Chapter 6 Operational Amplifiers

• Operational Amplifier or op amp is high-gain voltage amplifier.

• It is popular because of Low cost, miniature size, high reliability
• Most popular package is 8-pin dual in line pin package(DIP)
• It needs a dual voltage power supply ±15V usually, other values
are also permissible
• Input impedance very high Pin Diagram
ideally infinite
• Output impedance Low
Ideally zero
 Op-amp Pin Diagram with symbol inside

OFFSET DIP-741
NULL
1 8 N.C.

-IN 2 7 V+

+IN 3 + 6 OUTPUT
OFFSET
V 4 5 NULL

* Op amp itself does not have a reference or ground pin. The ground
of the external sources is taken as a Amplifier
Operational common ground. 2
• Dual Op-amp Diagram with Symbol inside

OUTPUT A 1 8 V+

-IN A 2  7 OUTPUT B
+
+IN A 3  6 -IN B

V 4 + 5 +IN B

Dual op-amp 1458 device

LM741 Operational Amplifier: Circuit Architecture

Current Mirrors
 Ideal Vs Practical Op-Amp(We can model an Op-amp as VCVS)
Characteristics Ideal Practical
Open Loop gain a  105
Bandwidth BW  10-100Hz
Input Impedance Zin  >1M
Output Impedance Zout 0 10-100 

Zero current flow in i1  0 Negligible

current flow
either input i2  0either input
Output Voltage Vout Depends only Depends slightly
on Vd = (V+V) on average input
Differential Vc = (V++V)/2
mode signal Common-Mode
signal
CMRR(Common Mode Rejection  10-100dB
Ratio) Operational Amplifier 5
• The important limitation of an op
amp is that it can not amplify its
voltage more than its biasing voltage
i.e VEE  vo  VCC

+15V

2
- 7
6

3
+ 4
-15V
Modeling The Practical Op Amp(We can model an Op-amp as VCVS)
• The op amp is designed to sense the difference between the voltage
signals applied to the two input terminals and then multiply it by a
gain factor a200000 such that the voltage at the output terminal is
a(v+-v-). The voltage gain a is very large (Ideally infinite). The gain a is
often referred to as the differential gain or open-loop gain.

v+
Non-inverting input +
Ro vo
Rin
+

-
Inverting input v- - a(v+ -v- )

vo  a(vP  vN )  avD Where vD  vP  vN

vo
So vD 
a
 Basic Op Amp Configuration
1) Noninverting Configuration 2)Inverting Configuration
• 1) Noninverting Configuration: Consider the figure a below. Since R2
is connected between the output and one of the inputs, it is called a
feedback resistance. For our ease we draw figure b.
R1 R2 Vp
+
+
Vl
vD +
2 Vo
- avD
Vn -
Figure a
6
Vo =
3
+ R2
+ Voltage divider
Vl R1
Figure b
R
• Find VN using voltage divider formula vN  1 v0
R1  R2
• Placing VN in gain formula and dividing upper and lower term by R1
1
vo  a(vP  vN )  a(vl  vo)
1  R2 / R1
Since the voltage divider is feeding the signal {vo/(1+R2/R1)} back to
the inverting input, it is said to provide negative feedback
 The Voltage Follower
• Removing R1 and replacing R2 with a wire turns the noninverting
amplifier into a circuit called Voltage follower. Its closed loop gain
is obtained by letting R1=œ and R2=0 lim A  1V / V
a 
• Thus called unity gain noninverting amplifier or Voltage follower.
+ +
2
-
+
6 + VL 1VL Vo
Figure a
Vo
Ri 3
+ - -
+ Ro
VL
- Figure b
• For voltage purpose follower acts as a wire shorting the output to
the input. However, for current purpose it acts as a resistance
translator as resistance seen from input appears as infinite and
looking at its output is zero(figure b)
• It works as a Voltage buffer, when it is desired to eliminate inter
stage loading
 Problem 1 A grounded Source vs=9V with internal
resistance Rs=1KΩ is to be fed to a grounded load RL=2KΩ.
Find load voltage VL, the power ps supplied by the source, and
power PL, dissipated by the load if the Source is fed to the load
a)via a plain wire b)via a voltage buffer
• Solution: Rs=1k
• a) By connecting load directly + +
we obtain a voltage divider VS=9V
VL
RL=2K
RL 2 Figure a
vL  vs  9  6V -
RS  RL 1 2
Clearly vL  vs
For current use Ohm’s Law
9
ivs  vs /( RS  RL )   3mA So ps  vsivs  9 X 3  27mW
1 2
Now pL  vLiRL  6 X 3  18mW
 b) When we interpose a buffer between Load and Source

• Now ivs  0 2
-
• because no current will not flow into the buffer 6
Hence by KVL in down loop
vL  vs  Rs  0  vs  vL  vs Rs=1k VI3
+ +
Now as per equation + RL=2K VL
lim A  1V / V vs ivs  0 -
a 
(Gain=1,Difference is v1)
We get v  1v or v  vS  9V
L I L

Now ps  vs ivs  0 and iRL  9 / 2  4.5mA

and pL  vL iRL  9 X 4.5  50.5mW
Remarks:The buffer eliminates loading and also relieves the source
supplying any power to the load. Load is powered by the op amp
which in turn powered by its biasing sources
 The Inverting Amplifier
• Now VI is applied to the inverting input
via R1 and R2. R2 again plays the role of R1 VN R2
feedback resistor. Since no current flows I1 I2
into or out of the inverting input of 2
-
op amp so we must have I1=I2 OR +
VI 6 Vo
vI  v N vN  v0
 ..  B  3
+
R1 R2
By gain equation
vo  a(v p  vN )  a(0  vN )  avN
Eliminating VN(placing VN from Eq.B and by simple algebra we get
vo R2 a
A   ( ) lim A  
R2
vI R1 1  R2 / R1  a a  R1
1. Since the closed loop gain here is negative so this Amplifier is called
inverting amplifier.
2. Here again A is set by the external resistances. By proper choice of these
resistance ratio we can set the magnitude of A to any value. Its gain can
never be less than unity
Problem 2 A grounded source vs=2v with internal resistance Rs=10k is
connected to an inverting amplifier having R1=30k and R2=120K. So its
unloaded gain is A=-120/30=-4V/V. Find vo as well as the input loading
• Solution: Apply equation lim A  
a 
R
R
to find vo but
2

1
considering Rs and R1 in series the total input resistance is Rs+R1
R v R2 R2 120
A 2  O   vO   vs   2  3  2  6V
R1 vS RS  R1 RS  R1 10  30
• To find the amount of input VI
Virtual
Ground
R1 0V R2
loading we find Rs and R1
Rs=10k 30k 120k
forms the voltage divider so vs=2V 2
-
+
6 +
R1 30 vo
vI  vs  2  0.75  2  1.5V 3
+
RS  R1 10  30 -

Indicating 25% signal loss due to loading.

Remarks: if source had Rs=0 there would be no loading and we would
have A  vO / vI  vO  AvI  4  2  8
However because of loading we have v  Av  4  1.5  6V
O I
• Important
1. Quiz From Assignment Problems
Assignment BEEP A & B
Problems(end of chapter)
6.6,6.7,6.8,6.9, 6.10,6.11 6.12 and 6.13
Submit Assignment Before Quiz