a mathematical concept.
Consider a single-phase line consisting of two O
groups of conductors as shown in Fig
Group 4 consists of n parallel, round and very
78
O O
iong conductors which are connected in parailei. Group A
sthe total curent carried by
group A Each Fig 7.8. Singie-phase ine with composite
coDductor of the group is assumed to carry a conductors

cuTent
Group B consists of m parallel, round and very long conductors which are connected in

paraliel Each conductor carriesa current where s the total current of the retum
group
B
By Eq. (7.4 10) the flux
linkages about any conductor, say a of group A are

=2x 10 1 D
InDIn p
2x m InIn pIn p.p
2 x10"/In (DaD D. Da 1/
Dm
(Da Da LDa D (7.8 1)
Since conductor a carmies I/n amperes, the inductance of conductor a

L1/
i/m

2 n2 x 10 In (DaDat D Dam H/m

DaDat Da D (782)
mikarly, the inductance of conductor

L2n10 In (D De D Do H/m
he ressaons (D D LD Dm
"
(783)
ESsHons for L
Ld.. L may be written in stmilar manner It
the group have is found that the
different inductances The average inductarnce of a
conductor of
164 Electrical Power Systems

L=(L+ Ly+ Let.+ L) (7.8.4)

The inductance of group A
consisting of n conductors connected in parallel electrically will
betimes the
n average inductance, i.e.,

LAA n Lt Lo+ Let.. +Ln) (7.8.5)

n
The values of La. Lb, Le,.., Ln are
substituted in Eq. (7.8.5) and the logarithmic terms are
combined. The inductance of A is then given by
group
LA=2x 107 I n a ' Dak Dac ... Dam) (Dbd Dbb Di... Dm)... (Dna Dnb Dne'... Dnm)ul/mn

IDaa Dab Dac Da) (Da Dos Dic Dan)... (D,a Dnb Dnc. Drn)
. .

The numerator of the ..(7.8.6)

which the (mxn)th root logarithmic
term of Eq.
is taken. It is,
(7.8.6) is a
product of (m xn) distances for
(mXn) mutual distances from conductors therefore,
of
the
geometric mean of all the possible
geometric mean is called the mutual geometric groupP
mean
A to the
conductors of group B. This
groups A and B. Thus in order to distance Dm between the two conductor
determine Dm We use the
1. Determine the
product of the sequence ot m following procedure
group B. In our case distances from first conductor a
A to each conductor of
this of group
(Da Dabr Dac... Dan) D1 (say) =
product is
2. Determine the
product of the
group A to each conductor of
sequence
group
or
B. In
m
distances from the
this product second
our case
(Di Drer Die... Dim)= D2 (say) is
conductor b ot
3. This process is continued to the
last conductor n in
of m distances from the last
conductor n of group A. The
given by group A to each product of the sequence
(Dna Dnb Dnc... Dm) =Dn (say) conductor of group B is
The mutual GMD between A and B is given by
Dm=(D1 D, D3 ... D,)n
It is to be noted that all the
products Di, D2 D,
Dm (Dau Dabs Dac' Dam) (Dbud' Dobs Dbe'
Contain m
. .

terms.
Dom). (Dnd Dnb
...

Dnc
The denominator of the logarithmic term of
here are all within group A, and the denominat
Eq. 6)
..
Dnm)/mn
the represents shows that .(7.8.7)
which (n h root is laken. It is, therefore, the geometrie the
distand
tances involve produce
of conductors of group A including the
distances the all theof (nxn)
distances from the conductors to themselves have h from
ean of
distances
po: To
denominator of the logarithnic
term of Eq.
(7.8.6) iis akenaconductors possible
Eq. (7.8.6) to
n dista
iistances
therefore,
refore, called
the ec, themselves.
self Dn. The
geom.
ometric mean
 iine Parameters 165
Chapter

distance(self GMD) or sometimes, geometric mean radius (GMR) of group A. It is esented

repres
by Ds4.

DsA = [(Daa Dab Dac... Dan) (Dba Dbb Dbc.. Dbn)... (Dna Drtb Dnc ... Dn)]" ...(7.8.8)
tn terms of Dm and DSA, the inductance of conductor A can be written from Eq. (7.8.6) as

LA =2 x10 InHim ..(7.8.9)

Group B consists of m conductors. Its GMR is different from that of group A. However, the
cMD of group B is the same as that of group A. The GMR of
group B is given by
DSB= [(Da'd Ddb Dac... Da'm) x (Dba Duv Dbe ... D'm) x (Ded Dev Dee .. Dém) X ..

x
(Dma Dmb Dmc . .
Dmm)]m
The inductor of group B is then found from

Lg=2x 10 InDm H/m

DSB
The total inductance of the line is given by
L= La +LB =2x 107 In +2x 107 In Dm H/m .(7.8.10)
7.9 TWO-WIRE LINE

A two-wire line is shown in Fig. 7.4.

Dm=D, DsL = Daa =
The inductance of conductor A

LA=2x 107 In Dm =2 x 107 In H/m

DSLA
Similarly, the inductance of conductor B

Lg=2x 10 In
DsLB =2x107 InH/m
herefore, the total inductance of the line is given by
L=LA Lg4x 10 InHW/m. D

7.10
SYMMETRICAL THREE-PHASE LINE
symn
Cmetrical
Conductor a, nd3-phase line is shown
conductors
in Fig. 7.5. The mutual geometric mean distance between
b and c is
D=(D D)2 =D
The self
geometric mean distance
D, Daa
6 e c c a Pawer Susemns

Alse. by symmey L= Le=Lk

imductamce per pihase L=2 x
1 H 7.101
7.11 NDUCTANCE OF UNSYMMETRICAL THREE-PHASE
LINE
The unsymmetmcal
valne of Dn s he
hree-pitase line is sihow Fig 76. When
pihase a is in position 1. the
emerc men df a he saces from e to
other conductors. in
I he GD posstiOD
D D: Dsu
When pihase s is n 2 he
7.11.1
position GMD is
D =DD
When phase is n
position 3. he GMD is 7.112
DeD Ds
Hence,he equrvalenar CMD. wtach s te ..7113)
of phase n a he thre sectices of he gemeC E n of the
wanspONID ycie. three values of the GM
is
D. = D. D.c D grven by
=
D: D D D Diz
Dz
D:D Dau
Self GMD of phase a n
position 1 of the
ransposiion cycle
(7.11.4)
D=D= re
Self GMD of
phase a n
position 2 of e
trarsprsition 7.115)
Da= D re = cwcl
ycle
Self GMD of phase a n
position 3 of he tra
Da=D=re= ransposition cycle (7.11.6)
Eauvalent self GMD of
phase a ower
mean of D,. Da. D
a
compiete trarsprsititn
Geometric mear of D. Da nd Da cycle n
..(7.11.7)
erqual to the geometric
D=D De Da =if f ri = / geome
The inductance of phase a over a
tramspontaon cycle n

L210 in Da 7118)
210 L)

7119)
Chapter 7
Line Parameters 167

Also, La= Ly =L
The average inductance of any phase is, thus

L=2x 10" In 12Da3 Ds1)3 H/m ..(7.11.10)

The same result has been deduced in Section 7.7. When Di2= D23 = D31 = D, the line
becomes symmetrical and the result of Eq. (7.10.1) is obtained.

L 2x 10 InH/m.
Example 7.3 A three-phase 50 Hz transmission
2r
line consists of three
equal conductors of radii r,
placed in a horizontal plane, with a spacing of 6
m between the middle and each outer
conductor,
as shown in Fig. 7.9. Determine the inductive D D
reactance per phase per km of the transposed line
if the radius of each conductor is 12.5 mm. Fig. 7.9. lustrating Example 7.3.
Solution

L=2x 10 In- Dm
DsL
Here Dm= (D D 2D) = 1.26D = 1.26 x 6 = 7.56 m

Dst==0.7788r =0.7788 x 12.5 x 10 =9.735 x 10m

7.56
o0 = 13.31 x 10 H/m = 1.331 mH/km
L=2x 10 In
9.735 x 1o-3
Inductive reactance per phase
XL= 27flL = 21 x 50 x 13.31 x 10 2/m
= 4.181 x 10 2/m=4.181 x 10x 10 2km =0.4181 2/km
Example 7.4 Determine the effective inductance of each conductor per km of a line consisting
of three conductors each of diameter 3 cm placed at the corners of a triangle with sides of 3,
4 and 5 metres. Explain the significance of the complex number in the expression. Also, calculate
the inductance of the line if the line is regularly transposed throughout its length.

Solution
The expression of flux linkages of conductor A is given by

=2x 10I I n 1 in+ In

Let the phase sequence be A-B-C. Take la as the reference phasor. The expression for the
currents in the three conductors are given by
l=l+j0
168 Electrical Power Systems

l=I(-0.5 -j 0.866)
I=I (-0.5 +j 0.866)
On substituting the values of Ia, Ip, and Ie in the expression Aa. it becomes

ha 21 x 10|In-0.5
Daa In-j0.866
Dab In0.5
Dab In+j0866In Dab
21x 107 Inab ac-+j0.866 In Dab
Daa Dac
The inductance of conductor A is

L 2x10 In (Dab Dac+j0.866 In Dac

Dab H/m
Daa
The for the
expressions of conductors of B and C can also be found in a
inductances
manner. If 1, be taken as the reference phasor, the inductance of conductor B may be given as
simil
10-7Inbe Dab)/2 + j 0.866 In Dbe H/m
H/m
Lb=2x Dbb
If L be taken as the reference phasor, the inductance of conductor C will be
Le=2x 10-7Inea -+j0866 In Dca
Dbe H/m
Dec
In this example,
Dab 3 m, Dbc= 4 m, Dca= 5 m, r =
1.5 cm =
0.015 m
Da= Dpb =Dec = re 0 . I 7887
= 0.7788 x O.015 =0.011682 m
In 3x5)/2
La=2x 10 In 0.011682 +j0.866 In H/m of conductor
=
1.1608-j 0.0885 mH/km of
conductor
2 x 10-7 In
4x3)/2
L=2x
Lp=
10|In
0.011682 *J0.866 In H/m of
conductor
= 1.13843 +j 0.0498 mH/km of conductor
L=2x 10-"L0.011682 0.866 In H/m
H/m of
of conductor conduc
=1.1895 +j 0.03865 mH/km of conductor
From the above expression observed that Aa
it is
is not in
is not in phase with I. The in.
with Ib. and A phase with
aginary components represent
components
ers. The imaginary Ce La, L
represent the no Ia. Ay is
th la, not in phase
is not
num b,and Le
inducis supplied byby thataginary are, therefore, compl
The negative imagin.
induction.
mutual that phase component the
that the power
that the power
is

supplieuved
phase
by that to other
in
phases.
phase from other expression
The for inducta
phases by
nce
shows
shows
positive imaginary
phases. Hovwever, C nonent
he tota nowe
the
Onapter 7 Line Parameters 169

sfered in any case is zero. In other words, the mutual power transfer does not affect the
t r a n s f e r r e d

power dissipated in vario conductors comprising the system.

Inductance of transposed line

L=(L+Ls +Le)
=5(1.1608-j0.0885 + 1.13843 +j 0.0494 + 1.1895 +j 0.03865) = 1.163 mH/km

712 INDUCTANCE OF DOUBLE CIRCUIT SINGLE-PHASE LINE

Adouble-circuit single-phase line is shown in Fig. 7.10. It consists of four conductors.
Conductors aj and az are connected in parallel and
carry the current in one direction. In effect,
they form one conductor A. The conductors bi and b2 are connected in parallel and carry the
curent in the return direction. These return conductors form the other
conductor called phase
B. The system is thus similar to the two-wire line.

D2

a1

B
b1

b2

Fig. 7.10. Double-circuit

single-phase line.
et all the
conductors be of the
hmetrical and there is no need ofsame radius and of the same material. The arrangement
r

transposition. However, if communication circuits

heity,tothe transposition may be required
uilized calculate the inductance.
to reduce
interference. The method of are in
Here m=n=2. GMD may
The distances
wiTe's a
and between the conductors are shown in Fig. 7.10. The
az is
given by self GMD for the pair
pair of
of
DLL=(Daa,
(Daa Daa, Dasa,
The EOnetric Dad =.P. Di D)4
geometric mean distance (GMD) from A to B is .(7.12.1)
Dm=(Dab
=(Dab,Daby Dab Dab =
(D VDÌ + DË ND?+ D Dy4
given by
D/4
170 Electrical Power Systems

D = (D: VD- D32

The inductance of both conductors, of the
..(7.12.2
given line is or

L=2 210In=4x10"nD, VDf+D)/2

DL
D)/2
2 10 In2Di+D52
Di H/m
.(7.12.3)
Example 7.5 A double-circuit
forming one path are connectedsingle-phase line is shown in Fig. 7.10.
in parallel and Conductors aj and a
bi and b carry the current in one
forming the retun direction. Conductors
direction. The diameter of eachpath
are connected in
conductor is 25 mm.
parallel and carry current in the
return
kilometre if D = 1 m, and D2 =2
Calculate the inductance of the line per
m.
Solution
From Equation (7.12.3) the line inductance is given by
L=2 10" In D2 (Df+D3/2
D
Di = I m,
D=2 m, r mm =
12.5 x10 m
D2 (D+ Di " =2 (1
+4)=4.472 m
D =0.7788rD 0.7788 x 12.5 x
=

In(Df+Di/2 4.472
x1=9.735 x
10 m
D1
=
In
9.735x 10 n 459.3
L= 2 10' 6.1298 H/m 6.1298 =

7.13
=0.2x6.1298 mH/km
INDUCTANCE OF 1.226 mHkm =

DOoUBLE-CIRCUIT
Sometimes it is necessary to THREE-PHASE LINES
carry two circuits on
supply In case one of the circuits LINES
the same
same
to
supply the power goes out of order
electrically and are keptrequirements. due totower for
These twowo
side of the three-phac
so greater reliability of power
The inductive reactance
on either

will tower three-phase

àccident,
circuits are the other is reauy
in
construction and are operated inbe the same for these cir. conned parallel
is parallel. The
neglig1ble if large space is provided he effect circuits
Consider the two circuits between them of mutual provided that
C. The second circuit consistsshown in Fig. 7.11 (a). they are identical
inductance between
of conductors One
ne Ween conductors
parallei form phase A. Conductors b
to a'd, b and circuit consists of
Cis composed of conductors c and and b' are
c connected in ncted in of c.C
conConductors
given in Fig. 7.11 (a) refers to
the first nar anda
conductors a, b and
of transposition cycle conductor a occupiessection
the ofnotransposisPacing he m
are
phase
connected
B. Phase
in
a okes the
takes the position of
of c.
Fig. 7.11
1.1l (b)
\D) shows theOn
Sows the conn cycle een the conductors
of
transposisnductor the second section
ction
Cuit
Chapler 7 Line Parameters 171

D Dai Du
D Dca'
b'
Ds'b
Dpc Dsb

Fa. 7.11. (a) Double-circuit three-phase line. (b) Transposition cycle of a double-circuit three-phase line.
The formula for inductance of a
three-phase unsymmetrical line has been found as
L=2x 10 In Dm
(7.13.1)
where Dm=(DAB Dac Dca)
and DL= equivalent self
GMD ofa phase conductor over a
complete transposition cycle.
The same formula may be extended for
double-circuit three-phase line provided that the
Coresponding geometric mean values are substituted.
For a double-circuit line
DAB= mutual GMD between phases A and B
mutual GMD between groups a, a' and b, b
(Dab Dabs Da'b Daby
=

DgC= mutual GMD between B and C phases

mutual GMD between
groups b, b' and c, c¢
(Dae Dae Dvc Dye)
DCA mutual GMD between phases C and A
mutual GMD between
groups c, c' and a, ad
(Doa Dea Dea Deay4
Da (DaB Dec DcA
(DabDae Da Dar Die Dea Dab Doc Dea Dav Dbe
DSLAself geometric mean Deay2 (7.13.2)
of distance phase A, that is, group a, a'
=(Daa Daa Daa Dad4 ( Y
self geometric mean
Dau4 ( Dau) /2
=
=

distance of phase B, that is,

(Das Dov Der Dory= group b, b'
Ds ( / Die)
DsLc=self GMD of phase C, that is, group (/ Du)2 =

c, c'
Dcc Dee Dc De/= (( tn? al/4
172 Electrical Power Systems

Equivalent self GMD, DsL = (DsLA DsLB DsLC)3= (Y Dat r Dbbr Dec)o
=
( Da Drr Dec6
.7.13.3)
The inductance of the double-circuit line per phase
L=2x 10 In

=2x 107 In Dab Dhe Dea Day Doc Ded Dadb Dee Dea Dar Dye Dea)12
Da Der De6 H/m

Equation (7.13.11)
gives the .(7.13.4)
identical conductors connected ininductance per phase. In this case a phase is
times the inductance parallel. Therefore, the inductance of each composed of two
per phase. conductor is two
The considerations of
require that the inductance good voltage
should have aregulation, greater power limit, and
indicates that it will be low if low value. The high power factor
general formula for the
DsL is large and line inductance
conductors constituting same Dm small. It is,
phase
phases should be spaced as close as should be
spaced at as greater therefore, necessary that the
gives the minimum inductance is thatpermissible. It is indicated that distance as possible, and the
diagonally opposite to each other. in which the best
conductors of each arrangement
the two which
7.14 SPECIAL phase are situated
CASES OF
Consider first the case when DOUBLE-CIRCUIT LINES
the
The distances are
shown in the conductors are
situated
Here, Fig. 7.12. at the corners
Dab Dbe Ded Déa = =
of
Doa Dab Dbe= =
Dab =Dbe =

=
D
a
regular hexagon.
Dab=
Da=Do= Dec= 2D Dye =Ded =V3D
The inductance per phase from
Eq. (7.13.4)
L= 2x 107 In (3Dl/12
12 (2D6 *2x10
=
10 In Y3D n 3D i2
H/m
Now consider a 2D1/2
distance between thedouble-c
By Eq. (7.13.4) condu
the
double-circuit three-phase line
are
inductance of shown in
Fig.
with flat, .(7.14.1)
L=2x10 ny2.y above line 7.13. vertical spacing
the
yx per
phase (Fig.
(F1g 7.13).The
yy x yv.y.
=2x 10 n 2v

H/m
(7 14.2)
Chapter 7
Line Parameters 173

-D
x
-

3D 2D

D-
C

Fig. 7.12. Double-circuit three-phase line with

O
hexagonal spacing. Fig. 7.13. Double-circuit
flat vertical spacing. three-phase line with

Example 7.6 A
The
three-phase
circuit line consists of
7/4.75 mm hard drawn
arangement of the conductors is
shown in Fig. 7.14. The copper conductors.
Calculate the inductive reactance line is
per phase per km of the completely transposed
system.
6 m-

3m

9m

3 m

- 6m

Fig. 7.14. Double-circuit line.

Solution
Nameter each
conductor =3x4.75 =
14.25
Radit
s of each
=
mmn
conductor =x 14.25 10 x m =7.125 x
10 m
Dab=V3+ (1.5
Die ab= Dbe
=
3.354 m
=Dab 3.354 =

Day=V34 (7.5) 8.077 m

m

D Dbd = =

Drc Dab 8.077

=
=
m
174 Electrical Power Systems

Dad=N6 +6 = 6 2 m
Dee=6 2 m
Mutual GMD by Eq. (7.13.4)
Dm=(Dab Dac Dea Dab De Doa Dab Dye Dea Dav Dye
Dea)12
(3.354 3.354 x 6 x 8.076 x 8.076 x 6x 8.076 x
=
x
8.076 x 6 x3.354 x 3.354
= 5.4576 m x6
Self GMD per phase by
Eq. (7.13.3)
Dt= (
Dad Dbr Dec6
[(0.7788 x7.125 x 10y
Inductance per phase x612 x9x6V2]/6 =
0.21913 m

L=2x 10
In=2x
DsL 10 In 5.4576= 6.43
10 x
Inductive reactance H/m=6.43 x 10 H/km
per phase
XI=
27TfL= 21tx 50 x 6.43 x
7.15
10 =
20.2 x 10 /m 20.2 x
INDUCTANCE OF BUNDLED =
10 Qkm.
The inductance of bundled
CONDUCTOR LINES
of two,
three, or four
vertices of an conductors. A conductor
lines can
be found by
situated at the corners equilateral
triangle ot
three-conductor
bundle GMD method.
has The bundle
bundle conss
of a side s. A its Ictors situatedcom
in
Fig. 7.15. The division
subconductors are of
square of
current:
side s. The four-conductor subconductors
bundle situa
at the
o
be assumed transposed.
uniform and GMID
For all
and
practical practical
method can be purposes, thethe
bundl
charge betweened-conductor
has its
configurations
uctors
subconu
figurations are shown
purnose".C Subconductors
used subconductors
division of ent1Sis not
1not equal unles
equal
curren
and charge may

O-0
O-
O
Fig. 7.15.
s

Let
rradius of each
Bundled con
Bundled
conductors with 2,
--

f
S=
spacing betweensubconductor
the
3, 4,
6, 8
D
=
GMR of any one subconductors
of the
subconductors.
GMR of the bundied subconductors
= re /4 conductor tors
=0.7788r
 Chapter7
Line Parameters 175

a
bundle consisting of two subconductors
GMA of
n=geometric mean of all the possible (2) distances of the bundle including
the distances from the subconductors to themselves
= I s s) =('s2 (7.15.1)
GMM of a bundle consisting of three subconductors

DL= geometric mean of all the possible (3) distances of the bundle
including
the distances from the subconductors to themselves
..(7.15.2)
GMA of a bundle consisting of four subconductors
DSL= geometric mean of all the possible (4) distances
of the bundle including
the distances from the subconductors to themselves
=
I(s*sV2 s/6 =(N2 s/4
GMR of bundle (7.15.3)
a
consisting of n similar subconductors
Let there be n similar subconductors
carrying equal currents and
a ning of radius R (Fig. 7.16). The radius of each subconductor is symmetrically
r.
placed around
DSL =(Ds1 Da... D,.,)
[(D11 D12 D13 Din)"" (D21
=

D22 D23... Dan)"... (Dni D,n2 Dn3... Dn)

...

As the
position of each subconductor is identical in the group, the GMR of
.(7.15.4)
IS the same, 1.e., each subconductor
D, =D2 =... Dsn =

From
D=[(Da1"] =Ds
Fig. 7.16, if 6 = t/n
Di=
Di2 2R sin
Diy=2R sin 20
R R
Du=2R sin 30
n

1
2

Fig. 7.16. Bundle of n

similar
Din=2R sin (n - conductors.
1)0
D={P (2R sin 0) (2R
sin 20)... 2R sin (n 1)e]"*
-